Literature in Iran

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Literature in Iran encompasses a variety of literary traditions in the various languages used in Iran. Modern literatures of Iran include Persian literature (in Persian, the country's primary language), Azerbaijani literature (in Azerbaijani, the country's second largely spoken language), and Kurdish literature (in Kurdish, the country's third largely spoken language), among others.

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History

Iran's earliest surviving literary traditions are that of Avestan, the Iranic sacred language of the Avesta whose earliest literature is attested from the 6th century BC and is still preserved by the country's Zoroastrian communities in the observation of their religious rituals, [1] and that of Persian, the Iranic language that originates from the Old Iranian dialect of the region of Persis (better known as Persia) in southwestern Iran and has an earlier attested literature from between the 3rd to the 10th century AD, apart from its oldest attested form that is carved on ancient inscriptions from between the 6th to the 4th century BC.

Persian is Iran's official language and the language of the country's ethnic majority (i.e., the Persians), and Persian literature has been the country's most influential literary tradition. [2] Apart from Iran, Persian literature was used and developed further through several medieval Persianate societies in Asia Minor, Central Asia, and South Asia, and the language is still used widely in Central Asia (Tajikistan and Uzbekistan) and Afghanistan.

Arabic literature began to develop in Iran following the Muslim conquest. The Semitic Arabic language, from which many words were borrowed into the languages of Iran and whose script replaced Iran's earlier writing systems, was used largely by Iranian authors in the medieval era, as it functioned as an international language throughout the Muslim dominance. Medieval Iranian authors used Arabic especially for scholarly literature in various fields, flourishing first through Khorasan. They wrote some of the most remarkable Arabic-language history accounts on both Iranian and universal history, notably that of the well-known scholar Tabari. [3]

The Turkic Azerbaijani language, which developed as a branch of the Oghuz Turkic languages through the 5th to the 11th and the 6th to the 12th century in and around Azerbaijan and is today the native language of Iran's second-largest ethnic group (i.e., the Azerbaijanis), has a literary tradition originating from the time of the 13th-century Mongol conquest of Iran, incorporating both Turkic and Iranian influences. Azerbaijani literature was developed highly after Iran's reunification under the Safavid Empire, whose rulers themselves wrote poetry, as well as under the reign of the Qajar dynasty. Chagatai, the prestigious and influential Turkic language that was itself influenced remarkably by Iranian languages (Sogdian and Persian), was also used, apart from its predominant location in Central Asia's Transoxiana, by writers in Shiraz, Isfahan, and Qazvin. [4] Many poets from Azerbaijan wrote both in Azerbaijani and in Persian, although printing in Azerbaijani and other native languages of Iran except Persian was banned for a period under the reign of the Pahlavi ruler Reza Shah. [5] Of Old Azeri, the Iranic language that was used in Azerbaijan prior to the development of Turkic, a few literary works also remain. [6]

Kurdish, the Iranic language that is spoken by the country's 3rd largest ethnic group (i.e., the Kurds), has a literary tradition incorporating the various Kurdish dialects that are spoken throughout Kurdistan. [7] Kurdish literature, whose earliest works are those of the 16th-century poet Malaye Jaziri of western Kurdistan and at least one writer before him, was produced also throughout eastern Kurdistan in western Iran, notably with works from the time of the short-lived Soviet-backed autonomous Republic of Mahabad. [8] [9] Gurani, the Iranic language of the Guran Kurds in Hawraman that was once used as a court language by the Qajar-era Kurdish vassaldom of Ardalan, [8] [9] also produced a literary tradition originating from the 16th century that includes works notably of 19th-century poet and historian Mastura Ardalan of Senna and those of the religious texts of Yarsanism. [7]

Iran's first printing press was founded in 1633 or 1636 by Khachatur Kesaratsi, a Safavid-era Armenian archbishop from Isfahan's Armenian neighborhood of New Julfa. [10] [11] Iranian Armenians, notably the 19th-century novelist Raffi, were among the contributors to Armenian literature, which originates from the earliest literary works in Armenian developed in Sasanian Armenia by the 5th century. [12] Schools dedicated especially to the Armenian communities were established since the 19th century in Azerbaijan, Isfahan, and Tehran, encouraging Armenian writing throughout modern Iran, although they were closed for a period under the reign of Reza Shah. [13]

The Kartvelian Georgian language, still spoken by the Iranian Georgians in Fereydan and other regions, also has an old literary history in Iran. Georgian writers of the Safavid era produced epics and laments on their life under the Safavid Empire, making considerable contributions to Georgian literature. [14] Documents in both Georgian and Persian were produced by the Bagrationi dynasty, who were subject to the Iranian rulership. [15] The earliest Georgian manuscript discovered in Iran is Samecniero ("Scientific"), a poem that describes biblical stories in an Islamic perspective and contains one of the first Georgian–Persian dictionaries, written by Iase Tushi, who settled in Isfahan in the early 17th century. Among other Georgian writers of the time was Teimuraz I, who ruled the Kingdom of Kakheti between 1605 and 1648 under Iranian hegemony and wrote a number of stories and historical narrations with significant Persian literary influences. Parsadan Gorgijanidze, a politician and historian in the Safavid Empire, was the author of a number of remarkable Georgian literary works in Iran, including a Georgian version of the Iranian epic poem Šāhnāme ("Book of the Kings") by the name of Rostomiani ("Stories of Rostom") and an account of the history of Georgia that was produced in Isfahan in the 1690s. [14] [16]

Among other languages used in Iran, Lurish, [17] Balochi, [18] [19] Turkmen, [20] Gilaki, [21] and Tabari [22] have also developed literature to some extent.

See also

Related Research Articles

Persian language Western Iranian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in three mutually intelligible standard varieties, namely Iranian Persian, Afghan Persian and Tajiki Persian. It is also spoken natively in the Tajik variety by a significant population within Uzbekistan, as well as within other regions with a Persianate history in the cultural sphere of Greater Iran. It is written officially within Iran and Afghanistan in the Persian alphabet, a derivation of the Arabic script, and within Tajikistan in the Tajik alphabet, a derivation of the Cyrillic script.

Kurds Iranian ethnic group

Kurds or Kurdish people are an Iranian ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. There are exclaves of Kurds in Central Anatolia, Khorasan, and the Caucasus, as well as significant Kurdish diaspora communities in the cities of western Turkey and Western Europe. The Kurdish population is estimated to be between 30 and 45 million.

The Persians are an Iranian ethnic group that make up over half the population of Iran. They share a common cultural system and are native speakers of the Persian language, as well as languages closely related to Persian.

Kurdish languages Northwestern Iranian dialect continuum

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Safavid dynasty Twelver Shiʻi ruling dynasty of Iran (1501-1736)

The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran from 1501 to 1736. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran.

Azerbaijani language Oghuz Turkic language of the Azerbaijani people

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri-Turkic or Azeri-Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, and in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, where the South Azerbaijani variety is spoken. Although there is a very high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax and sources of loanwords.

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Azerbaijanis Turkic ethnic group living mainly in Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijan region of Iran

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Luri language Iranian language

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Azerbaijani literature Literature written or related to Azerbaijan

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Azerbaijan (Iran) Historical region in northwestern Iran

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New Persian Final-stage classification of the Persian language

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References

  1. ↑ Malandra, W. W. (1973). "A glossary of terms for weapons and armor in old Iranian". Indo-Iranian Journal. 15 (4): 264–289. doi:10.1163/000000073790079071. JSTOR   24651454.
  2. ↑ Emmerick, Ronald Eric (23 February 2016). "Iranian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  3. ↑ Danner, V. (10 August 2011). "ARABIC LANGUAGE iv. Arabic literature in Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 237–243. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  4. ↑ "CHAGHATAY LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. V. 13 October 2011. pp. 339–343. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  5. ↑ Javadi, H.; Burrill, K. (15 December 1988). "AZERBAIJAN x. Azeri Literature". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 251–255. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  6. ↑ Yarshater, E. (18 August 2011). "AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 238–245. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  7. 1 2 Kreyenbroek, Philip G. (20 July 2005). "KURDISH WRITTEN LITERATURE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  8. 1 2 Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (2005). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN   978-1134907663.
  9. 1 2 Eppel, Michael (2016). A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism. University of Texas Press. p. 56. ISBN   978-1477311073.
  10. ↑ Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911: "the Love for Freedom Has No Fatherland". Westview Press. p. 37. ISBN   978-0813338170.
  11. ↑ Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmaijan, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan, eds. (2005). "The Heritage of Armenian Literature". The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the eighteenth century to modern times. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 45. ISBN   978-0814332214.
  12. ↑ Garsoian, Nina (13 April 2012). "ARMENO-IRANIAN RELATIONS in the pre-Islamic period". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  13. ↑ Amurian, A.; Kasheff, M. (12 August 2011). "ARMENIANS OF MODERN IRAN". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. II. pp. 478–483. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  14. 1 2 Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (2017). Christian Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History. Vol. 10. BRILL. pp. 17, 547, 523, 654. ISBN   978-9004346048.
  15. ↑ Motika, Raoul; Ursinus, Michael, eds. (2000). "Towards the Interrelations of Iran and Georgia in the 16th-18th Centuries". Caucasia between the Ottoman empire and Iran, 1555-1914. Reichert. pp. 123–5, 131. ISBN   978-3895001390.
  16. ↑ "GORGIJANIDZE, PARSADAN". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  17. ↑ Anonby, Erik J. (20 December 2012). "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status of Lori". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  18. ↑ Elfenbein, J. (15 December 1988). "BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 633–644. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  19. ↑ Dames, Mansel Longworth (1922). A Text Book of the Balochi Language. Lahore: Punjab Printing & Stationery Press. p. 3.
  20. ↑ Knüppel, Michael (15 April 2010). "TURKMENS OF PERSIA ii. LANGUAGE". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  21. ↑ Stilo, Donald (9 February 2012). "GĪLĀN x. LANGUAGES". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. pp. 660–668. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  22. ↑ Borjian, Habib. "KOJUR ii. Language". Encyclopædia Iranica (online ed.). Retrieved 27 October 2018.

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