Lviv pogroms

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Lviv pogroms of 1941

Lviv pogrom (June - July 1941).jpg

Woman chased by men and youth armed with clubs, Medova Street in Lviv, 1941
Date June 1941 (1941-06) - July 1941 (1941-07)
Location Lviv, Occupied Poland (Nazi German Distrikt Galizien )
Coordinates 49°30′36″N24°00′36″E / 49.510°N 24.010°E / 49.510; 24.010 Coordinates: 49°30′36″N24°00′36″E / 49.510°N 24.010°E / 49.510; 24.010
Type Killings
Participants Germans, Local crowds, Ukrainian nationalists
Deaths In excess of 6,000 Jews [1]

The Lviv pogroms were the consecutive massacres of Jews living in the city of Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine), perpetrated by the German commandos and the Ukrainian nationalists from 30 June to 2 July 1941, and from 25 to 29 July 1941, during the Wehrmacht's attack on the Soviet positions in occupied eastern Poland in World War II. [2] Historian Peter Longerich and the Holocaust Encyclopedia estimate that the first pogrom cost at least 4,000 lives. [1] It was followed by the additional 2,500 to 3,000 arrests and executions in subsequent Einsatzgruppe killings, [3] and culminated in the so-called "Petlura Days" massacre of more than 2,000 Jews, all killed in a one-month span. [1] [4]

Massacre incident where some group is killed by another

A massacre is a killing, typically of multiple victims, considered morally unacceptable, especially when perpetrated by a group of political actors against defenseless victims. The word is a loan of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage".

Lwów Voivodeship

Lwów Voivodeship was an administrative unit of interwar Poland (1918–1939). Because of the Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland in accordance with the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, it became occupied by both the Wehrmacht and the Red Army in September 1939. Following the conquest of Poland however, the Polish underground administration existed there until August 1944. The Voivodeship was not returned to Poland after the war ended. It was split diagonally just east of Przemyśl; with its eastern half ceded to the Ukrainian SSR at the insistence of Joseph Stalin during the Tehran Conference confirmed at the Yalta Conference of 1945.

Lviv City of regional significance in Lviv Oblast, Ukraine

Lviv is the largest city in western Ukraine and the seventh-largest city in the country overall, with a population of around 728,350 as of 2016. Lviv is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.

Contents

Prior to the 1939 invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, and the ensuing Holocaust in Europe, the city of Lviv had the third-largest Jewish population in Poland during the interwar period, which swelled further to over 200,000 Jews as the refugees fled east from the Nazis. [5] Right after the conquest of Poland, on 28 September 1939, the USSR and Germany signed a frontier treaty assigning about 200,000 km² of land inhabited by 13.5 million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lviv remained in the Soviet zone of occupation for two years. [6] Of the estimated total of 20,000–30,000 former citizens of Poland executed by the Soviet NKVD as "enemies of the people," [7] nearly 9,000 were murdered in the newly-acquired western Ukraine. [8] Sovietization policies in Polish lands – cordoned off from the rest of the USSR – included confiscation of property and mass deportations of the hundreds of thousands of local citizens to Siberia. [9] On Sunday, 22 June 1941 Germany attacked the Soviet Union.

Invasion of Poland invasion of Poland by Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small Slovak contingent

The Invasion of Poland, known in Poland as the September Campaign or the 1939 Defensive War, and in Germany as the Poland Campaign (Polenfeldzug), was an invasion of Poland by Germany that marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September following the Molotov–Tōgō agreement that terminated the Soviet and Japanese Battles of Khalkhin Gol in the east on 16 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty.

Soviet invasion of Poland

The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military operation by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. On 17 September 1939, the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, sixteen days after Germany invaded Poland from the west. Subsequent military operations lasted for the following 20 days and ended on 6 October 1939 with the two-way division and annexation of the entire territory of the Second Polish Republic by Germany and the Soviet Union. The Soviet invasion of Poland was secretly approved by Germany following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on 23 August 1939.

Interwar period Period between the end of World War I and the beginning of World War II

In the context of the history of the 20th century, the interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War in November 1918 and the beginning of the Second World War in September 1939.

First pogrom

Immediately after the German army entered Lwów, the prison gates were opened and the scale of the NKVD prisoner massacres carried out by the Soviets revealed. An OUN member estimated 10,000 dead victims at Brygidki, although the numbers were later adjusted by the German investigation down to 7,000 in total. [10] The report drafted by Judge Möller singled out the Jews as responsible for the Soviet atrocities in accordance with the Nazi theory of Judeo-Bolshevism. [11] The Einsatzgruppe C with the participation of Ukrainian National Militia, and the OUN leaders, [12] organized the first pogrom, [13] chiefly in revenge for the combined killings at Lviv's three prisons including Brygidki, Łąckiego and Zamarstynowska Street prisons. [13] [14] The German report stated that the majority of the Soviet murder victims were Ukrainian. Although a significant number of Jewish prisoners had also been among the victims of the NKVD massacres (including intellectuals and political activists), the Polish Jews were targeted collectively. [10] An ad hoc Ukrainian People's Militia – which would soon be reorganized by Himmler as the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police – was assembled to spearhead the first pogrom. [15] In the presence of the newly arrived German forces, the infuriated and irrational crowd took the violent actions against the Jewish population of the city. [10] The German propaganda made newsreels that purported to implicate Soviet Jews in the killing of Ukrainians, and the German Foreign Office relayed them to Switzerland. [10] [16]

NKVD prisoner massacres

The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions of political prisoners carried out by the NKVD, the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs of the Soviet Union, across Eastern Europe, primarily Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia. At the outbreak of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the NKVD troops were supposed to evacuate political prisoners into the interior of Russia. However, hasty retreat of the Red Army, lack of transportation and other supplies, and general disregard for legal procedures often meant that the prisoners were executed.

Brygidki

Brygidki is prison in the building of a former Bridgettine nunnery in Lviv, Ukraine.

Ukrainian Peoples Militia

Ukrainian People's Militia or the Ukrainian National Militia, was a paramilitary formation created by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) in the General Government territory of occupied Poland and later in the Reichskommissariat Ukraine during World War II. It was set up in the course of the 1941 Operation Barbarossa following the Nazi German attack on the Soviet positions in eastern Poland. The formation, created in June 1941, preceded the official founding of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police in mid-August 1941 by Heinrich Himmler. There is conclusive historical evidence indicating that members of the Ukrainian Militia took a leading role in the 1941 Lviv pogroms, resulting in the massacre of 6,000 Polish Jews, after the German army reached Lwów (Lemberg) at the end of June in Soviet-occupied eastern Poland. Initially the Ukrainian militia acted independently, with the blessings of the SS, but later were limited to joint operations (Aktionen) with German units or otherwise functioned directly under the Nazi command.

Historians have since established that the David Lee Preston collection of photographs once believed to show the victims of NKVD killings, is in fact showing the victims of a subsequent pogrom. [17] Jakob Weiss in his Lemberg Mosaic wrote that initially the Ukrainian militia acted independently – with the blessings of the SS – but later were limited to joint operations (Aktions) with German units or otherwise functioned directly under Nazi command. The Ukrainian militia received assistance from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, [18] unorganized ethnic nationalists, as well as from ordinary crowd and even underage youth. At least two members of the OUN-B, Ivan Kovalyshyn and Mykhaylo Pecharsʹkyy, [12] have been identified by Prof. John Paul Himka from several photographs of the pogrom. Holocaust scholar and survivor, Filip Friedman from Lviv, uncovered an official Report of the Reich Security Main Office which documented the massacre as follows: "During the first hours after the departure of the Bolsheviks [i.e. the Soviet Army], the Ukrainian population took praiseworthy action against the Jews... About 7,000 Jews were seized and shot by the [Ukrainian] police in retribution for inhuman acts of cruelty [at Brygidki and the other prisons]..." (dated 16 July 1941). [19]

<i>The Lemberg Mosaic</i>

The Lemberg Mosaic, subtitled the "Memoirs of Two who Survived the Destruction of Jewish Galicia," is a book on the Holocaust by Jakob Weiss. This work brings to light the relatively obscure history of the systematic and total destruction of Jewish Lemberg. It is presented in the format of a biography, detailing the struggle for survival of four families in the backdrop of two back-to-back invasions of the city and surrounding region by both the Soviets (1939) and the Germans (1941).

The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was a Ukrainian-nationalist political organization established in 1929 in Vienna. The organization first operated in Eastern Galicia. It emerged as a union between the Ukrainian Military Organization, smaller radical right-wing groups, and right-wing Ukrainian nationalists and intellectuals represented by Dmytro Dontsov, Yevhen Konovalets, Mykola Stsyborsky and other figures.

Filip (Philip) Friedman was a Polish-Jewish historian and the author of several books on history and economics.

Killings by Einsatzgruppe

Almost immediately after the first pogrom, in the beginning of July 1941 the Einsatzgruppe C attached to the Army Group South in the invasion of Poland under the command of SS-Brigadeführer Otto Rasch made some 2,500 to 3,000 arrests in Lviv based on lists drawn by OUN, [20] and gathered the detainees in the municipal stadium located next to their own headquarters. [21] Among the prisoners kept overnight and beaten were non-Jewish Poles and scores of people accused of anti-Nazi reputation. [3] [22] The following day, under the supervision of Otto Rasch, the captives were trucked away in groups to a remote killing site (see Janowska concentration camp). The shootings were carried out by Einsatzkommandos 5 and 6 until dawn. Those, still alive at the end of the day were released, although their numbers can only be approximated. [21] [23] A new list of targets delivered by OUN with the aid of Ukrainian students singled out university professors. The academics were arrested along with families and guests on 3–4 July 1941 by the Germans assisted by the Ukrainian guides, [22] [24] [24] split in two groups and massacred at the Wuleckie Hills nearby. Among the 40 victims at least two academics were of Jewish background, Dr. Stanisław (Salomon) Ruff, and Prof. Henryk Hilarowicz (son of Józef Nusbaum, famous zoologist who converted to Catholicism in 1907). [22] [24]

Army Group South name of a number of German Army Groups during World War II

Army Group South was the name of two German Army Groups during World War II. It was first used in the 1939 September Campaign, along with Army Group North to invade Poland. In the invasion of Poland Army Group South was led by Gerd von Rundstedt and his chief of staff Erich von Manstein. Two years later, Army Group South became one of three army groups into which Germany organised their forces for Operation Barbarossa. Army Group South's principal objective was to capture Soviet Ukraine and its capital Kiev.

Otto Rasch Nazi Holocaust perpetrator

SS-BrigadeführerEmil Otto Rasch was a high-ranking Nazi official in the occupied Eastern territories, commanding Einsatzgruppe C until October 1941. After World War II, Rasch was indicted for war crimes, but the case was discontinued for medical reasons in 1948. He died in 1948 while in custody.

Janowska concentration camp Nazi Germany labor and extermination camp in occupied Poland

Janowska concentration camp was a Nazi German labor, transit and extermination camp established in September 1941 in occupied Poland on the outskirts of Lwów. The camp was labeled Janowska after the nearby street ulica Janowska in Lwów, renamed Shevchenka after the city was ceded to the Ukrainian SSR at the end of war in Europe. The camp was liquidated by the Germans in November 1943 ahead of the Red Army's counteroffensive. According to Soviet prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials, Janowska was a pure death camp, although it also housed a factory. Modern estimates put the total number of prisoners who passed through Janowska at over 100,000. The number of victims murdered at the camp is estimated at 35,000–40,000.

The SS executioners left Lviv several days later according to deposition of Brigadeführer Erwin Schulz, to conduct similar actions in Berdychiv and Zhytomyr. [21] The all-Ukrainian Nachtigall Battalion – which entered Lviv along with them on 30 June 1941 – also left the city on 7 July, in the direction of Vinnytsia. [25] The participation of the Nachtigall regiment in the 3–7 July massacres is presently disputed by Ukraine in spite of numerous eye-witness testimonies, [23] [26] [27] because their uniforms looked similar. [28] [29] [30]

Erwin Schulz German Nazi SS general and Holocaust perpetrator

Erwin Schulz was a German member of the Gestapo and the SS in Nazi Germany. He was the leader of Mission squad 5, part of Einsatzgruppe C, which was attached to the Army Group South during the planned invasion of Soviet Union in 1941, and operated in the occupied territories of south-eastern Poland and Ukrainian SSR committing mass killings of civilian population, mostly of Jewish ethnicity, under the command of SS-brigadier general Otto Rasch.

Berdychiv City of regional significance in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine

Berdychiv is a historic city in the Zhytomyr Oblast (province) of northern Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of the Berdychiv Raion (district), the city itself is of direct oblast subordinance, and does not belong to the district. It is 44 km (27 mi) south of the oblast capital, Zhytomyr. Its population is approximately 76,711 (2017 est.).

Zhytomyr Place in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine

Zhytomyr is a city in the north of the western half of Ukraine. It is the administrative center of Zhytomyr Oblast (province), as well as the administrative center of the surrounding Zhytomyr Raion (district). The city of Zhytomyr is not a part of Zhytomyr Raion: the city itself is designated as its own separate raion within the oblast; moreover Zhytomyr consists of two so-called "raions in a city": Bohunskyi Raion and Koroliovskyi Raion. Zhytomyr occupies an area of 65 square kilometres. Its population is 266,936.

Petlura days

A second pogrom took place in the last days of July 1941 and was labeled "Petlura Days" (Aktion Petliura) after the assassinated Ukrainian leader Symon Petliura. [1] The killings were organized with German encouragement, but the pogrom also had ominous undertones of religious bigotry with Andrey Sheptytsky's awareness, [31] and with Ukrainian militants from outside the city joining the fray with farm tools. [32] Sheptytsky became disillusioned with Nazi Germany only in mid-1942 after his National Council was banned, with thousands of Ukrainians sent to slave labour. [31] [33] In the morning of 25 July 1941 the Ukrainian auxiliary police began arresting Jews in their homes, while the civilians participated in acts of violence against them in the streets. Captured Jews were dragged to the Jewish cemetery and to the Łąckiego Street prison, where they were fatally shot out of the public eye. Ukrainian police circulated in groups of five and consulted prepared lists from OUN. Some 2,000 people were murdered in approximately three days. [34] Thousands of other Jews were injured out in the open. [32] [35]

Aftermath

According to historian of the Holocaust Richard Breitman 5,000 Jews died as a result of these pogroms. In addition, some 3,000 mostly Jews were executed in the municipal stadium by the Germans. [36] The German propaganda passed off all victims of the NKVD killings in Lviv as Ukrainians even though the lists of prisoners left behind by the Soviets had about one-third of distinctly Polish and Jewish names in them. Over the next two years both German and pro-Nazi Ukrainian press including Ukrains'ki shchodenni visti, Krakivs'ki visti and others, went on to describe horrific acts of chekist torture (real or imagined) with the number of Ukrainian casualties multiplied out of thin air, wrote Professor John-Paul Himka. [37]

The Lwów Ghetto was established in November 1941 on the orders of SS-Gruppenführer Fritz Katzmann, the Higher SS and Police Leader (SSPF) of Lemberg and one of the most prolific mass murderers in the SS. [38] [39] At its peak, the Ghetto held some 120,000 Jews, most of whom were deported to the Belzec extermination camp or killed locally during the next two years. Following the 1941 pogroms and Einsatzgruppe killings, harsh conditions in the Lwów Ghetto, and deportations to the Nazi concentration camps, including Belzec and the Janowska concentration camp located on the outskirts of the city, resulted in the almost complete annihilation of the Jewish population locally. When the Soviet forces reached and took over Lviv on 21 July 1944, only 823 Jews found their way back to the Jewish Provisional Committee in Lviv by Dr. David Sobol. [40]

Controversy

The nature of the Lviv pogroms and their identifiable perpetrators remain controversial. Documents released in 2008 by the Ukrainian Security Services indicated that the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists may have been involved to a lesser degree than originally thought. [41] However, this collection of documents titled "For the Beginning: Book of Facts" (Do pochatku knyha faktiv) has been recognized by historians including John-Paul Himka, Per Anders Rudling, Marco Carynnyk, and Franziska Bruder, as an attempt at manipulating World War II history. [42] [43] [44] [45]

See also

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<i>Krakivski Visti</i> newspaper

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 USHMM. "Lwów". Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Himka, John-Paul (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 53 (2–4): 209–243. ISSN   0008-5006. Taylor & Francis – via Internet Archive.
  3. 1 2 N.M.T. (1945). "Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals" (PDF direct download). Volume IV : "The Einsatzgruppen Case" complete, 1210 pages. Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10. pp. 542–543 in PDF (518–519 in original document). Retrieved 1 March 2015. With N.M.T. commentary to testimony of Erwin Schulz (p. 543 in PDF).
  4. ↑ Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. p. 194. ISBN   978-0-19-280436-5.
  5. ↑ Stefan Szende, The Promise Hitler Kept, London 1945, p. 124. OCLC   758315597.
  6. ↑ Gross, Jan Tomasz (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 17, 28–30. ISBN   0691096031.
  7. ↑ Piotrowski, Tadeusz (1998). Poland's Holocaust. Jefferson: McFarland. ISBN   0-7864-0371-3. McFarland, 2007 edition, Google Books search inside. ISBN   0786429135. – via Google Books preview.
  8. ↑ Berkhoff, Karel Cornelis (2004). Harvest of Despair. Harvard University Press. p. 14. ISBN   0674020782 – via Google Books.
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  10. 1 2 3 4 Alfred de Zayas (2000). "The Lviv Massacre". The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945. AlfreddeZayas.com. Retrieved 2 March 2015. Cheka-GPU-NKVD by Prytulak (de Zayas).
  11. ↑ Ronald Headland (1992). Messages of Murder: A Study of the Reports of the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the Security Service, 1941-1943. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN   0838634184 – via Google Books.
  12. 1 2 John Paul Himka (2015). "Ще кілька слів про львівський погром. ФОТО: Михайло Печарський". Lviv pogrom of 1941. Історична правда. Retrieved 6 March 2015. Also: Иван Ковалишин.
  13. 1 2 Yevhen Nakonechny (2006). "Шоа" у Львові ["Shoa" in Lviv](DjVu). Львів: ЛА «Піраміда». pp. 98–99 or 50 in current document (1/284 or 1/143 digitized). ISBN   966-8522-47-8 . Retrieved 13 February 2015– via Історія @ EX.UA, direct download (7.7 MB).[ permanent dead link ][ unreliable source? ]
  14. ↑ Jakob Weiss, The Lemberg Mosaic in Wikipedia (New York: Alderbrook Press, 2011) pp. 165-174 (Prison Massacre), 206-210 ("Petlura Days" or Aktion Petlura).
  15. ↑ Himka, John-Paul (2011). "The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 53 (2–4): 209–243. ISSN   0008-5006.
  16. ↑ John-Paul Himka (2014). "Ethnicity and the Reporting of Mass Murder: "Krakivs'ki visti", the NKVD Murders of 1941, and the Vinnytsia Exhumation". Chapter: Ethnicizing the Perpetrators. University of Alberta. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  17. ↑ Bogdan Musial, Bilder einer Ausstellung: Kritische Anmerkungen zur Wanderausstellung "Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944." Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 47. Jahrg., 4. H. (October 1999): 563–581. "David Lee Preston collection."
  18. ↑ Breitman, Richard (2010). Hitler's Shadow: Nazi War Criminals, U.S. Intelligence, and the Cold War. DIANE Publishing. p. 75. ISBN   1437944299. In Lwów, a leaflet warned Jews that, "You welcomed Stalin with flowers. We will lay your heads at Hitler's feet." [Original: "У 1939 ви привітали Сталіна квітами. Ми покладемо ваші голови до ніг Гітлера, вітаючи його."] At a July 6, 1941, meeting in Lwów, Bandera loyalists determined: "We must finish them off..." Back in Berlin, Stetsko reported it all to him.[12]
  19. ↑ Jakob Weiss, Lemberg Mosaic, p. 173
  20. ↑ Piotrowski 1998, page 209.
  21. 1 2 3 N.M.T. 1945, Volume IV : "The Einsatzgruppen Case", ibidem pp. 165–167.
  22. 1 2 3 Zygmunt Albert, Kaźń profesorów lwowskich w lipcu 1941 roku Instytut Lwowski 2004, Warszawa. Studia oraz relacje i dokumenty zebrane i oprac. przez Zygmunta Alberta Wrocław 1989, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego; ISBN   83-229-0351-0, pp. 180-181
  23. 1 2 The Simon Wiesenthal Center (1997) [1990]. "Invasion of the Soviet Union". Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Macmillan Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  24. 1 2 3 IPN — Oddziałowa Komisja w Rzeszowie, Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa profesorów polskich wyższych uczelni, członków ich rodzin oraz współmieszkańców, we Lwowie w lipcu 1941 roku, podjęte na nowo z umorzenia w dniu 25 lutego 2003 roku Sygn. S 5/03/Zn, pp. 36-37 (PDF file, direct download). Institute of National Remembrance. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Piotrowski 1998, page 208.
  26. ↑ Freider Mikhail Sanevich (2012). "A history of Jewish shtetls in the Yarmolintsy district". Road to father. Ukraine SIG. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  27. ↑ Чуев Сергей (2004). Проклятые солдаты. Предатели на стороне III рейха [Forsaken soldiers. Traitors for the Third Reich]. Эксмо. ISBN   5-699-05970-9 . Retrieved 2 March 2015. Online preview, Russian original.
  28. ↑ Є. Побігущій, Дружини українських націоналістів у 1941 — 1942 роках [Formations of Ukrainian Nationalists in 1941-42]. – Без місця видання, 1953. – С. 6; pp. 109–110, excerpts with commentaries: 1. Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine . 2.
  29. ↑ Andreas Jordan (September 2008). "Oberländer, Theodor (Professor Dr.) (NSDAP/ CDU)". Eine Auswahl Deutscher Nazi-Karrieren nach 1945. GELSENZENTRUM - Gelsenkirchen, Portal zur Aufarbeitung und Dokumentation lokaler zeitgeschichtlicher Ereignisse in Gelsenkirchen. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998), Poland's Holocaust. McFarland, pp. 207-211. ISBN   0786403713.
  31. 1 2 Mordecai Paldiel (2000). Saving the Jews: Men and Women who Defied the Final Solution. Taylor Trade Publications. pp. 362–364. ISBN   1589797345 . Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  32. 1 2 PAP (10 September 2012). "Rocznica likwidacji lwowskiego getta" [Anniversary of the Lwow Ghetto liquidation]. Kartka z kalendarza. Polska Agencja Prasowa . Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  33. ↑ David Cymet (2012). History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church. Lexington Books. p. 232. ISBN   0739132954 . Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  34. ↑ Carmelo Lisciotto (2007). "25 July 1941 pogrom in Lvov" (HolocaustResearchProject.org). Lvov. H.E.A.R.T. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Helena Ganor (2007). Four Letters to the Witnesses of My Childhood (Google Books preview). Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN   0815608691 . Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Richard Breitman. "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners". Journal of Contemporary History; Vol. 26, No. 3/4: The Impact of Western Nationalisms; essays dedicated to Walter Z. Laqueur on the occasion of his 70th birthday (Sep. 1991), pp. 431-451
  37. ↑ John-Paul Himka, Professor of Ukrainian and East European history at the University of Alberta (2014). "Ethnicity and the Reporting of Mass Murder: "Krakivs'ki visti", the NKVD Murders of 1941, and the Vinnytsia Exhumation". Chapter: Ethnicizing the Perpetrators. University of Alberta. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  38. ↑ Waldemar „Scypion" Sadaj (January 27, 2010). "Fritz Friedrich Katzmann". SS-Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen-SS und Polizei. Allgemeine SS & Waffen-SS. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  39. ↑ Claudia Koonz (November 2, 2005). "SS Man Katzmann's "Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia"" (PDF). The Raul Hilberg Lecture. University of Vermont: 2, 11, 16–18. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  40. ↑ Dr. Filip Friedman (2007). Zaglada Zydow Lwowskich [The Annihilation of Lvovian Jews]. Chapter 2. Wydawnictwa Centralnej Zydowskiej Komisji Historycznej przy Centralnym Komitecie Zydow Polskich Nr 4. OCLC   38706656. Archived from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2015. English translation of the Russian edition (excerpts).
  41. ↑ "SBU declassifies documents proving OUN-UPA not connected with anti-Jewish actions". unian.net. 6 February 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  42. ↑ "Falsifying World War II history in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 2011-05-08. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  43. ↑ Per A. Rudling, The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian & East European Studies, No. 2107, November 2011, ISSN 0889-275X, p. 29
  44. ↑ "Історична напівправда гірша за одверту брехню". LB.ua. 2009-11-05. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  45. ↑ "Strasti za Banderoju ('Bandera Passion')". DefendingHistory.com. 2011-11-20. Retrieved 2011-12-28.

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