Lombard regional election, 1995

Last updated
Lombard regional election, 1995
Flag of Lombardy.svg
←  1990 23 April 1995 2000  →
All 90 [1] seats to the Regional Council of Lombardy
Turnout 84.24% (Decrease2.svg 6.97%)

 Majority partyMinority partyThird party
  Roberto Formigoni.jpg Diego Masi.jpg 14-02-04-strasbourgh-parliament-RalfR-07.jpg
Leader Roberto Formigoni Diego Masi Francesco Speroni
Party United Christian Democrats Pact of Democrats Northern League
Alliance Pole for Freedoms The Olive Tree none
Seats won541912
Popular vote2,200,9211,462,438937,649
Percentage41.6%27.6%17.7%
Lombard Regional Council 1995.svg
Composition of the Regional Council
President before election

Paolo Arrigoni
LN

President-elect

Roberto Formigoni
CDU

The Lombard regional election of 1995 took place on 23 April 1995. The 6th term of the Regional Council was chosen.

Contents

For the first time the President of the Region was directly elected by the people, although the election was not yet binding and the President-elect could have been replaced during the term.

Roberto Formigoni (United Christian Democrats, then Forza Italia) was elected President of the Region, defeating Diego Masi (Segni Pact) and Francesco Speroni (Northern League).

Roberto Formigoni 8th President of Lombardy

Roberto Formigoni is an Italian politician who was born in Lecco, Italy, on 30 March 1947. He was the President of Lombardy in Italy since 1995 till 2013. He is the former unofficial political spokesperson of the Communion and Liberation movement.

United Christian Democrats political party

The United Christian Democrats was a minor Christian democratic political party in Italy. The CDU was a member of the European People's Party from 1995 until 2002.

Forza Italia former Italian political party

Forza Italia was a centre-right political party in Italy with liberal-conservative, Christian-democratic, liberal, social-democratic and populist tendencies. Its leader was Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy.

Electoral law

Lombardy used for the first time the national Tatarella Law to elect its Council. Sixty-four councillors are elected in provincial constituencies by proportional representation using the largest remainder method with a Droop quota and open lists; remained seats and votes are grouped at regional level where a Hare quota is used, and then distributed to provincial party lists.

Provinces of Italy

In Italy, a province (provincia) is an administrative division of intermediate level between a municipality (comune) and a region (regione). From 2015, the provinces were reorganized into "institutional bodies of second level", with the birth of 10 special Metropolitan cities. A further 4 such cities were added later.

Proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems in which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If n% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly n% of seats will be won by that party. The essence of such systems is that all votes contribute to the result - not just a plurality, or a bare majority. The most prevalent forms of proportional representation all require the use of multiple-member voting districts, as it is not possible to fill a single seat in a proportional manner. In fact, the implementations of PR that achieve the highest levels of proportionality tend to include districts with large numbers of seats.

The largest remainder method is one way of allocating seats proportionally for representative assemblies with party list voting systems. It contrasts with various divisor methods.

Sixteen councillors are elected at-large using a general ticket: parties are grouped in alliances, and the alliance which receives a plurality of votes elects all its candidates, its leader becoming the President of Lombardy. If an alliance wins more than 60% of votes, only 8 candidates from the regional list will be chosen and the number of those elected in provincial constituencies will be 72; if the winning alliance receives less than 50% of votes, special seats are added to the Council to ensure a large majority for the President's coalition.

At-large is a designation for members of a governing body who are elected or appointed to represent the whole membership of the body, rather than a subset of that membership. At-large voting is in contrast to voting by electoral districts.

General ticket representation is voting system, analogous to block voting, but where voters elect parties, not candidates. The parties then select their representatives to fill out elected office.

A plurality vote or relative majority describes the circumstance when a candidate or proposition polls more votes than any other, but does not receive a majority. For example, if 100 votes were cast, including 45 for Candidate A, 30 for Candidate B and 25 for Candidate C, then Candidate A received a plurality of votes but not a majority. In some votes, the winning candidate or proposition may have only a plurality, depending on the rules of the organization holding the vote.

Council apportionment

According to the official 1991 Italian census, the 64 Council seats which must be covered by proportional representation were so distributed between Lombard provinces.

Census Acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population

A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. The term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses; other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. The United Nations defines the essential features of population and housing censuses as "individual enumeration, universality within a defined territory, simultaneity and defined periodicity", and recommends that population censuses be taken at least every 10 years. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications and other useful information to co-ordinate international practice.

  BG    BS    CO    CR    LC    LO    MN    MI    PV    SO    VA  total
78422132731664

The allocation is not fixed. Remaining seats and votes after proportional distribution, are all grouped at regional level and divided by party lists. The consequent division of these seats at provincial level usually change the original apportionment. Only 41 seats were directly assigned at provincial level, and the final distribution between provinces changed in this way.

  BG    BS    CO    CR    LC    LO    MN    MI    PV    SO    VA  total
+3+3+1===-1+1+2=+1+10

As it can be seen, the simple plurality victory of the Pole of Freedoms caused the distribution of ten more seats to the President's majority at provincial level. Brescia and Como and Pavia received two new seats, Bergamo and Lodi and Milan and Varese one each.

Pole of Freedoms

The Pole of Freedoms was a centre-right political and electoral alliance in Italy, launched at the 1994 general election by Silvio Berlusconi. Its counterpart in central and southern Italy was the Pole of Good Government.

Province of Brescia Province of Italy

The Province of Brescia is a Province in Lombardy, northern Italy. It has a population of some 1,265,325 and its capital is the city of Brescia.

Province of Como Province of Italy

The Province of Como is a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy and borders the Swiss cantons of Ticino and Grigioni to the North, the Italian provinces of Sondrio and Lecco to the East, the Province of Monza and Brianza to the south and the Province of Varese to the West. The city of Como is its capital — other large towns, with more than 10,000 inhabitants, include Cantù, Erba, Mariano Comense and Olgiate Comasco. Campione d'Italia also belongs to the province and is enclaved in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

Results

In the context of the profound political changes that invested Italy between 1992 and 1994, Italian Parliament changed the regional electoral law, adapting them to new majoritarian principle now in vogue in the country, trim and tend bipolar politics. The new political geography, however, did not fit properly to Lombardy where, besides a garrison of far-left, assumed significant importance the presence of Umberto Bossi's Northern League, during the previous five years had not made any secret to aim the conquest of the Regional Presidency as a key step for a transformation of Italy in a federal state. In addition to the League, however, another major innovation had originated in Lombardy in 1994: the descent into the political field of Silvio Berlusconi, who by its movement Forza Italia had collected anti-Communist orphans of deceased traditional parties.

Italy republic in Southern Europe

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe. Located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and the enclaved microstates San Marino and Vatican City. Italy covers an area of 301,340 km2 (116,350 sq mi) and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. With around 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth-most populous EU member state and the most populous country in Southern Europe.

Italian Parliament legislature of Italy

The Italian Parliament is the national parliament of the Italian Republic. It is the representative body of Italian citizens and is the successor to the Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1848–1861) and the Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946). It is a bicameral legislature with 945 elected members and a small number of unelected members (parlamentari). The Italian Parliament is composed of the Chamber of Deputies and Senate of the Republic. The two houses are independent from one another and never meet jointly except under circumstances specified by the Constitution of Italy.

Lombardy Region of Italy

Lombardy is one of the twenty administrative regions of Italy, in the northwest of the country, with an area of 23,844 square kilometres (9,206 sq mi). About 10 million people, forming one-sixth of Italy's population, live in Lombardy and about a fifth of Italy's GDP is produced in the region, making it the most populous and richest region in the country and one of the richest regions in Europe. Milan, Lombardy's capital, is the second-largest city and the largest metropolitan area in Italy.

The central political alliances had not been followed up at Lombardy, with the League in sharp contrast with Forza Italia, not only for connecting the latter with the newly formed training nationalist and post-fascist of National Alliance, but mainly because the entrance into the political arena of Forza Italia, accused by the League to be the trojan horse for the recycling of the old political class, had led to the arrest of the Northern League's electoral steady ascent - which had previously yielded the capture of the City of Milan in 1993 - if not also a marked reflux into the consent of the federalist party.

The election on 23 April saw the success of the broad coalition of Berlusconi, grouping ex-Christian Democrats, ex-Socialists, Liberals and post-fascist, and led to presidency Communion and Liberation's Roberto Formigoni that, with the majority premium, was able to give life to the first government in the history of the region that managed to last the entire legislature.

e  •  d  23 April 1995 Lombard regional election results
Lombard Regional Council 1995.svg
CandidateRegional listsProvincial listsTotal
votes%seatsPartyvotes%swingseatspartygroup
Roberto Formigoni 2,386,73241.0716 Forza Italia–People's Pole 1,455,70629.24new283854
National Alliance 496,9399.98new812
Christian Democratic Centre 110,0582.21new24
Pensioners of Sun14,5180.29new--
Diego Masi 1,591,41727.39- Democratic Party of the Left 821,28016.50new111119
Italian People's Party 321,3146.45new44
Federation of the Greens 154,6243.11Decrease2.svg2.122
Pact of Democrats 146,2932.94new22
Labour Federation 18,6820.38new--
Populars and Democrats11,1460.22new--
Francesco Speroni 1,087,12818.71- Northern League–Lombard League 879,13917.66Decrease2.svg1.2121212
Giuseppe Torri 459,0517.90- Communist Refoundation Party 381,2217.66new555
Marco Pannella 165,8382.85- Pannella List 90,4451.82Increase2.svg0.8---
Autonomist Front5.5960.11new--
Carlo Fatuzzo 120,6652.08- Pensioners' Party 71,6081.44Decrease2.svg0.4---
Total candidates5,810,831100.0016Total parties4,978,569100.00=749090

Source: Ministry of the Interior

Popular vote (party)
FI
 
29.24%
LN
 
17.66%
PDS
 
16.50%
AN
 
9.98%
PRC
 
7.66%
PPI
 
6.45%
FdV
 
3.11%
PdD
 
2.94%
CCD
 
2.21%
Popular vote (coalition)
Centre-right
 
41.72%
Centre-left
 
29.59%
LN
 
17.66%
PRC
 
7.66%
Pannella List
 
1.93%
PP
 
1.44%

Results by province

Election results map. Orange denotes municipalities won by Masi, Blue denotes those won by Formigoni, Green denotes those won by Speroni and Dark red denotes those won by Torri. Lombardia 1995 Coalizioni.png
Election results map. Orange denotes municipalities won by Masi, Blue denotes those won by Formigoni, Green denotes those won by Speroni and Dark red denotes those won by Torri.
Province Roberto Formigoni Diego Masi Francesco Speroni Giuseppe Torri Turnout
Milan 1,055,959 (44.04%)686,933 (28.65%)308,557
(12.87%)		219,034
(9.14%)		81.15%
Brescia 261,475 (37.18%)206,475 (29.36%)161,185
(22.92%)		43,162
(6.14%)		88.07%
Bergamo 217,679 (34.90%)141,144 (22.63%)188,726 (30.26%)35,518
(5.69%)		87.70%
Varese 207,136 (40.91%)110,368 (21.80%)136,866 (27.03%)33,079
(6.53%)		82.79%
Como 151,132 (44.32%)73,498
(21.55%)		80,339
(23.56%)		21,126
(6.19%)		84.77%
Pavia 146,761 (44.74%)86,502
(26.37%)		47,626
(14.52%)		31,512
(9.61%)		85.90%
Mantua 88,822
(35.44%)		95,032 (37.92%)36,581
(14.60%)		23,035
(9.19%)		87.04%
Cremona 89,472
(39.35%)		70,704
(31.09%)		33,182
(14.59%)		21,589
(9.49%)		89.81%
Lecco 72,633 (36.72%)58,694
(29.68%)		46,622
(23.57%)		12,263
(6.20%)		87.32%
Lodi 52,052
(41.28%)		39,594
(31.40%)		15,858
(12.58%)		12,021
(9.53%)		89.04%
Sondrio 43,611
(40.00%)		22,473
(20.61%)		31,586
(28.97%)		6,712
(6.16%)		82.75%

Results by capital city

City Roberto Formigoni Diego Masi Francesco Speroni Giuseppe Torri Turnout
Milan 406,163
(48.34%)		236,249
(28.12%)		77,362
(9.21%)		73,409
(8.74%)		75.87%
Brescia 52,920
(39.95%)		43,844
(33.10%)		20,869
(15.76%)		8,802
(6.65%)		85.27%
Bergamo 33,591
(41.07%)		22,373
(27.35%)		15,659
(19.14%)		4,701
(5.75%)		85.83%
Como 27,783
(49.60%)		13,027
(23.26%)		8,882
(15.86%)		3,801
(6.79%)		80.89%
Varese 22,923
(43.52%)		12,103
(22.98%)		12,746
(24.20%)		2,761
(2.46%)		78.94%
Pavia 22,637
(44.32%)		14,708
(28.80%)		6,701
(13.12%)		4,170
(8.16%)		84.99%
Cremona 20,190
(38.31%)		17,838
(33.85%)		6,353
(12.06%)		5,289
(10.04%)		88.68%
Mantua 12,463
(35.19%)		14,359 (40.54%)4,015
(11.34%)		3,337
(9.42%)		83.36%
Lecco 12,200
(40.09%)		9,668
(31.77%)		5,555
(18.26%)		1,826
(6.00%)		84.27%
Lodi 12,424
(42.80%)		9,087
(31.31%)		3,574
(12.31%)		2,235
(7.70%)		85.19%
Sondrio 5,938
(42.67%)		3,287
(23.62%)		2,944
(21.16%)		1,103
(7.93%)		77.88%

Related Research Articles

1994 Italian general election

A snap national general election was held in Italy on 27 March 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right alliance won a large majority in the Chamber, but just missed winning a majority in the Senate. The Italian People's Party, the renamed Christian Democrats, which had dominated Italian politics for almost half a century, was decimated. It took only 29 seats versus 206 for the DC two years earlier-easily the worst defeat a sitting government in Italy has ever suffered, and one of the worst ever suffered by a Western European governing party.

Berlusconi III Cabinet 58th Government of Italy

The Berlusconi III Cabinet was the cabinet of the government of Italy from 23 April 2005 to 17 May 2006. It was the 58th cabinet of the Italian Republic, and the second cabinet of the XIV Legislature.

Politics of Basilicata

The Politics of Basilicata, Italy takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.

2004 Sardinian regional election

The Sardinian regional election of 2004 took place on 12–13 June 2004.

Politics of Lombardy

The Politics of Lombardy, Italy, takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of the Region is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Legislative power is vested in the Regional Council of Lombardy, while executive power is exercised by the Regional Government led by the President, who is directly elected by the people. The current Statute, which regulates the functioning of the regional institutions, has been in force since 2008.

Politics of Liguria

The Politics of Liguria, Italy takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.

2005 Lombard regional election

The Lombard regional election of 2005 took place on 3–4 April 2005. The 8th term of the Regional Council was chosen. Roberto Formigoni was re-elected for the third time in a row President, defeating Riccardo Sarfatti.

2000 Lombard regional election

The Lombard regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000. The 7th term of the Regional Council was chosen.

2005 Tuscan regional election

The Tuscan regional election of 2005 took place on 3–4 April 2005.

1994 Sardinian regional election

The Sardinian regional election of 1994 took place on 12 and 26 June 1994.

2000 Tuscan regional election

The Tuscan regional election of 2000 took place on 16 April 2000.

1995 Tuscan regional election

The Tuscan regional election of 1995 took place on 23 April 1995.

2009 Sardinian regional election

The Sardinian regional election of 2009 took place on 15–16 February 2009.

2010 Lombard regional election

The Lombard regional election of 2010 took place on 28–29 March 2010. The 9th term of the Regional Council was chosen.

Regional Council of Lombardy

The Regional Council of Lombardy is the legislative assembly of Lombardy.

2006 Italian Senate election in Lombardy

Lombardy renewed its delegation to the Italian Senate on April 9, 2006. This election was a part of national Italian general election of 2006 even if, according to the Italian Constitution, every senatorial challenge in each Region is a single and independent race.

2010 Tuscan regional election

The Tuscan regional election of 2010 took place on 28–29 March 2010.

2013 Lombard regional election

The Lombard regional election of 2013 took place on 24 and 25 February 2013 and was the first snap election in Lombard political history, and the first one paired with a general election. The 10th term of the Regional Council was chosen.

1994 Italian Senate election in Lombardy

Lombardy renewed its delegation to the Italian Senate on March 27, 1994. This election was a part of national Italian general election of 1994 even if, according to the Italian Constitution, every senatorial challenge in each Region is a single and independent race.

References

  1. ↑ Ten special seats added according to new electoral law.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.