Loanwords in Serbian

Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language. There are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Persian, Turkish, Hungarian, Russian, English and German.

Overview

It is estimated that there are 900–1,200 Greek, ^[1] 88–188 German, ^{[2] [3]} and an uncertain high number of Turkish and Persian loanwords ^[4] in modern Serbian.

History

Proto-Slavic

See also: Proto-Slavic borrowings

Ancient Greek words in Proto-Slavic are identified through phonetic features, some related to Greek phonetic history, others possibly Scythian-Sarmatian or Gothic mediations. ^[5] Ancient Greek, non-mediated words are korablja (ark), koliba (cottage, hut), and supposedly trem (porch); Scythian mediations are luk (onion), haluga (fence), koš (basket), talog (dregs), kurva (whore, slut, skank, hooker); supposedly Gothic mediations are crkva (church) and daska (plank). ^[6] There exists loanwords in Proto-Slavic from non-Indo-European languages. Among Uralic and Turkic lexemes, estimated to have been adopted between the 3rd and 7th century, surviving into modern Serbian are čaša (cup, mug, glass), knjiga (book), kovčeg (chest), krčag (pitcher), sablja (sabre). ^[7] Adoptions from Avaric in the 6th–7th centuries are the titles ban and župan , and klobuk (a type of hat). ^[8] South Slavic was also influenced by Bulgar since their arrival in the eastern Balkans in the 7th century, e.g. beleg (landmark), beočug (shackle), bubreg (kidney), pašenog (co-brother-in-law), tojaga (bludgeon). ^[9]

Old Serbian

The South Slavic languages were greatly influenced by Greek beginning in the Early Middle Ages, through translation of Byzantine works, leaving religious, philosophical and psychological terms. ^[10] Late medieval speech had very few loanwords, rather replacing Greek words with calques for linguistical purity. ^[10] German linguist Vasmer (1944) recorded 1,000 Greek words in Serbian, most of which were addressed in the Old Serbian form. ^[11] Today, it is estimated that 900–1,200 Grecisms (grecizmi) exist in Serbian, more than 400 being in the church-religious section. ^[1] In the economical section, apart from Greek, many words in Old Serbian were Romance. ^[10] In mining, the majority of words were Germanic, arriving with Saxons. ^[10]

Modern history

The Ottoman conquest began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic; Ottoman Turkish influence grew stronger after the 15th century. ^[4] Besides Turkish loanwords, also many Arabic (such as alat, "tool", sat, "hour, clock") and Persian (čarape, "socks", šećer, "sugar") words entered via Turkish, called "Orientalisms" (orijentalizmi). ^[4] Also, many Greek words entered via Turkish. ^[4] Words for hitherto unknown sciences, businesses, industries, technologies and professions were brought by the Ottoman Empire. ^[4] Christian villagers brought urban vocabulary from their travels to Islamic culture cities. ^[12] Many Turkish loanwords are no longer considered loanwords. ^[13]

In the 19th and early 20th century Serbian, unlike the Croatian, version of the Serbo-Croat language continuum was much more open to internationalisms (words from Latin and Classical Greek) used in sciences and arts (cf. Serbian istorija vs. Croatian povijest = history and such).

Contemporary situation

English influence is seen in recent times, with the common suffixes -er and -ing. ^[14] Examples are kasting, ketering, konsalting, listing, džoging, šoping, etc. ^[15] Foreign loanwords are becoming more frequent in sports terminology. ^[16]

Comparison with other Serbo-Croatian variants

The differences between Serbian and Croatian is mainly reflected in loanwords. ^[17] Bosnian has the most Ottoman Turkish loanwords of all Serbo-Croatian variants. ^[4]

Purism

See also: Croatian linguistic purism

Serbo-Croatian vocabulary is of mixed origin, with words borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, and more recently Russian, Czech and German. Most loanwords have entered Serbian without resistance, while on the other hand in Croatian, linguistic purism was adopted as a policy during Austria-Hungary (against presumed Germanization) and later in Yugoslavia (against presumed Serbian domination). In Croatia, the term "Serbisms" is used for characteristically Serbian words, ^[18] unwanted during World War II and the Yugoslav wars, many of which have been replaced by neologisms. ^[19]

Examples

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Serbo-Croatian words of Greek origin and List of Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin.

• alas, "river fisherman", from Hungarian halász
• alat, "tools", from Arabic آلةvia Turkish
• ašov, "shovel, spade", from Hungarian ásó
• avlija, "yard", from Greek via Turkish
• badem, "almond", from Persian bādāmvia Turkish
• baksuz, "bad luck", from Turkish
• bakšiš, "tip", from Turkish
• barut, "gunpowder", from Turkish
• biber, "pepper", from Greek via Turkish
• bitanga, "bastard, rascal, rogue, scum", from Hungarian bitang
• brak, "marriage", from Russian
• bubreg, "kidney", from Turkish böbrek
• budala, "fool", from Turkish
• bunar, "water well", from Turkish
• bunda, "fur coat", from Hungarian
• burazer, "bro", from Turkish (colloquial)
• burma, "wedding ring", from Turkish
• bre, interjection, from Turkish or Greek
• čaj, "tea", from Persian or Turkish çay
• čak, "even" (adv), "albeit", from Turkish
• čamac, "small boat", from Turkish
• ćao, greeting, from Italian ciao
• časopis, "magazine", from Czech
• čarapa, "socks", from Arabic جورابvia Turkish
• čaršav, "sheet", from Persian chādorshabvia Turkish
• ćelav, "bald", from Turkish kel
• ćevapi , a grilled meat dish similar to sausages, from Turkish kebab
• čelik, "steel", from Turkish çelik
• cipele, "shoes", from Hungarian cipellő
• čizme, "boots", from Turkish çizme
• čoban, "shepherd", from Turkish çoban
• ćorav, "blind, near sighted", from Turkish kör
• čorba, "soup", from Turkish çorba
• crkva, "church", from Greek kyriakón
• čudovište, "monster", from Russian
• ćufta, "meatball", from Persian kuftehvia Turkish
• ćuprija, "bridge", from Greek géfyravia Turkishköpru(archaic)
• cvekla, "beet", from Greek
• daska, "plank", from Greek
• drum, "road", from Greek drómos
• đak, "student, pupil", from Greek diákos
• đakon, "deacon", from Greek diákonos
• đubre, "garbage, trash, rubbish", from Greek kóprosvia Turkish
• dugme, "button", from Turkish
• dušek, "mattress", from Turkish
• duvan, "tobacco", from Persian dokhānvia Turkish
• džep, "pocket", from Arabic جَيْبvia Turkish
• džigerica, "beef", from Persian jegarvia Turkish
• episkop, "bishop", from Greek épískopos
• guma, "rubber", from Greek kómmi
• hartija, "paper", from Greek chartí
• hiljada, "a thousand", from Greek khiliás
• jeftin, "inexpensive, cheap", from Greek
• jok, "no", from Ottoman Turkish yok(colloquial)
• kada, "bathtub", from Greek kádos
• kamata, "interest", from Greek kámatos
• karanfil, "carnation", from Greek via Turkish
• kasarna, "barracks", from French caserne
• kesa, "bag, sack", from Persian kisehvia Turkish
• kesten, "chestnut", from Greek kástanavia Turkish
• klisura, "gorge", from Greek kleisoúra
• kobila, "mare, female horse", from unknown, cf. Latin caballus horse
• koliba, "cottage", from Greek
• kočija, "carriage, chariot", from Hungarian kocsi
• koljivo, "wheat", from Greek
• komad, "piece, parcel", from Greek kommátion
• korablja, "ark", from Greek
• koš, "basket", from Greek
• kravata, "necktie", from French cravate
• krevet, "bed", from Greek krevátivia Turkish
• kruna, "crown", from Latin corona
• kum, "godfather", from Latin compare
• kutija, "box", from Greek koutí
• lapsus, "lapse, mistake in a speech", from Latin
• ličnost, "individual, personality", from Russian
• livada, "meadow, field of flowers", from Greek livádi
• lopov, "thief", from Hungarian lopó
• luk, "onion", from Ancient Greek
• majmun, "monkey", from Arabicمايمون via Turkish
• majstor, "master, repairman", from German meister
• miris, "smell, aroma, odour", from Greek mýron
• nafta, "petroleum", from Greek náphtha
• nagrada, "reward, prize", from Russian
• nana, "mint", from Persian na'nāvia Turkish
• narandža, "orange", from Persian nāranjvia Turkish
• pantalone, "trousers, pants", from Italian
• papuče, "slippers", from Persian pāpushvia Turkish
• pasoš, "passport", from Hungarian passzusvia German
• patos, "floor", from Greek pátos
• peškir, "towel", from Turkish
• piljan, "godson", from Latin filianus(archaic)
• pita, "pie", from Greek píta
• podrum, "basement", from Turkish
• pop, "priest", from Greek papás
• putir, "chalice", from Greek potḗr
• rovit, "weak, liquid, fluid", from Greek
• rajsferšlus, "zipper", from German
• sanduk, "chest", from Arabic صندوقvia Turkish
• šator, "tent", from Persian chādorvia Turkish
• šećer, "sugar", from Persian shekarvia Turkish
• šnajder, "tailor", from German
• šnicla, "steak", from German
• šrafciger, "screwdriver", from German
• štrudla, "strudel" (a type of pie), from German
• sidro, "anchor", from Greek sídiros
• simpatičan, "nice", from Italian simpatico
• sirće, "vinegar", from Persian serkehvia Turkish
• šnajper, "marksman shooter", from English (US) sniper
• soba, "room", from Hungarian szoba
• somun, "bread, loaf, bun", from Greek via Turkish
• stanovništvo, "population", from Czech
• sunđer, "sponge", from Greek
• talas, "wind or sea wave", from Greek thálassa
• tiganj, "pan, skillet", from Greek tigáni
• top, "cannon" from Turkish
• trpeza, "dining table", from Greek (archaic)
• usled, "due to", from Russian
• varoš, "town, borough", from Hungarian város

References

1. Vlajić-Popović 2009, p. 387.
2. Alanović 2014, p. 118.
3. List of Serbian words of German origin
4. Nomachi 2015, p. 48.
5. Vlajić-Popović 2015, p. 156.
6. Vlajić-Popović 2015, p. 157.
7. Radić 2015, p. 134.
8. Radić 2015, pp. 134–135.
9. Radić 2015, p. 135.
10. Ivić 1995.
11. Vlajić-Popović 2009, p. 379.
12. Nomachi 2015, pp. 48–49.
13. Nomachi 2015, p. 49.
14. Štasni & Štrbac 2015, Štrbac & Štasni 2014
15. Štrbac & Štasni 2014, p. 102.
16. Milić & Sokić 1998.
17. Mønnesland 1973, p. 197.
18. Lečić 2014.
19. Klajn 2008.

Sources

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Further reading

• Biljana Mišić Ilić; Vesna Lopičić (12 October 2010). Identity Issues: Literary and Linguistic Landscapes. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4438-2595-5.