| Lophodolos | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Lophiiformes |
| Family: | Oneirodidae |
| Genus: | Lophodolos Lloyd, 1909 |
| Type species | |
| Lophodolos indicus Lloyd, 1909 | |
Lophodolos is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. These predatory, deep-sea fishes are found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world.
Lophodolos was first proposed as a monospecific genus in 1909 by the Indian Medical Service military doctor and naturalist major Richard E. Lloyd, also of the University of Calcutta and the Marine Survey of India, when he described Lophodolos indicus. [1] The type locality of L. indicus was given as southwest of Cape Comorin, off Travancore in India in the Laccadive Sea at 7°28'30"N, 76°26'30"E, from Investigator station 307 at a depth of 0–888 fathoms (0–5,328 ft; 0–1,624 m). [2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this genus in the family Oneirodidae in the suborder Ceratioidei of the anglerfish order Lophiiformes. [3] Lophodes has been described as the most derived genus within its family, and although it seems to have evolved from an ancestral form similar to Microlophichthys , it is now very specialised and is dissimilar to the other genera in its family. [4]
Lophodolos is a combination of lophos, meanng "tuft", and allusion to the esca, and dolos which means deceitful. This small fish uses the esca as bait to deceive prey. [5]
There are currently two recognized species in this genus: [6]
lophodolos dreamers are distinguished from other genera in the family Oneirodidae in the morphology of the frontal bones, the absence of a pterosphenoid bone, the pterygiophore of the illicium is exposed between or posterior to the sphenotic spines, the sphenotic and symphisial spines are very large and the hypobranchials II are close to each other at their medial ends, as are hypobranchials III. They are also distinguished by the short snout, the large mouth raeaching backwards past the eye, the lack of vomerine teeth, the articular bone has spines, the spine obn the quadrate bone is larger than the spine on the mandibular bone, the lobe of the pectoral fin is shorter than the longest rays of that fin and wide, the operculum is forked and the skin is naked without spinules. The skin extends past tha caudal peduncle and onto the caudal fin. They are relatively long and slender rather than globular and the body is coloured dark brown or black with L. acanthognathus having white on the esca and illicium. [4] The maximum published standard lengths fot these fishes is 7.7 cm (3.0 in) for L. indicus and 7.9 cm (3.1 in) for L. acanthognathus. [6]
Lophodolos dreamers have a circumglobal distribution. L. acanthognathus is found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans but does not appear to be uniformy distributed. In the Atlantic Ocean, for example, L. acanthognathus is mainly found between Cuba and Greenland in the western Atlantic and in the eastern Atlantic from 60°N to the continental slope off Africa just south of the equator. [7] L. indicus is also found in the Atalantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans but has a more tropical distribution. [8] L. indicus is uncommon in the Western Atlantic whereas L. acanthognathus is rare in the Eastern pacific. [4] These are bathypelagic fishes which live at depths between 650 and 1,750 m (2,130 and 5,740 ft). [7] [8]
The footballfish form a family, Himantolophidae, of globose, deep-sea anglerfishes found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Ocean. The family contains 23 species, all of which are classified in a single genus, Himantolophus.
Odeirodidae, the dreamers are a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the order Lophiiformes, the anglerfishes. These fishes are deepwater fishes found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans and it is the most diverse family of fishes in the bathypelagic zone.
The ocellated frogfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Antennariidae, the frogfishes. This fish is found in the Western Atlantic Ocean.
The pink frogmouth, or redeye, pink gaper or uniform gaper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Chaunacidae, the sea toads. This species is found in the Atlantic Ocean.
Bufoceratias wedli is a species of deep sea marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Diceratiidae, the double anglers. This anglerfish is found in deep water over the continental shelf in the tropical and subtropical areas of the Eastern and Western Atlantic Oceans. It is the type species of the genus Bufoceratias and like other members of that genus is known only from adult females, the unknown males are thought to be free living rather than sexual parasites of the females like those of some other deep sea anglerfishes.
Himantolophus groenlandicus, the Atlantic footballfish or Atlantic football-fish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Himantolophidae, the footballfishes. This fish is found primarily in mesopelagic depths of the ocean. Despite its name, this species might not be restricted to the Atlantic Ocean, with its range possibly extending into the Indian Ocean and to the Pacific Ocean. It is found in tropical and temperate regions.
Caulophryne polynema is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Caulophrynidae, the fanfins. This species is a deepwater species which is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Like other deepwater anglerfishes it shows extreme sexual dimorphism with the males being much smaller than the females and acting as sexual parasites of the females.
Caulophryne is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Caulophrynidae, the fanfins or hairy anglerfishes. These fishes are found throughout the non-polar oceans of the world.
Lophiodes is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Lophiidae, the goosefishes, monkfishes and anglers. It is one of four extant genera in the family Lophiidae. The fish in this genus are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Chirophryne is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. The only species in the gneus is Chirophryne xenolophus, the longhand dreamer. This species is known from a few locations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Ctenochirichthys is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. The only species in the genus is Ctenochirichthys longimanus is known only from two locations, on in the Atlantic Ocean and the other in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Danaphryne is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. The only species in the genus is Danaphryne nigrifilis which is found in the tropical and temperate regions of all of the world's oceans.
Dermatias is a monospecific genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. The only species in the genus is Dermatias platynogaster which is known from 4 metamorphosed female specimens collected from 3 widley sparated localities in the Western Pacific Ocean.
Dolopichthys is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. These predatory, deep-sea fishes are found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world.
The plainchin dreamarm is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Leptacanthichthys. This species occurs in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans at depths down to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).
Caulophryne pelagica is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Caulophrynidae, the fanfins. This species is a deepwater species which is found in the eastern Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean. Its biology is little known but similar species show extreme sexual dimorphism with the very small makes seeking out and attaching themselves to the much larger females and becoming parasites of the females.
Chaenophryne draco, the smooth dreamer, or smooth-headed dreamer, is a species marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. This predatory, deep-sea fish is found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes it is sexually dimorphic with the matamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males, the males are not sexual parasites.
Chaenophryne longiceps, the can-opener smoothdream, longhead dreamer or smooth-head dreamer, is a species marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Oneirodidae, the dreamers, a family of deep sea anglerfishes. This predatory, deep-sea fish is found in the tropical and subtropical oceans around the world. Like other deep-sea anglerfishes it is sexually dimorphic with the matamorphosed females dwarfing the metamorphosed males, the males are not sexual parasites.
Lophiocharon trisignatus, the spot-tail anglerfish, rough anglerfish or three-spot frogfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the subfamily Histiophryninae in the family Antennariidae, the frogfishes. This fish is found in the Indo-Pacific region.
Chaunax suttkissi, the pale-cavity gaper, spotted frogmouth, spotted gaper or Sutkus sea toad, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Chaunacidae, the sea toads. This species is found in the Atlantic Ocean.