The Spanish Armada was the fleet that attempted to escort an army from Flanders as a part the Habsburg Spanish invasion of England in 1588, was divided into ten "squadrons" (escuadras) [1] The twenty galleons in the Squadrons of Portugal and of Castile, together with one more galleon in the Squadron of Andalucia and the four galleasses from Naples, constituted the only purpose-built warships (apart from the four galleys, which proved ineffective in the Atlantic waters and soon departed for safety in French ports); the rest of the Armada comprised armed merchantmen (mostly naos/carracks) and various ancillary vessels including urcas (storeships, termed "hulks"), zabras and pataches, pinnaces, and (not included in the formal count) caravels. The division into squadrons was for administrative purposes only; upon sailing, the Armada could not keep to a formal order, and most ships sailed independently from the rest of their squadron. Each squadron was led by a flagship (capitana) and a "vice-flagship" (almiranta).
This list is compiled by a survey drawn up by Medina Sidonia on the Armada's departure from Lisbon on 9 May 1588 and sent to Felipe II; it was then published and quickly became available to the English. The numbers of sailors and soldiers mentioned below are as given in the same survey and thus also relate to this date.
These commanders did not necessarily sail in the capitana (flagship) of the squadron of which they were technically in command. For example, Juan Martínez de Recalde, as second-in-command of the whole enterprise, was aboard Medina Sidonia's flagship São Martinho (or San Martin in Spanish), which also carried the Duke's principal staff officers - Diego Flores de Valdés (chief advisor on naval matters) and Francisco Arias de Bobadilla (the general in charge of the fleet's military contingent). In view of this, in the event of the loss of the fleet flagship with its commanders aboard, it was determined by Felipe II that command of the enterprise would then devolve upon Alonso Martínez de Leiva, who commanded the Rata Santa María Encoronada of the Squadron of Levantines.
Twelve ships comprising ten galleons and two zabras (total seamen 1,293; total soldiers 3,330);
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
São Martinho (Sp. San Martín) | galleon | 1,000 | Portugal | 1578 | 48 | 161 | 317 | Returned to Santander |
São João (Sp. San Juan) | galleon | 1,050 | Portugal | 1586 | 50 | 156 | 387 | Returned to A Coruña, subsequently burned there by Sir Francis Drake in May 1589 |
São Marcos (Sp. San Marcos) | galleon | 790 | Portugal | 1585 | 33 | 108 | 274 | Wrecked on the coast of County Clare, Ireland. |
São Luís (Sp. San Luis) | galleon | 830 | Portugal | 1585 | 38 | 100 | 339 | Returned to Santander |
São Filipe (Sp. San Felipe) | galleon | 800 | Portugal | 1585 | 40 | 108 | 362 | Ran aground and lost off Flanders, between Nieuport and Ostend. |
São Mateus (Sp. San Mateo) | galleon | 750 | Portugal | 1579 | 34 | 110 | 286 | Ran aground and lost off Flanders, between Nieuport and Ostend. |
São Tiago (Sp. Santiago) | galleon | 520 | Portugal | 1585 | 24 | 80 | 293 | Returned to Santander |
São Francisco (Sp. San Francisco de Florencia) | galleon | 961 | Tuscany | 1585 | 52 | 89 | 294 | Returned to Santander |
São Cristóvão (Sp. San Cristóbal) | galleon | 352 | Portugal | 1580 | 20 | 79 | 132 | Returned to Santander |
São Bernardo (Sp. San Bernardo) | galleon | 352 | Cantabria | 1586 | 21 | 65 | 171 | Returned to A Coruña |
Augusta | zabra | 166 | Cantabria | 1585 | 13 | 43 | 49 | unknown |
Julia | Zabra | 166 | Cantabria | 1585 | 14 | 48 | 87 | unknown |
Sixteen ships comprising ten galleons, four armed merchant carracks (naos) and two pataches (total seamen 1,719; total soldiers 2,458); seven of the galleons were built as a class at Guarnizo in 1583–83.
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Cristóbal | galleon | 700 | Santander | 1583 | 36 | 116 | 202 | Returned to Laredo |
San Juan Bautista | galleon | 750 | Santander | 1585 | 24 | 90 | 244 | Returned to Santander |
San Juan (el Menor) | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 77 | 231 | Returned to Santander |
San Pedro (el Mayor) | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 90 | 184 | Returned to Santander |
Santiago el Mayor | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 103 | 290 | Returned to Santander |
San Felipe y Santiago | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 75 | 204 | Returned to Santander |
Asunción | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 70 | 170 | Returned to Santander |
Nuestra Señora del Barrio | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1583 | 24 | 81 | 202 | Returned to Laredo |
San Medel y Celedón | galleon | 530 | Guarnizo | 1584 | 24 | 75 | 200 | Returned to Laredo |
Santa Ana | galleon | 250 | France | 1581 | 24 | 54 | 98 | Returned to Santander |
Nuestra Señora de Begoña | nao | 750 | Santander | 1585 | 24 | 81 | 202 | Returned to Cangas (Galicia) |
Trinidad | nao | 872 | Santander | 1586 | 24 | 79 | 173 | Lost off the coast of Desmond — probably at Valentia Island, off the coast of south Kerry Ireland |
Santa Catalina | nao | 882 | Santander | 1586 | 24 | 134 | 193 | Returned to Santander |
San Juan Bautista | nao | 650 | Santander | 1585 | 24 | 57 | 183 | Returned to Santander on 7 October 1588 |
Nuestra Señora del Socorro (or Nuestra Señora del Rosario) | patache | 75 | Santander | 1586 | 14 | 15 | 20 | Possibly lost in Tralee Bay, County Kerry, Ireland. [4] |
San Antonio de Padua | patache | 75 | Santander | 1586 | 12 | 20 | 20 | Sank off the west coast of Ireland |
Four ships (galleasses); the flagship (capitana) of Don Hugo de Moncada was the San Lorenzo; when she was captured by the French at Calais after a hard fight with the English, Moncada died from a bullet wound.
These powerfully-armed vessels were built for the Neapolitan Navy (probably in Sicily) a decade earlier. Each had 28 oars on each side, but relied on a square-rigged sailing arrangement installed for the 1588 campaign, as they were slow under oars alone. Their armament consisted on six forward-firing heavy cannon in the bows and four similar guns rear-firing in the stern; they also had 20 smaller guns (4- to 12-pounders) mounted in the fore and stern castles, and 20 swivel-mounted light guns on the raised catwalks above the rowers' benches.
Name | No of Guns | Built at | Year built | Tons | Crew | Oarsmen | Soldiers | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
San Lorenzo | 50 | Naples | 1578 | 380 | 124 | 300 | 248 | Grounded at Calais after the Battle of Gravelines. |
Zúñiga | 50 | Naples | 1578 | 380 | 104 | 300 | 226 | Returned to Le Havre, where abandoned |
Girona | 50 | Naples | 1580 | 380 | 129 | 300 | 229 | Lost driven on to Lacada Point and the "Spanish Rocks'" (as they were known, thereafter) near Ballintoy in County Antrim, Ireland on the night of 26 October 1588. |
Napolitana | 50 | Naples | 1581 | 380 | 102 | 300 | 221 | Returned home intact, making landfall at Laredo, Spain. |
Fourteen ships comprising ten naos and four pataches (total seamen 863; total soldiers 1,937);
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santa Ana | nao | 768 | Cantabria | 1586 | 30 | 101 | 311 | Lost off Le Havre |
Gran Grin | nao | 1,160 | Cantabria | unknown | 28 | 75 | 261 | Wrecked near southwest tip of Clare Island, Clew Bay, County Mayo, Ireland. |
Santiago | nao | 666 | Cantabria | 1585 | 25 | 106 | 204 | Returned to Guipuzcoa |
Concepcion de Zubelzu | nao | 468 | Pasajes | 1585 | 16 | 58 | 161 | Returned to Guipuzcoa |
Concepcion de Juan del Cano | nao | 418 | Cantabria | 1585 | 18 | 58 | 167 | Wrecked on Carna, County Galway, Ireland. |
Magdalena | nao | 530 | Cantabria | 1585 | 18 | 61 | 183 | Returned to Guipuzcoa |
San Juan | nao | 350 | Cantabria | 1585 | 21 | 49 | 141 | Wrecked at Dunkirk, France. |
María Juan | nao | 665 | Cantabria | 1585 | 24 | 94 | 207 | Damaged during the Battle of Gravelines and sank two days later. |
Manuela | nao | 520 | England (i.e. a prize) | 12 | 48 | 124 | Returned to Santander | |
Santa María de Montemayor | nao | 707 | Ragusa | 18 | 47 | 158 | Returned to Santander | |
María de Aguirre | patache | 70 | Cantabria | 1585 | 6 | 25 | 19 | unknown |
Isabela | patache | 71 | Cantabria | 1585 | 10 | 29 | 24 | Returned to A Coruña |
María de Miguel Suso | patache | 96 | Cantabria | 1585 | 6 | 25 | 20 | Returned to Guipuzcoa |
San Esteban | patache | 78 | Cantabria | 1585 | 6 | 25 | 10 | Returned to A Coruña |
Eleven ships comprising nine naos, one galleon and one patache (total seamen 780; total soldiers 2,325);
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nuestra Señora del Rosario | nao | 1,150 | Ribadeo | 1585 | 46 | 119 | 345 | Captured by Drake in the Channel, sent into Torbay |
San Francisco | nao | 915 | Cantabria | 1585 | 21 | 85 | 227 | Returned to Santander |
San Juan Bautista | galleon | 810 | Cantabria | 1584 | 31 | 84 | 249 | Returned to Santander |
San Juan de Gargarín | nao | 569 | Cantabria | 1585 | 16 | 38 | 175 | Returned to Santander |
Concepción | nao | 862 | Cantabria | 1584 | 20 | 69 | 201 | Returned to Laredo |
Duquesa Santa Ana | nao | 900 | Flanders | 1585 | 23 | 65 | 253 | Wrecked at Loughros More, County Donegal, Ireland. |
Santa Catalina | nao | 730 | Cantabria | 1585 | 23 | 69 | 238 | unknown |
Trinidad | nao | 650 | Cantabria | 1585 | 13 | 54 | 198 | unknown |
Santa María de Juncal | nao | 730 | Cantabria | 1586 | 20 | 66 | 219 | unknown |
San Bartolomé | nao | 976 | Cantabria | 1585 | 27 | 56 | 211 | unknown |
Espíritu Santo | patache | 70 | Cantabria | 1585 | 10 | 15 | 18 | Scuttled at Portencross, 6 August 1588 |
Fourteen ships comprising ten naos and four pataches (total seamen 616; total soldiers 1,992);
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santa Ana | nao | 1,200 | Cantabria | 1586 | 47 | 97 | 341 | Lost at San Sebastian |
Nuestra Señora de la Rosa (or Santa María de la Rosa) | nao | 956 | Cantabria | 1587 | 26 | 85 | 238 | Wrecked on Stromboli Reef at Blasket Sound, Ireland, 21 September 1588. |
San Salvador | nao | 958 | Cantabria | 1586 | 25 | 90 | 281 | Captured in the Channel, taken into Weymouth |
San Esteban | nao | 936 | Cantabria | 1586 | 26 | 73 | 204 | Wrecked near Doonbeg River, County Clare, Ireland. |
Santa Marta (or Santa María) | nao | 548 | San Sebastian | 1586 | 20 | 73 | 183 | Returned to Guipúzcoa. |
Santa Bárbara | nao | 525 | Cantabria | 1586 | 12 | 54 | 161 | Returned to Guipúzcoa |
San Buenaventura | nao | 379 | Cantabria | 1586 | 21 | 54 | 154 | Returned to Guipúzcoa |
María San Juan | nao | 291 | Cantabria | 1586 | 12 | 40 | 154 | Returned to Lisbon |
Santa Cruz | nao | 680 | Genoa | 1551 | 18 | 40 | 127 | Returned to Santander |
Doncella | nao | 500 | Germany | 1586 | 16 | 29 | 112 | foundered when she returned to Santander |
Asunción | patache | 60 | Cantabria | 1586 | 9 | 16 | 18 | Returned to Guipúzcoa |
San Bernabé | patache | 69 | Cantabria | 1586 | 9 | 17 | 17 | Returned to San Sebastian |
Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe | pinnace | 50 | Cantabria | 1586 | 1 | 12 | 0 | unknown |
Magdalena | pinnace | 50 | Cantabria | 1586 | 1 | 14 | 0 | unknown |
Ten Mediterranean merchant carracks (naos) embargoed in Sicily and in Lisbon (total seamen 767; total soldiers 2,780);
Name | Type | Tons | Built at | Year built | No of guns | Crew | Troops | Fate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regazona | nao | 1,294 | Ragusa, Sicily | unknown | 30 | 80 | 333 | Returned to A Coruña very damaged, subsequently burned there by Sir Francis Drake in May 1589 |
Lavia | nao | 728 | Venice | unknown | 25 | 71 | 271 | Grounded near Streedagh Strand, ten miles North of Sligo town, Ireland. [5] |
Santa María / (Rata Encoronada) | nao | 820 | Genoa | unknown | 35 | 93 | 344 | Grounded and set alight, late September 1588 in Blacksod Bay, County Mayo, Ireland. |
San Juan de Sicilia | nao | 800 | Ragusa | unknown | 26 | 63 | 279 | Vessel carrying 300 troops and silver plate for the use of noblemen was wrecked or run aground on the coast of Islay or Mull. Lachlan sent news of the ship to James VI at Stirling Castle. Lachlan Mòr befriended the crew and borrowed two cannon and 100 soldiers to besiege the house of Angus MacAulay, leaving a hostage as a pledge. After this, a man called John Smallet set a fuse made of lint in the gunpowder store and blew the ship up [6] in Tobermory harbour, Isle of Mull, Scotland.In October 1588 he gathered a force including 100 Spanish soldiers against Clan MacDonald of Clanranald and raided the Isles of Canna, Rùm, Eigg, and "Elennole", and besieged Mingary Castle, the stronghold of Clan MacDonald of Ardnamurchan. [7] |
Trinidad Valencera | nao | 1,100 | Venice | 1586 | 42 | 75 | 338 | Wrecked, 16 September 1588 at Glenagivney, Kinnagoe Bay Inishowen, County Donegal, Ireland. |
Presveta Anunciada | nao | 703 | Ragusa | unknown | 24 | 80 | 200 | Anchored in the mouth of the River Shannon at Scattery Roads, Ireland, and was burnt and abandoned by her crew who were rescued by other Armada ships. |
San Nicolás Prodaneli | nao | 834 | Ragusa | unknown | 26 | 68 | 226 | Anchored in the mouth of the River Shannon at Scattery Roads, Ireland, and was burnt and abandoned by her crew who were rescued by other Armada ships. |
Juliana | nao | 860 | Genoa | unknown | 32 | 65 | 290 | Grounded near Streedagh Strand, ten miles North of Sligo town, Ireland. [5] |
Santa María de Visón | nao | 666 | Ragusa | unknown | 18 | 38 | 183 | Grounded near Streedagh Strand, ten miles North of Sligo town, Ireland. [5] |
Trinidad de Escala | nao | 900 | Genoa | unknown | 22 | 66 | 342 | Returned to Spain (Santander) very damaged and was unrigged. |
San Bautista de la Esperanza (omitted from most censuses) | nao | 300 | Castro Urdiales, Cantabria | unknown | 12 | Returned to Spain. |
Twenty three ships (total seamen 608; total soldiers 3,121);
AS noted in the above lists 9 Spanish Armada vessels fates are listed as "Unknown". 9 unidentified Armada vessels were reported lost off Ireland:
County Donegal:
Six further ships — unidentified — were wrecked on the Donegal coast:
County Mayo:
Three vessels lost County Mayo:
Twenty two Pataches and Zabras (5 to 10 guns) under Don Antonio Hurtado de Mendoza (total seamen 574; total soldiers 479);
Four ships under Diego de Medrano (total seamen 362; total rowers 888; no soldiers);
Source [19]
Galleon: A heavy square-rigged sailing ship of the 16th to early 18th centuries used for war or commerce especially by the Spanish. They were the fastest ships built during the 16th century. Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships first used as armed cargo carriers. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port. A typical Spanish galleon was 100–150 feet in length and 40–50 feet wide. [20]
Galley: A ship or boat propelled solely or chiefly by oars:
Galleass: A large fast galley used especially as a warship by Mediterranean countries in the 16th and 17th centuries and having both sails and oars but usually propelled chiefly by rowing. [22]
By 5LK
Collecting Data/ Under Construction
Galleons were large, multi-decked sailing ships developed in Spain and first used as armed cargo carriers by Europeans from the 16th to 18th centuries during the Age of Sail and were the principal vessels drafted for use as warships until the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the mid-17th century. Galleons generally carried three or more masts with a lateen fore-and-aft rig on the rear masts, were carvel built with a prominent squared off raised stern, and used square-rigged sail plans on their fore-mast and main-masts.
The Action of 29 June 1609 was an attack on Tunisian ships on 29 June 1609 by a combined fleet of 8 Spanish galleons and 3 smaller vessels, under Admiral Don Luis Fajardo, and a French squadron of 3 vessels, under Beaulieu. The raid was made at the Halq al-Wadi, northern Tunisia.
The naval Battle of Vila Franca do Campo, also known as Battle of Ponta Delgada and Naval Battle of Terceira Island, took place on 26 July 1582, off the coast of the island of São Miguel in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, during the War of the Portuguese Succession. A combined corsair expedition, mainly French, sailed against a Spanish naval force made up of Portuguese and Castilian ships, to preserve control of the Azores under the pretender António, Prior of Crato and to defend the islands from incorporation into the Iberian Union, the largest French force sent overseas before the age of Louis XIV.
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, commanded by Alonso de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia, an aristocrat without previous naval experience appointed by Philip II of Spain. His orders were to sail up the English Channel, join with the Duke of Parma in Flanders, and escort an invasion force that would land in England and overthrow Elizabeth I. Its purpose was to reinstate Catholicism in England, end support for the Dutch Republic, and prevent attacks by English and Dutch privateers against Spanish interests in the Americas.
The Spanish Armada in Ireland refers to the landfall made upon the coast of Ireland in September 1588 of a large portion of the 130-strong fleet sent by Philip II to invade England.
São Martinho or San Martín, built as a Portuguese Navy galleon, became the flagship of Duke of Medina Sedonia, commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armada.
The Battles of La Naval de Manila or Battle of Manila Bay were a series of five naval battles fought in the waters of the Spanish East Indies in the year 1646, in which the forces of the Spanish Empire repelled various attempts by forces of the Dutch Republic to invade Manila, during the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish forces, which included many native volunteers, consisted of two, and later, three Manila galleons, a galley and four brigantines. They neutralized a Dutch fleet of nineteen warships, divided into three separate squadrons. Heavy damage was inflicted upon the Dutch squadrons by the Spanish forces, forcing the Dutch to abandon their invasion of the Philippines.
The Battle of Cádiz (1656) was an operation in the Anglo–Spanish War (1654–1660) in which an English fleet destroyed or captured the ships of a Spanish treasure fleet off Cádiz.
The Battle of Gibraltar took place on 10 August 1621, during the Eighty Years' War between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch Republic. A Dutch East India Company fleet, escorted by a squadron under Willem Haultain de Zoete, was intercepted and defeated by nine ships of Spain's Atlantic fleet under Fadrique de Toledo while passing the Strait of Gibraltar.
The naval Battle of the Abrolhos took place on 12 September 1631 off the coast of Pernambuco, Brazil, during the Eighty Years' War. A joint Spanish-Portuguese fleet under admiral Antonio de Oquendo defeated the Dutch after a six-hour naval battle.
The action of San Mateo Bay or action of Atacames Bay was a naval engagement which took place from 29 June to 1 July 1594 between the galleon Dainty under the command of English privateer Richard Hawkins and a Spanish squadron of three galleons commanded by Beltrán de Castro at the mouth of the Esmeraldas river, nowadays Ecuador.
The San Juan de Sicilia was one of the 130 ships that formed the ill-fated Spanish Armada of 1588. The ship was originally known as the Brod Martolosi, before it was seized to form part of the navy. It was one of 10 ships forming the Levant squadron, one of 8 squadrons that formed the entire armada.
A patache is a type of sailing vessel with two masts, very light and shallow, a sort of cross between a brig and a schooner, which originally was a warship, being intended for surveillance and inspection of the coasts and ports. It was used as a tender to the fleet of vessels of more importance or size, and also for trans-Pacific travel, but later began to be used for trading voyages, carrying cargo burdens of 30 tons or more.
The Battle of São Vicente was a minor naval engagement that took place off São Vicente, Portuguese Brazil on 3 February 1583 during the Anglo–Spanish War between three English ships, and three Spanish galleons. The English under Edward Fenton on an expedition having failed to enter the Pacific, then attempted to trade off Portuguese Brazil but were intercepted by a detached Spanish squadron under Commodore Andrés de Equino. After a moonlit battle briefly interrupted by a rainstorm the Spanish were defeated with one galleon sunk and another heavily damaged along with heavy losses. Fenton then attempted to resume trading but without success and thus returned to England.
The Streedagh Armada wrecksite is the site of three shipwrecks of the Spanish Armada at Streedagh beach in north County Sligo, in northwest Ireland. The three ships are La Lavia, La Juliana, and the Santa Maria de Visón. All were part of the Levant squadron of the armada. The Lavia was the almiranta, or vice flagship of the fleet and carried the Judge Advocate General, Martin de Aranda, responsible for the discipline of the armada.
Nuestra Señora del Rosario, was a Spanish first-rate ship of the line of the Kingdom of Spain's Armada Real in service between 1587 and 1588.
Dainty was an English race-built galleon that began to be built in 1588. The original name was Repentance, but this was soon changed. It participated in some naval engagements in the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). In 1593 it sailed from England under Richard Hawkins to navigate the Pacific Ocean and circumnavigate the world, but was captured the following year by the Spaniards when it was sailing off the coast of what is now Ecuador. It was commissioned by the Spaniards as Nuestra Señora de la Visitación, serving in the South Pacific for several years.
Pedro de Villarreal Ariçeta was Royal Official Treasurer of the New Kingdom of Granada.