Magnaporthaceae

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Magnaporthaceae
Magnaporthe grisea.jpg
Image of Magnaporthe grisea
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Magnaporthaceae
P.F.Cannon (1994)
Genera

See text

The Magnaporthaceae are a family of fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was circumscribed by Paul F. Cannon in 1994 for a group of grass-associated fungi centered on Magnaporthe (Nakataea). [1] Magnaporthaceae have a harpophora-like asexual morphology and are often associated with roots of grasses or cereals. [2]

Contents

Important pathogens from the Magnaporthaceae include Nakataea oryzae, Gaeumannomyces graminis , Magnaporthiopsis poae and Magnaporthe rhizophila .

Taxonomy and systematics

Type genus:Nakataea Hara (= Magnaporthe R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster)

Type species: Nakataea oryzae (Catt.) J. Luo & N. Zhang [3]

Description

Magnaporthaceae that reproduce sexually, have perithecial ascomata that are immersed in host tissue, frequently with long necks. Asci are cylindrical and stain positive in Meltzer's reagent. Ascospores are curved to sigmoid and contain septa. They show variability in their morphology and can be filiform (Gaeumannomyces) or fusiform (Nakataea = Magnaporthe). The colour of ascospores is hyaline to olivaceous. [3]

Asexual morphs have hyaline to pale brown conidia, which are septate to aseptate, straight or curved and variable in shape.

Higher order systematics

Magnaporthaceae used to be the only family within the order Magnaporthales, which are closely related to the orders Diaporthales and Ophiostomatales. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three clear clades could be distinguished within the Magnaporthales. The Magnaporthaceae are sister to Pyriculariaceae, and Ophioceraceae. [4]

Taxonomic history

The family Magnaporthaceae was originally described with six genera and around 20 species comprising mainly necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic plant pathogens infecting root and shoots of Poaceae and Cyperaceae . Later, endophytic or apparently saprotrophic taxa on non-gramineous hosts were also added. Based on a multilocus phylogeny it was suggested that both Magnaporthe and Gaeumannomyces are polyphyletic genera. [5] Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia led to the definition of the family Pyriculariaceae and separated Pyricularia species from Magnaporthe species. [3] The rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) is accommodated in the Pyriculariaceae, while Magnaporthe salvinii (now Nakataea oryzae) causing stem rot in rice, belongs to the Magnaporthaceae.

Differentiation from other families

Magnaporthaceae are distinguished from Pyriculariaceae by their asexual morphs. For Magnaporthaceae, the morphology of phialophora- or harpophora-like species is characterised by falcate versicoloured conidia on brown, erect conidiophores. In the case of Pyriculariaceae, Pyricularia or pyricularia-like species are characterised by pyriform 2-septate conidia and rhexolytic secession. [3]

Genera

Related Research Articles

<i>Magnaporthe grisea</i> Blast, fungal disease of rice & wheat

Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast and Imochi (稲熱), is a plant-pathogenic fungus and model organism that causes a serious disease affecting rice. It is now known that M. grisea consists of a cryptic species complex containing at least two biological species that have clear genetic differences and do not interbreed. Complex members isolated from Digitaria have been more narrowly defined as M. grisea. The remaining members of the complex isolated from rice and a variety of other hosts have been renamed Magnaporthe oryzae, within the same M. grisea complex. Confusion on which of these two names to use for the rice blast pathogen remains, as both are now used by different authors.

<i>Botryosphaeria dothidea</i> Species of fungus

Botryosphaeria dothidea is a plant pathogen that causes the formation of cankers on a wide variety of tree and shrub species. It has been reported on several hundred plant hosts and on all continents except Antarctica. B. dothidea was redefined in 2004, and some reports of its host range from prior to that time likely include species that have since been placed in another genus. Even so, B. dothidea has since been identified on a number of woody plants—including grape, mango, olive, eucalyptus, maple, and oak, among others—and is still expected to have a broad geographical distribution. While it is best known as a pathogen, the species has also been identified as an endophyte, existing in association with plant tissues on which disease symptoms were not observed. It can colonize some fruits, in addition to woody tissues.

Brasiliomyces malachrae is a species of fungus in the family Erysiphaceae. It is a plant pathogen that grows on Gossypium, Lavatera assurgentiflora, Malachra capitata, Malvastrum coromandelianum, and species of Malvaceae. It is found in South America.

<i>Beauveria</i> Genus of fungi

Beauveria is a genus of asexually-reproducing fungi allied with the ascomycete family Cordycipitaceae. Its several species are typically insect pathogens. The sexual states (teleomorphs) of Beauveria species, where known, are species of Cordyceps.

<i>Mycosphaerella</i> Genus of fungi

Mycosphaerella is a genus of ascomycota. With more than 10,000 species, it is the largest genus of plant pathogen fungi.

Harpophora is a genus of fungi in the family Magnaporthaceae.

<i>Pyricularia</i> Genus of fungi

Pyricularia is a genus of fungi which was named by Saccardo in 1880.

Stenella canavaliae or Stenella canavaliae-roseae, formerly known as Cercospora canavaliae is a species of anamorphic fungi. It causes the brown leaf mould of Canavalia species.

Stenella sinuosogeniculata is a species of anamorphic fungi.

Magnaporthiopsis is a genus of ascomycete fungi. It has three species.

Piricaudiopsis rhaphidophorae is a fungus occurring on dead branches of Rhaphidophora decursiva, hence its name. It was first found in a tropical forest in southern China. It differs from other Piricaudiopsis species in conidial morphology and in the proliferation of its conidiogenous cell. The presence or proliferation of the conidiogenous cells and the conidial appendages, as well as the height of its conidia are considered putative phylogenetic characters of this genus.

Piricaudiopsis punicae is a fungus occurring on dead branches of Punica granatum, hence its name. It was first found in a tropical forest in southern China. It differs from other Piricaudiopsis species in conidial morphology and in the proliferation of its conidiogenous cell. The presence or proliferation of the conidiogenous cells and the conidial appendages, as well as the height of its conidia are considered putative phylogenetic characters of this genus.

Chaetomium undulatulum is a fungus species in the Chaetomium genus, first isolated from Iran. It shares features such as peridium structure, ascospore morphology and germ pore position with its cogenerates. It is closely related to C. globosum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyriculariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Pyriculariaceae are a family of ascomycete fungi in the order Magnaporthales. It was introduced by S. Klaubauf, M.H. Lebrun & P.W. Crous in 2014.

<i>Tritirachium oryzae</i> Species of fungus

Tritirachium oryzae is a fungus in the Basidiomycota often mistaken for a member of the Ascomycota. it is a mesophile linked recently with human pathogenicity in multiple, rare cases. This species produces airborne spores and is an endophyte of several plant species in North America, South America and in the Middle East.

<i>Colletotrichum fioriniae</i> Fungal species Colletotrichum fioriniae

Colletotrichum fioriniae is a fungal plant pathogen and endophyte of fruits and foliage of many broadleaved plants worldwide. It causes diseases on agriculturally important crops, including anthracnose of strawberry, ripe rot of grapes, bitter rot of apple, anthracnose of peach, and anthracnose of blueberry. Its ecological role in the natural environment is less well understood, other than it is a common leaf endophyte of many temperate trees and shrubs and in some cases may function as an entomopathogen.

Magnaporthe rhizophila is a fungus species in the family Magnaporthaceae. These dark mycelial fungi are common pathogens of cereal and grass roots. Rice blast is one disease known to be caused by M. rhizophila and presents with vascular discoloration in the host organism. The fungus lives best in drier humid conditions, explaining why it is most often found in the soils of Australia, South Africa, and the Southeastern United States.

Fuscosporellales is an order of fungi within the phylum of Ascomycota and in the class Sordariomycetes and subdivision of Pezizomycotina.

Pleurotheciaceae is a family of ascomycetous fungi within the monotypic order of Pleurotheciales in the subclass Savoryellomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes.

Pleurothecium is a genus of terrestrial and freshwater fungi in the family Pleurotheciaceae and the monotypic order Pleurotheciales. It is typified by Pleurothecium recurvatum as the type species (Morgan) Höhn, which has the synonym of Carpoligna pleurotheciiF.A. Fernández & Huhndorf, Mycologia 9: 253. 1999.

References

  1. Cannon PF. (1994). "The newly recognized family Magnaporthaceae and its interrelationships". Systema Ascomycetum. 13: 25–42.
  2. Luo, Jing; Walsh, Emily; Zhang, Ning (1 May 2015). "Toward monophyletic generic concepts in Magnaporthales: species with Harpophora asexual states". Mycologia. 107 (3): 641–646. doi:10.3852/14-302. ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   25724997.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Klaubauf, S.; Tharreau, D.; Fournier, E.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Crous, P.W.; de Vries, R.P.; Lebrun, M.-H. (18 February 2017). "Resolving the polyphyletic nature of Pyricularia (Pyriculariaceae)". Studies in Mycology. 79: 85–120. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.004. ISSN   0166-0616. PMC   4255532 . PMID   25492987.
  4. A., Pordel; M., Javan-Nikkhah; A., Khodaparast, S. (1 December 2015). "A reappraisal of the Pyriculariaceae in Iran". Mycologia Iranica. 2 (2). doi:10.22043/mi.2015.19969. ISSN   2382-9664.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Zhang, Ning; Zhao, Shuang; Shen, Qirong (1 November 2011). "A six-gene phylogeny reveals the evolution of mode of infection in the rice blast fungus and allied species". Mycologia. 103 (6): 1267–1276. doi:10.3852/11-022. ISSN   0027-5514. PMID   21642347.
  6. Luo J, Zhang N. (2013). "Magnaporthiopsis, a new genus in Magnaporthaceae (Ascomycota)". Mycologia. 105 (4): 1019–29. doi:10.3852/12-359. PMID   23449077.