Maharaja/Sultan of Kashmir | |
---|---|
Details | |
Style | Maharaja Sultan Raja |
First monarch | Durlabhavardhana 625–662 |
Last monarch | Hari Singh 1925–1952 |
Formation | 625 CE |
Abolition | 17 November 1952 |
Residence | Amar Mahal Palace Mubarak Mandi Palace Hari Niwas Palace Akhnoor Fort Pari Mahal Hari Parbat Red Fort Gulab Bhavan Sher Garhi Palace Baghsar Fort |
Appointer | Hereditary |
Pretender(s) | Karan Singh |
This is a list of the monarchs of Kashmir from the establishment of the Karkota dynasty around 625 CE until the cession of parts of Kashmir by the Dogra dynasty to Pakistan in 1947 and then merging into the Indian Union in 1952.
Ruler | Reign | Ascension year |
---|---|---|
Durlabhavardhana (Prajnaditya) | 38 years | 598 CE |
Durlabhaka (Pratapaditya II) | 60 years | 634 CE |
Chandrapida (Vajraditya I) | 8 years, 8 months | 694 CE |
Tarapida (Udayaditya) | 4 years, 24 days | 703 CE |
Muktapida (Lalitaditya I) | 36 years, 7 months, 11 days | 703 CE |
Kuvalayapida | 1 year, 15 days | 739 CE |
Vajraditya II (Bappiyaka / Vappiyaka / Lalitaditya II) | 7 years | 746 CE |
Prithivyapida I | 4 years, 1 month | 750 CE |
Sangramapida I | 7 days | 750 CE |
Jayapida (Vinayaditya); Jajja | 31 years; 3 years | 781 CE |
Lalitapida | 12 years | 793 CE |
Sangramapida II (Prithivyapida II) | 7 years | 805 CE |
Chippatajayapida (Brhspati / Vrihaspati) | 12 years | 812 CE |
Ajitapida | 37 years | 830 CE |
Anangapida | 3 years | 867 CE |
Utpalapida | 2 years | 870 CE |
Ruler | Reign (CE) |
---|---|
Avantivarman | 853/855–883 |
Shankaravarman | 883–902 |
Gopalavarman | 902–904 |
Sankata | 904 |
Sugandha | 904–906 |
Partha | 906–921 |
Nirjitavarman | 921–922 |
Chakravarman | 922–933 |
Shuravarman I | 933–934 |
Partha (2nd reign) | 934–935 |
Chakravarman (2nd reign) | 935 |
Shankaravardhana (or Shambhuvardhana) | 935–936 |
Chakravarman (3rd reign) | 936–937 |
Unmattavanti ("Mad Avanti") | 937–939 |
Shuravarman II | 939 |
Yashaskara-deva | 939 |
Varnata | 948 |
Sangramadeva (Sanggrama I) | 948 |
Parvagupta | 948–950 |
Kshemagupta | 950–958 |
Abhimanyu II | 958–972 |
Nandigupta | 972–973 |
Tribhuvanagupta | 973–975 |
Bhimagupta | 975–980 |
Didda | 980–1009/1012 |
Ruler | Ascension year (CE) |
---|---|
Sangramaraja (Samgramaraja / Kshamapati) | 1003 CE |
Hariraja | 1028 CE |
Ananta-deva | 1028 CE |
Kalasha (Ranaditya II) | 1063 CE |
Utkarsha | 1089 CE |
Harsha | died in 1101 CE |
Uchchala | 1101 CE |
Sussala | unknown |
Jayasimha | 1111 CE |
Paramanuka | 1123 CE |
Vantideva | until 1165 CE |
Vuppadeva | 1172 CE |
Jassaka | 1181 CE |
Jagadeva | 1199 CE |
Rājadeva | 1213 CE |
Samgrāmadeva | 1235 CE |
Laksmandadeva | 1273 CE |
Simhadeva | 1286 CE |
Sūhadeva | 1301 CE |
Rinchan | 1320 C |
Udayanadeva | 1323 CE |
Kota Rani | 1338–1339 CE [2] |
No. | Titular Name | Birth Name | Reign |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh شَمس اُلدِین شَاہ | Shāh Mīr شَاہ مِیر | 1339 – 1342 |
2 | Jamshīd Shāh جَمشید شَاہ | Jamshīd جَمشید | 1342 – 1342 |
3 | Alāu'd-Dīn Shāh عَلاؤ اُلدِین شَاہ | Alī Shēr عَلی شیر | 1343 – 1354 |
4 | Shihābu'd-Dīn Shāh شِہاب اُلدِین شَاہ | Shīrashāmak شِیراشَامَک | 1354 – 1373 |
5 | Qutbu'd-Dīn Shāh قُتب اُلدِین شَاہ | Hindāl حِندَال | 1373 – 1389 |
6 | Sikandar Shāh سِکَندَر شَاہ | Shingara شِنگَرَہ | 1389 – 1412 |
7 | Alī Shāh عَلی شَاہ | Mīr Khān مِیر خَان | 1412 – 1418 |
8 | Zainu'l-'Ābidīn زین اُلعَابِدِین | Shāhī Khān شَاہی خَان | 1418 – 1419 |
9 | Alī Shāh عَلی شَاہ | Mīr Khān مِیر خَان | 1419 – 1420 |
10 | Zainu'l-'Ābidīn زین اُلعَابِدِین | Shāhī Khān شَاہی خَان | 1420 – 12 May 1470 |
11 | Haider Shāh حیدِر شَاہ | Hāji Khān حَاجِی خَان | 12 May 1470 – 13 April 1472 |
12 | Hasan Shāh حَسَن شَاہ | Hasan Khān حَسَن خَان | 13 April 1472 – 19 April 1484 |
13 | Muhammad Shāh مُحَمَد شَاہ | Muhammad Khān مُحَمَد خَان | 19 April 1484 – 14 October 1486 |
14 | Fatēh Shāh فَتح شَاہ | Fatēh Khān فَتح خَان | 14 October 1486 – July 1493 |
15 | Muhammad Shāh مُحَمَد شَاہ | Muhammad Khān مُحَمَد خَان | July 1493 – 1505 |
16 | Fatēh Shāh فَتح شَاہ | Fatēh Khān فَتح خَان | 1505 – 1514 |
17 | Muhammad Shāh مُحَمَد شَاہ | Muhammad Khān مُحَمَد خَان | 1514 – September 1515 |
18 | Fatēh Shāh فَتح شَاہ | Fatēh Khān فَتح خَان | September 1515 – August 1517 |
19 | Muhammad Shāh مُحَمَد شَاہ | Muhammad Khān مُحَمَد خَان | August 1517 – January 1528 |
20 | Ibrahīm Shāh اِبرَاہِیم شَاہ | Ibrahīm Khān اِبرَاہِیم خَان | January 1528 – April 1528 |
21 | Nāzuk Shāh نَازُک شَاہ | Nādir Shāh نَادِر شَاہ | April 1528 – June 1530 |
22 | Muhammad Shāh مُحَمَد شَاہ | Muhammad Khān مُحَمَد خَان | June 1530 – July 1537 |
23 | Shamsu'd-Dīn Shāh II شَمس اُلدِین شَاہ دوم | Shamsu'd-Dīn شَمس اُلدِین | July 1537 – 1540 |
24 | Ismaīl Shāh اِسمَاعِیل شَاہ | Ismaīl Khān اِسمَاعِیل خَان | 1540 – December 1540 |
25 | Nāzuk Shāh نَازُک شَاہ | Nādir Shāh نَادِر شَاہ | December 1540 – December 1552 |
26 | Ibrahīm Shāh اِبرَاہِیم شَاہ | Ibrahīm Khān اِبرَاہِیم خَان | December 1552 – 1555 |
27 | Ismaīl Shāh اِسمَاعِیل شَاہ | Ismaīl Khān اِسمَاعِیل خَان | 1555 – 1557 |
28 | Habīb Shāh حَبِیب شَاہ | Habīb Khān حَبِیب خَان | 1557 – 1561 |
Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537. [4]
Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Muḥammad Humāyūn محمد ہمایوں | Ghazi Shah غازی شاہ چَک | 1561 – 1563 |
Nasiru'd-Din ناصرالدین | Husain Shah حُسین شاہ چَک | 1563 – 1570 |
Zahīru'd-Din Muhammad Alī ظہیرالدین محمد علی | Ali Shah عَلی شاہ چَک | 1570 – December 1578 |
Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi ناصرالدین غازی | Yousuf Shah (1) یُوسُفْ شاہ چَک | December 1578 – February 1579 |
Title | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Sultan سلطان | Sayyid Mubarak Baihaqi سيد مبارک بیهقی | February 1579 – November 1579 |
Titular Name | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Lohar Ghazi لوہر غازی | Lohar Khan لوہر خان چَک | November 1579 – November 1580 |
Nasiru'd-Din Ghazi ناصرالدین غازی | Yousuf Shah (2) یُوسُفْ شاہ چَک | November 1580 – 14 February 1586 |
Ismā'īl Shah اسماعیل شاہ | Yakub Shah یَعقوب شاہ چَک | 14 February 1586 – 8 August 1589 |
Portrait | Titular Name | Birth Name | Birth | Reign | Death |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Akbar اکبر | Abu'l Fath Jalal Ud-Din Muhammad ابوالفتح جلال الدین محمد | 15 October 1542 Umerkot, Pakistan | 14 October 1586 – 27 October 1605 (19 years 0 months 13 days) | 27 October 1605 (aged 63) Agra, India |
2 | Jahangir جہانگیر | Nur Ud-Din Baig Muhammad khan Salim نورالدین بیگ محمد خان سلیم | 31 August 1569 Agra, India | 3 November 1605 – 28 October 1627 (21 years 11 months 23 days) | 28 October 1627 (aged 58) Jammu and Kashmir, India |
3 | Shah Jahan شاہ جہان | Shahab Ud-Din Muhammad Khurram شہاب الدین محمد خرم | 5 January 1592 Lahore, Pakistan | 19 January 1628 – 31 July 1658 (30 years 8 months 25 days) | 22 January 1666 (aged 74) Agra, India |
4 | Aurangzeb اورنگزیب Alamgir | Muhi Ud-Din Muhammad محی الدین محمد | 3 November 1618 Gujarat, India | 31 July 1658 – 3 March 1707 (48 years 7 months 0 days) | 3 March 1707 (aged 88) Ahmednagar, India |
5 | Azam Shah اعظم شاہ | Qutb Ud-Din Muhammad قطب الدين محمد | 28 June 1653 Burhanpur, India | 14 March 1707 – 20 June 1707 | 20 June 1707 (aged 53) Agra, India |
6 | Bahadur Shah بہادر شاہ Shah Alam | Abul-Nasr Sayyid Qutb-ud-din Mirza Muhammad Muazzam ابوالنصر سید قطب الدین مرزا محمد معظم | 14 October 1643 Burhanpur, India | 19 June 1707 – 27 February 1712 (4 years, 253 days) | 27 February 1712 (aged 68) Lahore, Pakistan |
7 | Jahandar Shah جہاندار شاہ | Mu'izz-ud-Din Beg Muhammad Khan Bahādur معیز الدین بیگ محمد خان بہادر | 9 May 1661 Deccan, India | 27 February 1712 – 11 February 1713 (0 years, 350 days) | 12 February 1713 (aged 51) Delhi, India |
8 | Farrukhsiyar فرخ سیر | Abu'l Muzaffar Muīn-ud-Dīn Muhammad Shāh Farrukhsiyar Alim Akbar Sāni Wālā Shān Pādshāh-i-bahr-u-bar ابوالمظفر معین الدین محمد شاہ فرخ سیار علیم اکبر ثانی والا شان پادشاہ البحر البر Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha | 20 August 1685 Aurangabad, India | 11 January 1713 – 28 February 1719 (6 years, 48 days) | 19 April 1719 (aged 33) Delhi, India |
9 | Rafi ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات | Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar ابوالبرکات شمس الدین محمد رفیع الدراجات پادشاہ غازی شہنشاہ البحر البر Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha | 1 December 1699 | 28 February 1719 – 6 June 1719 (0 years, 98 days) | 6 June 1719 (aged 19) Agra, India |
10 | Shah Jahan II شاہ جہان دوم | Rafi-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi-ud-Daulah رفیع الدین محمد رفیع الدولہ Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha | 5 January 1696 | 6 June 1719 – 17 September 1719 (0 years, 105 days) | 18 September 1719 (aged 23) Agra, India |
11 | Muhammad Shah محمد شاہ | Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad Shah Roshan Akhtar Bahadur Ghazi ناصر الدین محمد شاہ روشن اختر بہادر غازی Puppet King Under the Sayyids of Barha | 7 August 1702 Ghazni, Afghanistan | 27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 (28 years, 212 days) | 26 April 1748 (aged 45) Delhi, India |
12 | Ahmad Shah Bahadur احمد شاہ بہادر | Abu-Nasir Mujahid ud-din Muhammad Ahmad Shah Bahadur Ghazi ابو ناصر مجاہد الدین محمد احمد شاہ بہادر غازی | 23 December 1725 Delhi, India | 29 April 1748 – 1752 (4 years) | 1 January 1775 (aged 49) Delhi, India |
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmad Shah Durrani
| 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772 | 1752 | 1754 | Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire; Considered founder of modern Afghanistan | Durrani |
Titular Name(s) | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Raja Jiwan راجہ جیون | Sukh Jiwan Mal Sahni سکھ جیون مال ساہنی | 1754–1762 |
Name | Lifespan | Reign start | Reign end | Notes | Family | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahmad Shah Durrani
| 1720/1722 – 4 June 1772 | 1762 | 4 June 1772 | Established the Durrani dynasty and the Durrani Empire; Considered founder of modern Afghanistan | Durrani | |
Timur Shah Durrani | December 1746 – 20 May 1793 | November 1772 | 20 May 1793 | Son of Ahmad Shah Durrani Preserved the Durrani Empire following the death of his father after fighting off civil war in 1772, and multiple rebellions | Durrani | |
Zaman Shah Durrani | 1770–1844 | 20 May 1793 | 25 July 1801 (deposed) | Son of Timur Shah Durrani Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed | Durrani | |
Mahmud Shah Durrani
| 1769 – 18 April 1829 | 25 July 1801 | 13 July 1803 (deposed) | Son of Timur Shah Durrani Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed | Durrani | |
Shah Shujah Durrani
| 4 November 1785 – 5 April 1842 | 13 July 1803 | 3 May 1809 (deposed) | Son of Timur Shah Durrani Engaged in civil war with his brothers after the death of his father, later being deposed, and making multiple attempts to reclaim his throne | Durrani | |
Mahmud Shah Durrani (2nd reign)
| 1769 – 18 April 1829 | 3 May 1809 | 1818 (deposed) | Son of Timur Shah Durrani Exiled to Herat following his deposition during his second reign | Durrani | |
Ali Shah Durrani | 1818 | 1819 (deposed) | Son of Timur Shah Durrani | Durrani |
S. No. | Name | Portrait | Birth and death | Reign | Note | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Maharaja Ranjit Singh | 13 November 1780 (Gujranwala) | 27 June 1839 (Lahore) | 5 July 1819 | 27 June 1839 | 19 years, 357 days | The first Sikh ruler | Stroke | |
2 | Maharaja Kharak Singh | 22 February 1801 (Lahore) | 5 November 1840 (Lahore) | 27 June 1839 | 8 October 1839 | 103 days | Son of Ranjit Singh | Poisoning | |
3 | Maharaja Nau Nihal Singh | 11 February 1820 (Lahore) | 6 November 1840 (Lahore) | 8 October 1839 | 6 November 1840 | 1 year, 29 days | Son of Kharak Singh | Assassinated | |
4 | Maharani Chand Kaur | 1802 (Fatehgarh Churian) | 11 June 1842 (Lahore) | 6 November 1840 | 18 January 1841 | 73 days | Wife of Kharak Singh and the only female ruler of Sikh Empire | Abdicated | |
5 | Maharaja Sher Singh | 4 December 1807 (Batala) | 15 September 1843 (Lahore) | 18 January 1841 | 15 September 1843 | 2 years, 240 days | Son of Ranjit Singh | Assassinated | |
6 | Maharaja Duleep Singh | 6 September 1838 (Lahore) | 22 October 1893 (Paris) | 15 September 1843 | 16 March 1846 | 2 years, 182 days | Son of Ranjit Singh | Exiled | |
Title | Personal Name | Reign |
---|---|---|
Maharaja | Gulab Singh | 16 March 1846 – 20 February 1856 |
Maharaja | Ranbir Singh | 20 February 1856 – 12 September 1885 |
Maharaja | Pratap Singh | 12 September 1885 – 23 September 1925 |
Maharaja | Hari Singh | 12 September 1925 – 17 November 1952 |
The history of Kashmir is intertwined with the history of the broader Indian subcontinent in South Asia with influences from the surrounding regions of Central, and East Asia. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the Kashmir Valley of the western Himalayas. Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, the Pakistan-administered territories of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, and the Chinese-administered regions of Aksai Chin and the Trans-Karakoram Tract.
Kalhana was the author of Rajatarangini, an account of the history of Kashmir. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. All information regarding his life has to be deduced from his own writing, a major scholar of which is Mark Aurel Stein.
Shingara, better known as Sultan Sikandar Shah Miri, also by his sobriquet Sikandar Butshikan was the seventh Sultan of Kashmir and a member of Shah Mir dynasty who ruled from 1389 until his death in 1413.
Rājataraṅgiṇī is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of Indian sub-continent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE.
Kota Rani was the last ruler of the Hindu Lohara dynasty in Kashmir. She was also the last female ruler of Kashmir. She was regent for her new husband because of the minority of her son in 1323−1338, and ruled as monarch in 1338−1339. She was deposed by Shah Mir, who became the second Muslim ruler of Kashmir after Rinchan who converted to Islam and ruled as Sultan Sadr-ud-din.
Buddhism was an important part of the classical Kashmiri culture, as is reflected in the Nilamata Purana and Kalhana's Rajatarangini. Buddhism is generally believed to have become dominant in Kashmir in the time of Emperor Ashoka, although it was widespread there long before his time, enjoying the patronage not only of Buddhist rulers but of Hindu rulers too. From Kashmir, it spread to the neighbouring Ladakh, Tibet and China proper. Accounts of patronage of Buddhism by the rulers of Kashmir are found in the Rajatarangini and also in the accounts of three Chinese visitors to Kashmir during 630-760 AD.
The Shah Mir dynasty or the House of Shah Mir, was a Kashmiri dynasty that ruled the Kashmir Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent. The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir.
Ghiyath al-Din Shah Rukh Shahi Khan, commonly known as Zayn al-Abidin the Great, was the ninth sultan of the Kashmir Sultanate, ruling first from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470. He was famously called Budshah by his subjects.
Didda, also known as The Catherine of Kashmir, was the last ruler of Utpala dynasty from 980 CE to 1003 CE. She first acted as regent for her son and various grandsons from 958 CE to 980 CE, and from 980 CE as sole ruler and monarch. Most knowledge relating to her is obtained from the Rajatarangini, a work written by Kalhana in the twelfth century.
Shamsu'd-Din Shah Mir or simply as Shah Mir or Shah Mirza was the second Sultan of Kashmir and founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Shah Mir is believed to have come to Kashmir during the rule of Suhadeva, where he rose to prominence. After the death of Suhadeva and his brother, Udayanadeva, Shah Mir proposed marriage to the reigning queen, Kota Rani. She refused and continued her rule for five months till 1339, appointing Bhutta Bhikshana as prime minister. After the death of Kota Rani, Shah Mir established his own kingship, founding the Shah Mir dynasty in 1339, which lasted till 1561.
Sugandha was the fifth ruler of Kashmir in the northern Indian subcontinent during the 10th century.
Islam is the majority religion practised in Kashmir, with 97.16% of the region's population identifying as Muslims as of 2014. The religion came to the region with the arrival of Mir sayed Ali shah Hamdani, a Muslim Sufi preacher from Central Asia and Persia, beginning in the early 14th century. The majority of Kashmiri Muslims are Sunni Muslims, and Shias account for between 20% and 25% of the Muslim population, who mostly reside in north and central Kashmir. They refer to themselves as "Koshur" in their mother language. Non-Kashmiri Muslims in Kashmir include semi-nomadic cowherds and shepherds, belonging to the 𝙂𝙪𝙟𝙟𝙖𝙧𝙨 and Bakarwal communities.
The Lohara dynasty was a Kashmiri Hindu dynasty that ruled over Kashmir and surrounding regions in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent for more than 3 centuries between 1003 CE and approximately 1320 CE. The early history of the dynasty was described in the Rajatarangini, a work written by Kalhana in the mid-12th century and upon which many and perhaps all studies of the first 150 years of the dynasty depend. Subsequent accounts, which provide information up to and beyond the end of the dynasty, come from Jonarāja and Śrīvara. The later rulers of the dynasty were weak; internecine fighting and corruption were endemic during this period, with only brief years of respite, making the dynasty vulnerable to the growth of Islamic conquests in the region.
Tosa Maidan is a tourist destination and a hill station in the Khag area of the Budgam district in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The name also marks the historic Tosa Maidan route into the Kashmir Valley from the Poonch Valley. In fact, the original name of Tosa Maidan appears to have been "Tosa Marg". Mahmud of Ghazni and the Sikh monarch Ranjit Singh attempted to invade the Kashmir Valley via this route following the Battle of Shopian
The Karkota dynasty ruled over the Kashmir valley and some northern parts of the Indian subcontinent during 7th and 8th centuries. Their rule saw a period of political expansion, economic prosperity and emergence of Kashmir as a centre of culture and scholarship.
The Kashmir Sultanate, historically Latinised as the Sultanate of Cashmere, was a medieval kingdom established in the early 14th century, primarily in the Kashmir Valley, found in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. The Sultanate was founded by Rinchan Shah, a Ladakhi noble who converted from Buddhism to Islam. The Sultanate was briefly interrupted by the Loharas until Shah Mir, a councillor of Rinchan, overthrew the Loharas and started his own dynasty. The Shah Mirs ruled from 1339 until they were deposed by the Chak warlords and nobles in 1561. The Chaks continued to rule the Sultanate until the Mughal conquest in 1586 and their surrender in 1589.
The Second Gonanda dynasty, was a Kashmiri Hindu dynasty. According to Kalhana, this dynasty ruled Kashmir just before the Karkotas.
Sherashamak commonly known as Shihabu'd-Din Shah Miri, , or simply Shihabu'd-Din Shah, was a ruler from the Shah Mir dynasty based in Kashmir. He was the fifth Sultan of Kashmir who ruled from 1354 to 1373. Shihab is considered to be one of the most powerful kings of Kashmir as his empire extended from Kashgar Ladakh to West Punjab and from Kabul to Chamba.
The Shah Mir–Lohara War, which took place in 1338–1339, was a military conflict between the Royal forces of the Hindu Lohara dynasty and the rebellious Muslim Shah Mir dynasty led by former courtier Shah Mir. It resulted in the overthrowing of the Loharas and the revival of the Kashmir Sultanate.