List of ministers of justice of France

This is a list of justice ministers of France, working for the French Ministry of Justice. ^[1]

1790 to the Consulate

• 21 November 1790 – 23 March 1792: Marguerite-Louis-François Duport-Dutertre  [ fr ]
• 23 March 1792 – 12 April 1792: Jean Marie Roland de la Platière
• 13 April 1792 – 4 July 1792: Antoine Duranton
• 4 July 1792 – 10 August 1792: Étienne de Joly
• 10 August 1792 – 6 October 1792: Georges Jacques Danton
• 9 October 1792 – 19 March 1793: Dominique Joseph Garat
• 20 March 1793 – 23 April 1794: Louis-Jérôme Gohier
• 4 November 1795 – 2 January 1796: Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
• 5 January 1796 – 4 April 1796: Jean-Joseph-Victor Genissieu
• 10 February 1797 – 3 September 1797: Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
• 24 September 1797 – 20 July 1799: Charles Lambrechts
• 14 June 1799 – 9 November 1799: Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
• 9 November 1799 – 13 September 1802: André Joseph Abrial

Consulate to the Revolution of 1848

• 14 September 1802 – 18 November 1813: Claude Ambroise Régnier
• 19 November 1813 – 11 April 1814: Mathieu Molé
• 3 April 1814 – 13 May 1814: Pierre Paul Nicolas Henrion de Pansey
• 13 May 1814 – 20 March 1815: Charles Henri Dambray (interim)
• 20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815: Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès
• 22 June 1815 – 7 July 1815: Antoine Boulay de la Meurthe
• 9 July 1815 – 27 September 1815: Étienne-Denis Pasquier
• 28 September 1815 – 10 May 1816: François Barbé-Marbois
• 11 May 1816 – 19 January 1817: Charles Henri Dambray (interim)
• 19 January 1817 – 27 December 1818: Étienne-Denis Pasquier
• 28 December 1818 – 13 December 1821: Pierre de Serre
• 14 December 1821 – 4 January1828: Pierre-Denis de Peyronnet
• 5 January 1828 – 13 March 1829: Joseph-Marie Portalis
• 14 May 1829 – 8 August 1829: Pierre-Alpinien Bourdeau
• 8 August 1829 – 19 May 1830: Jean de Courvoisier
• 19 May 1830 – 31 July 1830: Jean de Chantelauze
• 31 July 1830 – 27 December 1830: Jacques Charles Dupont de l'Eure
• 27 December 1830 – 13 March 1831: Joseph Mérilhou
• 13 March 1831 – 11 February 1832: Félix Barthe
• 11 February 1832 – 22 February 1836: Jean-Charles Persil
• 22 February 1836 – 5 September 1836: Paul Jean Pierre Sauzet
• 6 September 1836 – 15 April 1837: Jean-Charles Persil
• 15 April 1837 – 31 March 1839: Félix Barthe
• 31 March 1839 – 12 May 1839: Amédée Girod de l'Ain
• 12 May 1839 – 1 March 1840: Jean-Baptiste Teste
• 1 March 1840 – 29 October 1840: Alexandre-François Vivien
• 29 October 1840 – 13 March 1847: Nicolas Martin du Nord
• 14 March 1847 – 24 February 1848: Michel Hébert

Under the Provisional Government of 1848 and the Second Republic

• 24 February 1848 – 7 June 1848: Adolphe Crémieux
• 7 June 1848 – 17 July 1848: Eugène Bethmont
• 17 July 1848 – 20 December 1848: Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges
• 20 December 1848 – 31 October 1849: Odilon Barrot, simultaneously President of the Council
• 31 October 1849 – 24 January 1851: Eugène Rouher
• 24 January 1851 – 10 April 1851: Ernest de Royer
• 10 April 1851 – 26 October 1851: Eugène Rouher
• 26 October 1851 – 1 November 1851: Eugène Corbin
• 1 November 1851 – 3 December 1851: Alfred Daviel
• 3 December 1851 – 22 January 1852: Eugène Rouher

Second Empire

• 22 January 1852 – 11 November 1857: Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
• 16 November 1857 – 5 May 1859: Ernest de Royer
• 5 May 1859 – 23 June 1863: Claude Delangle
• 23 June 1863 – 17 July 1869: Pierre Jules Baroche
• 17 July 1869 – 2 January 1870: Jean-Baptiste Duvergier
• 2 January 1870 – 10 August 1870: Émile Ollivier
• 10 August 1870 – 4 September 1870: Théodore Grandperret

Paris Commune

• 16 April 1871 – 28 May 1871: Eugène Protot

Third Republic

List of Ministers of Justice of the French Third Republic

Minister			Titled	Party	Took office	Left office	Government	Ref.
		Adolphe Crémieux	Minister of Justice	Opposition	4 September 1870	19 February 1871	Government of National Defense
Presidency of Adolphe Thiers
		Jules Dufaure	Minister of Justice	Centre Left  [ fr ]	19 February 1871	25 May 1873	Dufaure I Dufaure II
Presidency of Patrice de Mac Mahon
		Jean Ernoul  [ fr ]	Minister of Justice	Legitimist	25 May 1873	26 November 1873	de Broglie I
		Octave Depeyre  [ fr ]			26 November 1873	22 May 1874	de Broglie II
		Adrien Tailhand		Orléanist	22 May 1874	10 March 1875	Courtot de Cissey
		Jules Dufaure		Moderate Republicans	10 March 1875	12 December 1876	Buffet Dufaure III Dufaure IV
		Louis Martel  [ fr ]		Centre Left  [ fr ]	12 December 1876	17 May 1877	Simon
		Albert de Broglie		Orléanist	17 May 1877	23 November 1877	de Broglie III
		François Le Pelletier  [ fr ]		Independent	23 November 1877	13 December 1877	de Rochebouët
		Jules Dufaure		Centre Left  [ fr ]	13 December 1877	4 February 1879	Dufaure V
		Philippe Le Royer		Republican Left  [ fr ]	4 February 1879	28 December 1879	Henry Waddington
Presidency of Jules Grévy
		Jules Cazot	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Republican Left  [ fr ]	28 December 1879	30 January 1882	de Freycinet I Ferry I Gambetta
		Gustave Humbert  [ fr ]		Independent	30 January 1882	7 August 1882	de Freycinet II
		Paul Devès		Republican Left  [ fr ]	7 August 1882	21 February 1883	Duclerc Fallières
		Félix Martin-Feuillée		Republican Union	21 February 1883	6 April 1885	Ferry II
		Henri Brisson			6 April 1885	7 January 1886
		Charles Demôle			7 January 1886	11 December 1886	de Freycinet III
		Ferdinand Sarrien			11 December 1886	30 May 1887	Goblet
		Charles Mazeau  [ fr ]			30 May 1887	30 November 1887	Rouvier I
Presidency of Sadi Carnot
		Armand Fallières	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Democratic Alliance	30 November 1887	3 April 1888	Tirard I
		Jean-Baptiste Ferrouillat  [ fr ]		Republican Union	3 April 1888	5 February 1889	Floquet
		Edmond Guyot-Dessaigne  [ fr ]			6 February 1889	15 February 1889
		François Thévenet  [ fr ]		Extreme Left	22 February 1889	17 March 1890	Tirard II
		Armand Fallières		Democratic Alliance	17 March 1890	27 February 1892	de Freycinet IV
		Louis Ricard		Independent	27 February 1892	6 December 1892	Loubet
		Léon Bourgeois		Radical Party	6 December 1892	12 March 1893	Ribot I Ribot II
		Jules Develle		Republican Union	12 March 1893	13 March 1893	Ribot II
		Léon Bourgeois		Radical Party	13 March 1893	4 April 1893
		Eugène Guérin			4 April 1893	3 December 1893	Dupuy I
		Antonin Dubost		Radical Left  [ fr ]	3 December 1893	30 May 1894	Casimir-Perier
Presidency of Jean Casimir-Perier
		Eugène Guérin	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Radical Party	30 May 1894	26 January 1895	Dupuy II Dupuy III
Presidency of Félix Faure
		Ludovic Trarieux	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Republican Left  [ fr ]	26 January 1895	1 November 1895	Ribot III
		Louis Ricard		Non-Attached	1 November 1895	29 April 1896	Bourgeois
		Jean-Baptiste Darlan		Progressive Union  [ fr ]	29 April 1896	1 December 1897	Méline
		Victor Milliard		Non-Attached	3 December 1897	28 June 1898
		Ferdinand Sarrien		Republican Union	28 June 1898	1 November 1898	Brisson II
Presidency of Émile Loubet
		Georges Lebret	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Non-Attached	1 November 1898	22 June 1899	Dupuy IV Dupuy V
		Ernest Monis		Radical Party	22 June 1899	7 June 1902	Waldeck-Rousseau
		Ernest Vallé			7 June 1902	24 January 1905	Combes
Presidency of Armand Fallières
		Joseph Chaumié	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	Democratic Republican Alliance	24 January 1905	14 March 1906	Rouvier II Rouvier III
		Ferdinand Sarrien		PRRRS	14 March 1906	25 October 1906	Sarrien
		Edmond Guyot-Dessaigne  [ fr ]		Radical Left  [ fr ]	25 October 1906	31 December 1907	Clemenceau I
		Aristide Briand		SI	4 January 1908	24 July 1909
		Louis Barthou		ARD	24 July 1909	3 November 1910	Briand I
		Théodore Girard  [ fr ]		Non-Attached	3 November 1910	2 March 1911	Briand II
		Antoine Perrier  [ fr ]		ARD	2 March 1911	27 June 1911	Monis
		Jean Cruppi		PRRRS	27 June 1911	14 January 1912	Caillaux
		Aristide Briand		PRS	14 January 1912	21 January 1913	Poincaré I
		Louis Barthou		PRD	21 January 1913	18 February 1913	Briand III
Presidency of Raymond Poincaré
		Louis Barthou	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	PRD	18 February 1913	22 March 1913	Briand IV
		Antony Ratier  [ fr ]			22 March 1913	9 December 1913	Barthou
		Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin		PRRRS	9 December 1913	9 June 1914	Doumergue I
		Alexandre Ribot		FR	9 June 1914	13 June 1914	Ribot IV
		Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin		PRRRS	13 June 1914	26 August 1914	Viviani I
		Aristide Briand		PRS	26 August 1914	29 October 1915	Viviani II
		René Viviani			29 October 1915	12 September 1917	Briand V Briand VI Ribot V
		Raoul Péret		ARD	12 September 1917	16 November 1917	Painlevé I
		Louis Nail		PRRRS	16 November 1917	20 January 1920	Clemenceau II
		Gustave Lhopiteau		RI	20 January 1920	18 February 1920	Millerand I
Presidency of Paul Deschanel
		Gustave Lhopiteau	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	RI	18 February 1920	23 September 1920	Millerand II
Presidency of Alexandre Millerand
		Gustave Lhopiteau	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	RI	24 September 1920	16 January 1921	Leygues
		Laurent Bonnevay		FR	16 January 1921	15 January 1922	Briand VII
		Louis Barthou		PRDS	15 January 1922	5 October 1922	Poincaré II
		Maurice Colrat			5 October 1922	29 March 1924
		Edmond Lefebvre du Prey		FR	29 March 1924	9 June 1924	Poincaré III
		Antony Ratier  [ fr ]		PRDS	9 June 1924	14 June 1924	François-Marsal
Presidency of Gaston Doumergue
		René Renoult	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	PRRRS	14 June 1924	17 April 1925	Herriot I
		Théodore Steeg			17 April 1925	11 October 1925	Painlevé II
		Anatole de Monzie		PRS	11 October 1925	29 October 1925
		Camille Chautemps		PRRRS	29 October 1925	28 November 1925	Painlevé III
		René Renoult			28 November 1925	9 March 1926	Briand VIII
		Pierre Laval		SE	9 March 1926	19 July 1926	Briand IX Briand X
		Maurice Colrat		PRDS	19 July 1926	23 July 1926	Herriot II
		Louis Barthou		AD	23 July 1926	3 November 1929	Poincaré IV Poincaré V Briand XI
		Lucien Hubert  [ fr ]		PRRRS	3 November 1929	21 February 1930	Tardieu I
		Théodore Steeg			21 February 1930	2 March 1930	Chautemps I
		Raoul Péret		RI	2 March 1930	17 November 1930	Tardieu II
		Henry Chéron		AD	17 November 1930	27 January 1931	Tardieu II Steeg
		Léon Bérard			27 January 1931	13 June 1931	Laval I
Presidency of Paul Doumer
		Léon Bérard	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	AD	13 June 1931	20 February 1932	Laval II Laval III
		Paul Reynaud			20 February 1932	3 June 1932	Tardieu III
Presidency of Albert Lebrun
		René Renoult	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	PRRRS	3 June 1932	18 December 1932	Herriot III
		Abel Gardey			18 December 1932	31 January 1933	Paul-Boncour
		Eugène Penancier			31 January 1933	26 October 1933	Daladier I
		Albert Dalimier			26 October 1933	26 November 1933	Sarraut I
		Eugène Raynaldy		AD	26 November 1933	27 January 1934	Chautemps II
		Eugène Penancier		PRRRS	30 January 1934	9 February 1934	Daladier II
		Henry Chéron		AD	9 February 1934	15 October 1934	Doumergue II
		Henry Lémery		Non-Attached	15 October 1934	8 November 1934
		Georges Pernot		FR	8 November 1934	7 June 1935	Flandin I Bouisson
		Léon Bérard		AD	7 June 1935	24 January 1936	Laval IV
		Yvon Delbos		PRRRS	24 January 1936	4 June 1936	Sarraut II
		Marc Rucart			4 June 1936	22 June 1937	Blum I
		Vincent Auriol		SFIO	22 June 1937	18 January 1938	Chautemps III
		César Campinchi		PRRRS	18 January 1938	13 March 1938	Chautemps IV
		Marc Rucart			13 March 1938	10 April 1938	Blum II
		Paul Marchandeau			10 April 1938	1 November 1938	Daladier III
		Paul Reynaud		AD	1 November 1938	13 September 1939	Daladier III Daladier IV
		Georges Bonnet		PRRRS	13 September 1939	21 March 1940	Daladier V
		Albert Sérol  [ fr ]		SFIO	21 March 1940	16 June 1940	Reynaud
		Charles Frémicourt  [ fr ]		SE	16 June 1940	12 July 1940	Pétain

Vichy France

List of Ministers of Justice of Vichy France

Minister			Titled	Party	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Government	Ref.
		Raphaël Alibert	Keeper of the Seals and Minister of State for Justice	SE	12 July 1940	27 January 1941	199 days	Laval V Flandin II
		Joseph Barthélemy			27 January 1941	26 March 1943	2 years, 58 days	Flandin II Darlan Laval VI
		Maurice Gabolde			26 March 1943	20 August 1944	1 year, 147 days	Laval VI

Free France

• René Cassin, 24 September 1941 – 7 June 1943 (based in London)
• Jules Abadie, 7 June 1943 – 4 September 1943 (based in Algiers)
• François de Menthon, 4 September 1943 – 20 August 1944 (based in Algiers)

Provisional Government of the French Republic

List of Ministers of Justice of the Provisional Government of the French Republic

Minister			Titled	Party	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Government	Ref.
		François de Menthon	Keeper of the Seals	MRP	20 August 1944	30 May 1945	283 days	De Gaulle I
		Pierre-Henri Teitgen			30 May 1945	20 January 1946	1 year, 202 days	De Gaulle II
					20 January 1946	18 December 1946		Gouin
		Paul Ramadier		SFIO	18 December 1946	21 January 1947	34 days	Blum III

Fourth Republic

List of Ministers of Justice of the French Fourth Republic

Minister			Titled	Party	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Government	Ref.
Presidency of Vincent Auriol
		André Marie	Keeper of the Seals	PRV	22 January 1947	21 October 1947	1 year, 185 days	Ramadier I
					21 October 1947	19 November 1947		Ramadier II
					24 November 1947	25 July 1948		Schuman I
		Robert Lecourt		MRP	26 July 1948	28 August 1948	43 days	Marie
					5 September 1948	7 September 1948		Schuman II
		André Marie	Vice-President of the Council and Keeper of the Seals	PRV	11 September 1948	12 February 1949	154 days	Queuille I
		Robert Lecourt		MRP	13 February 1949	27 October 1949	256 days
		René Mayer	Keeper of the Seals	PRV	28 October 1949	7 February 1950	1 year, 255 days	Bidault II
					7 February 1950	24 June 1950		Bidault III
			Minister of Justice		2 July 1950	4 July 1950		Queuille II
					12 July 1950	21 February 1951		Pleven I
					10 March 1951	10 July 1951		Queuille III
		Edgar Faure			11 August 1951	19 January 1952	161 days	Pleven II
		Léon Martinaud-Déplat			20 January 1952	28 February 1952	1 year, 158 days	Faure I
					8 March 1952	23 December 1952		Pinay
					8 January 1953	27 June 1953		Mayer
		Paul Ribeyre		CNIP	28 June 1953	16 January 1954	202 days	Laniel I
Presidency of René Coty
		Paul Ribeyre	Minister of Justice	CNIP	16 January 1954	18 June 1954	153 days(Total: 355 days)	Laniel II
		Émile Hugues		PRV	19 June 1954	2 September 1954	75 days	Mendès France
		Jean-Michel Guérin de Beaumont  [ fr ]		CNIP	3 September 1954	20 January 1955	139 days
		Emmanuel Temple  [ fr ]			20 January 1955	22 February 1955	33 days
		Robert Schuman		MRP	23 February 1955	31 January 1956	342 days	Faure II
		François Mitterrand	Minister of State, Responsible for Justice	UDSR	1 February 1956	12 June 1957	1 year, 131 days	Mollet
		Édouard Corniglion-Molinier	Minister of Justice	RS	13 June 1957	5 November 1957	145 days	Bourgès-Maunoury
		Robert Lecourt		MRP	6 November 1957	15 April 1958	207 days	Gaillard
					13 May 1958	1 June 1958		Pflimlin
		Michel Debré	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	RS then UNR	1 June 1958	8 January 1959	221 days	De Gaulle III

Fifth Republic

List of Ministers of Justice of the French Fifth Republic

Minister			Titled	Party	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Government	Ref.
Presidency of Charles de Gaulle
		Edmond Michelet	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	UNR	8 January 1959	24 August 1961	2 years, 228 days	Debré
		Bernard Chenot			24 August 1961	14 April 1962	233 days
		Jean Foyer		UNR then UDR	15 April 1962	28 November 1962	4 years, 351 days	Pompidou I
					6 December 1962	8 January 1966		Pompidou II
					8 January 1966	1 April 1967		Pompidou III
		Louis Joxe		UDR	7 April 1967	31 May 1968	1 year, 54 days	Pompidou IV
		René Capitant			31 May 1968	10 July 1968	332 days
					12 July 1968	28 April 1969		Couve de Murville
Interim Presidency of Alain Poher
		Jean-Marcel Jeanneney	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice (interim)	UDR	28 April 1969	20 June 1969	53 days	Couve de Murville
Presidency of Georges Pompidou
		René Pleven	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	CDP	22 June 1969	5 July 1972	3 years, 266 days	Chaban-Delmas
					6 July 1972	15 March 1973		Messmer I
		Jean Taittinger		UDR	5 April 1973	27 February 1974	1 year, 52 days	Messmer II
			Minister of the State, Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice		1 March 1974	27 May 1974		Messmer III
Presidency of Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
		Jean Lecanuet	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	CD	28 May 1974	12 January 1976	2 years, 89 days	Chirac I
			Minister of the State, Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice		12 January 1976	25 August 1976
		Olivier Guichard		UDR then RPR	27 August 1976	29 March 1977	214 days	Barre I
		Alain Peyrefitte	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	RPR	30 March 1977	31 March 1978	4 years, 44 days	Barre II
					5 April 1978	13 May 1981		Barre III
Presidency of François Mitterrand
		Maurice Faure	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	MRG	22 May 1981	22 June 1981	31 days	Mauroy I
		Robert Badinter		PS	23 June 1981	22 March 1983	4 years, 241 days	Mauroy II
					22 March 1983	17 July 1984		Mauroy III
					19 July 1984	19 February 1986		Fabius
		Michel Crépeau		MRG	19 February 1986	20 March 1986	29 days
		Albin Chalandon		RPR	20 March 1986	10 May 1988	2 years, 51 days	Chirac II
		Pierre Arpaillange		DVG	12 May 1988	23 June 1988	2 years, 143 days	Rocard I
					28 June 1988	2 October 1990		Rocard II
		Henri Nallet		PS	2 October 1990	15 May 1991	1 year, 183 days
					16 May 1991	2 April 1992		Cresson
		Michel Vauzelle			2 April 1992	29 March 1993	361 days	Bérégovoy
		Pierre Méhaignerie	Minister of the State, Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	UDF-CDS	30 March 1993	11 May 1995	2 years, 42 days	Balladur
Presidency of Jacques Chirac
		Jacques Toubon	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	RPR	18 May 1995	7 November 1995	2 years, 15 days	Juppé I
					7 November 1995	2 June 1997		Juppé II
		Élisabeth Guigou		PS	4 June 1997	18 October 2000	3 years, 136 days	Jospin
		Marylise Lebranchu			18 October 2000	6 May 2002	1 year, 200 days
		Dominique Perben		RPR then UMP	7 May 2002	17 June 2002	3 years, 24 days	Raffarin I
					17 June 2002	22 January 2004		Raffarin II
					22 January 2004	31 May 2005		Raffarin III
		Pascal Clément		UMP	2 June 2005	15 May 2007	1 year, 347 days	Villepin
Presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy
		Rachida Dati	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	UMP	18 May 2007	18 June 2007	2 years, 36 days	Fillon I
					19 June 2007	23 June 2009		Fillon II
		Michèle Alliot-Marie	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice and Liberties		23 June 2009	13 November 2010	1 year, 143 days
		Michel Mercier		DVD	14 November 2010	10 May 2012	1 year, 178 days	Fillon III
Presidency of François Hollande
		Christiane Taubira	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	DVG	16 May 2012	18 June 2012	3 years, 256 days	Ayrault I
					21 June 2012	31 March 2014		Ayrault II
					2 April 2014	25 August 2014		Valls I
					26 August 2014	27 January 2016		Valls II
		Jean-Jacques Urvoas		PS	27 January 2016	6 December 2016	1 year, 110 days
					6 December 2016	17 May 2017		Cazeneuve
Presidency of Emmanuel Macron
		François Bayrou	Minister of the State, Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	MoDem	17 May 2017	21 June 2017	35 days	Philippe I
		Nicole Belloubet	Keeper of the Seals, Minister of Justice	DVG	21 June 2017	6 July 2020	3 years, 15 days	Philippe II
		Éric Dupond-Moretti			6 July 2020	16 May 2022	4 years, 77 days	Castex
					20 May 2022	11 January 2024		Borne
					11 January 2024	21 September 2024		Attal
		Didier Migaud		PS	21 September 2024	23 December 2024	93 days	Barnier	[2]
		Gérald Darmanin		RE	23 December 2024	Present	295 days	Bayrou Lecornu I Lecornu II	[3]

See also

• Grand Chancellor of France

References

1. "Les anciens chanceliers, gardes des Sceaux et ministres de la Justice". Ministry of Justice (France) (in French). Archived from the original on 28 August 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2024.
2. "Gouvernement Barnier : Didier Migaud nommé ministre de la Justice". Le Parisien (in French). 21 September 2024. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024.
3. "Le gouvernement Bayrou a été nommé : découvrez sa composition". La Chaîne parlementaire (in French). 23 December 2024. Archived from the original on 26 December 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2024.