Marbled crayfish

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Marbled crayfish
Temporal range: 0.000029–0  Ma
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1988 – present
Procambarus fallax forma virginalis.jpg
Adult marmorkrebs
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda
Suborder: Pleocyemata
Family: Cambaridae
Genus: Procambarus
Species:
P. virginalis
Binomial name
Procambarus virginalis
Lyko, 2017 [1]
Marbled crayfish Marmorkrebs Procambarus fallax forma virginalis map countries Europe.png
Countries where the Marmorkrebs has been found in the wild. It has also been found in Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Madagascar, Taiwan, and China. [2] [3]
Synonyms

Procambarus fallax forma virginalisMartin, Dorn, Kawai, van der Heiden & Scholtz, 2010

Contents

The marbled crayfish or Marmorkrebs (Procambarus virginalis) is a parthenogenetic crayfish that was discovered in the pet trade in Germany in 1995. [4] [5] Marbled crayfish are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax , [6] which is widely distributed across Florida. [7] No natural populations of marbled crayfish are known. Information provided by one of the original pet traders as to where the marbled crayfish originated was deemed "totally confusing and unreliable". [8] The informal name Marmorkrebs is German for "marbled crayfish".

Marbled crayfish Marmorkrebs Lorenz Seebauer SingliserSee Germany.jpg
Marbled crayfish

Model organism

Marbled crayfish were the first known decapod crustaceans to reproduce by parthenogenesis. [4] All individuals are female, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent. [5] [9] Marbled crayfish are triploid animals [5] [10] with 276 chromosomes, [11] which may be the main reason for their parthenogenetic reproduction. It is hypothesized that marbled crayfish originated from an error in meiosis resulting in a diploid gamete, which was then fertilized and created a viable triploid individual in a single generation. [5] [12] Marbled crayfish are thus a model for the rapid generation of species. [5] Unlike other parthenogenetic organisms, the marbled crayfish is an extremely young species; [11] all marbled crayfish are clonal descendants of a single specimen from 1988. [13]

Because marbled crayfish are genetically identical, easy to care for, [14] and reproduce at high rates, they are a potential model organism, particularly for studying development. [15] A major drawback, however, is the long generation time (several months) compared to other research organisms. [16]

The marbled crayfish genome was sequenced in 2018, which provides an essential foundation for further research. [12]

Invasive species

Procambarus virginalis new species holotype (A) lateral and (B) dorsal views Procambarus virginalis (10.11646-zootaxa.4363.4.6) Figure 2.png
Procambarus virginalis new species holotype (A) lateral and (B) dorsal views

Marbled crayfish have caused concern as a potential invasive species [4] because only a single individual is needed to establish a new population, and they can reproduce at high rates. Marbled crayfish are also a known carrier of a crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci . [17] Marbled crayfish inhabit freshwater environments, and have not successfully invaded ecosystems with higher salinity levels due to their reduced ability to reproduce and grow. [18] However, it has been proven that they can adjust to increasing saline environments, which may allow for their further expansion. [18]

They have since been introduced into natural ecosystems on five continents. They have been found in the wild in the following countries:

While initial reports of marbled crayfish in the wild in Europe consisted of only single individuals, [27] the number of European countries reporting populations of marbled crayfish is rising. [41]

In Europe, the marbled crayfish is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern. [42] This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union. [43]

The Madagascar population has grown rapidly [33] [12] and is estimated to be in the millions, with their geographical distribution having increased 100-fold from 2007 to 2017, [11] causing concern among local authorities. [44]

Regulation

Marbled crayfish are one of the most widely distributed species of crayfish in the international pet trade [45] [46] [47] and release from aquariums has likely been the main source of unwanted introductions. Concerns about the potential damage from their introduction have prompted several jurisdictions to regulate ownership of marbled crayfish.

The European Union instituted "a total ban on the possession, trade, transport, production and release of these species [including the marbled crayfish] in the wild" in 2016. [48] [49] [50] [51]

Japan banned most North American crayfish species, including marbled crayfish, in 2020. [52]

Marbled crayfish are prohibited in the American states of Idaho, [53] Missouri, [54] Tennessee, [55] [56] Michigan, [57] [58] Maryland, [59] and in the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan [60] and Ontario. [61]

As food

Marbled crayfish are eaten in Madagascar. [62] Human interest in consuming them may contribute to their spread. [62] Protein isolates from whole-body homogenate (including chitinous exoskeleton) of Procambarus virginalis are hypothesized to be dense in branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and leucine (Leu). For potential use in biomedical research or as additives in supplements for BCAA and Leu. The mentioned crayfish species could offer 6.36–7.39 g Leu 100 g−1 dry matter (at 43–48% protein only). Crayfish whole-body protein isolates exhibit a Leu coefficient (18.41±2.51% of total amino acids) and a BCAA coefficient (28.76±2.39% of total amino acids), which is comparable to or higher than that of an industrial gold standard such as casein (Leu coefficient 8.65±0.08%; BCAA coefficient 20.03±0.73%). [63]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crayfish</span> Freshwater crustaceans

Crayfish are freshwater crustaceans belonging to the infraorder Astacidea, which also contains lobsters. Taxonomically, they are members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea. They breathe through feather-like gills. Some species are found in brooks and streams, where fresh water is running, while others thrive in swamps, ditches, and paddy fields. Most crayfish cannot tolerate polluted water, although some species, such as Procambarus clarkii, are hardier. Crayfish feed on animals and plants, either living or decomposing, and detritus.

<i>Cambaroides japonicus</i> Species of crayfish

Cambaroides japonicus, also known as Japanese crayfish, is a species of crayfish endemic to Japan.

<i>Pontastacus leptodactylus</i> Species of crayfish

Pontastacus leptodactylus, the Danube crayfish, Galician crayfish, Turkish crayfish or narrow-clawed crayfish, is a relatively large and economically important species of crayfish native to fresh and brackish waters in eastern Europe and western Asia, mainly in the Pontic–Caspian region, among others including the basins of the Black Sea, and the Danube, Dnieper, Don and Volga rivers, as well as aquatic systems in Turkey. It has spread widely beyond its native range, beginning in the 1700s when it spread via canals constructed in western Russia and since the 1900s through introducions to many regions for human consumption. Today it is widespread throughout much of Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cambaridae</span> Family of crayfishes

The Cambaridae are the largest of the four families of freshwater crayfish, with over 400 species. Most of the species in the family are native the United States east of the Great Divide and Mexico, but fewer range north to Canada, and south to Guatemala and Honduras. Three live on the island of Cuba. The species in the genus Cambaroides are the only found outside North America, as they are restricted to eastern Asia.

<i>Procambarus clarkii</i> Species of crustacean

Procambarus clarkii, known variously as the red swamp crayfish, Louisiana crawfish or mudbug, is a species of cambarid crayfish native to freshwater bodies of northern Mexico, and southern and southeastern United States, but also introduced elsewhere, where it is often an invasive pest.

<i>Procambarus alleni</i> Species of crustacean

The Everglades crayfish, sometimes called the Florida crayfish, the blue crayfish, the electric blue crayfish, or the sapphire crayfish, is a species of freshwater crayfish endemic to Florida in the United States. Its natural range is the area east of St. Johns River and all of Florida from Levy County and Marion County southwards, as well as on some of the Florida Keys. It is included on the IUCN Red List as a species of Least Concern. The blue crayfish is frequently kept in a freshwater aquaria. In the wild, this species varies from brown-tan to blue, but an aquarium strain has been selectively bred to achieve a brilliant cobalt blue color.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rusty crayfish</span> Large species of freshwater crayfish which is native to the United States

The rusty crayfish is a large, aggressive species of freshwater crayfish which is native to the United States, in the Ohio River Basin in parts of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Its range is rapidly expanding across much of eastern North America, displacing native crayfishes in the process. The rusty crayfish was first captured in Illinois in 1973, and has been collected at over 20 locations in the northern portion of the state. In 2005, F. rusticus was found for the first time west of the Continental Divide, in the John Day River, Oregon, which runs into the Columbia River.

<i>Astacoides</i> Genus of crayfishes

Astacoides is a genus of freshwater crayfish endemic to Madagascar. The first specimens were brought to Europe in 1839, and seven species are now recognised, most of which are considered as threatened on the IUCN Red List. They are large and slow-growing, and are threatened by habitat loss, overexploitation by local people and by spread of introduced non-indigenous marbled crayfish. They are only found in a relatively small part of the island, mostly in undisturbed upland areas. They belong to the Gondwana-distributed family Parastacidae, but their nearest relatives live in Australasia, there being no native crayfish in mainland Africa or India.

Cambarus chaugaensis, the Chauga crayfish or Chauga River crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the Carolinas in the United States of America. The common and scientific names refer to the Chauga River of South Carolina, where the first specimens were collected.

<i>Procambarus</i> Genus of crayfishes

Procambarus is a genus of crayfish in the family Cambaridae, all native to North and Central America. It includes a number of troglobitic species, and the marbled crayfish (marmorkrebs), which is parthenogenetic. Originally described as a subgenus for four species, it now contains around 161 species.

<i>Faxonius limosus</i> Species of crayfish

Faxonius limosus, synonym Orconectes limosus, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is native to the east coast of North America, from Quebec to the lower James River, Virginia, but has also been introduced to Europe. It is known commonly as the spinycheek crayfish or Kamberkrebs in German.

Fallicambarus tenuis is a species of crayfish in the genus Fallicambarus in the family Cambaridae. It was the only species in the subgenus Procambarus (Tenuicambarus) before DNA analysis suggested a reclassification.

<i>Faxonius virilis</i> Species of crayfish

Faxonius virilis is a species of crayfish known as the virile crayfish, northern crayfish,eastern crayfish, and lesser known as the lake crayfish or common crawfish. Faxonius virilis was reclassified in August 2017, and the genus was changed from Orconectes to Faxonius. It is native to the central United States, east to tributaries of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence River in New York and to much of Canada.

Procambarus liberorum is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the United States, where it occurs in Arkansas and Oklahoma. It is known commonly as the Osage burrowing crayfish.

<i>Procambarus fallax</i> Species of crayfish

Procambarus fallax is a species of crayfish in the genus Procambarus. It lives in tributaries of the Satilla River in Georgia and Florida. It is the closest relative to the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Procambarus virginalis.

<i>Faxonius erichsonianus</i> Species of crayfish

Faxonius erichsonianus is a species in the family Cambaridae ("crayfishes"), in the order Decapoda. A common name for Faxonius erichsonianus is reticulate crayfish. Faxonius erichsonianus is found in the south eastern United States of America.

<i>Procambarus acutus</i> Species of crayfish

Procambarus acutus, the white river crayfish, is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is found in North America and Europe.

<i>Faxonius</i> Genus of crayfishes

Faxonius is a genus of freshwater crayfish in the family Cambaridae. There are more than 90 described species in Faxonius. It includes the rusty crayfish, an invasive species in North America, and three species, F. virilis, F. immunis, and F. limosus, that are invasive to Europe.

<i>Cambarus monongalensis</i> Species of crayfish

Cambarus monongalensis, the blue crayfish or Monongahela crayfish, is a species of burrowing crayfish native to Pennsylvania and West Virginia. It has also been found recently in Ohio. The common name refers to the Monongahela River, with the first specimens being collected from Edgewood Park, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. It is included on the IUCN Red List as a species of Least Concern.

References

  1. ↑ Lyko, Frank (2017). "The marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) represents an independent new species". Zootaxa. 4363 (4): 544–552. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4363.4.6 . PMID   29245391.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pârvulescu, Lucian; Togor, Andrei; Lele, Sandra-Florina; Scheu, Sebastian; Șinca, Daniel; Panteleit, Jörn (2017). "First established population of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis (Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Romania" (PDF). BioInvasions Records. 6 (4): 357–362. doi: 10.3391/bir.2017.6.4.09 . Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  3. 1 2 D. M. Holdich & M. Pöckl (2007). "Invasive crustaceans in European inland waters". In Francesca Gherardi (ed.). Biological invaders in inland waters: Profiles, distribution, and threats. Invading Nature - Springer Series in Invasion Ecology. Vol. 2. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 29–75. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_2. ISBN   978-1-4020-6029-8.
  4. 1 2 3 Gerhard Scholtz; Anke Braband; Laura Tolley; André Reimann; Beate Mittmann; Chris Lukhaup; Frank Steuerwald; Günter Vogt (2003). "Parthenogenesis in an outsider crayfish". Nature . 421 (6925): 806. Bibcode:2003Natur.421..806S. doi: 10.1038/421806a . PMID   12594502. S2CID   84740187.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Vogt, Günter; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Schrimpf, Anne; Schmid, Katharina; Hanna, Katharina; Panteleit, Jörn; Helm, Mark; Schulz, Ralf; Lyko, Frank (2015). "The marbled crayfish as a paradigm for saltational speciation by autopolyploidy and parthenogenesis in animals". Biology Open. 4 (11): 1583–1594. doi:10.1242/bio.014241. PMC   4728364 . PMID   26519519.
  6. ↑ Peer Martin; Nathan J. Dorn; Tadashi Kawai; Craig van der Heiden; Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The enigmatic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) is the parthenogenetic form of Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870)". Contributions to Zoology . 79 (3): 107–118. doi:10.1163/18759866-07903003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-21. Retrieved 2012-02-12.
  7. ↑ Horton H. Hobbs Jr. (1942). "The crayfishes of Florida". University of Florida Publication: Biological Series. 3 (2): 1–179.
  8. 1 2 Günter Vogt, Laura Tolley & Gerhard Scholtz (2004). "Life stages and reproductive components of the Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish), the first parthenogenetic decapod crustacean". Journal of Morphology . 261 (3): 286–311. doi:10.1002/jmor.10250. PMID   15281058. S2CID   24702276.
  9. ↑ Peer Martin, Klaus Kohlmann & Gerhard Scholtz (2007). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (marbled crayfish) produces genetically uniform offspring". Naturwissenschaften . 94 (10): 843–846. Bibcode:2007NW.....94..843M. doi:10.1007/s00114-007-0260-0. PMID   17541537. S2CID   21568188.
  10. ↑ Martin P, Thonagel S, Scholtz G (2015). "The parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Cambaridae) are triploid organisms". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research . 54: 13–21. doi: 10.1111/jzs.12114 .
  11. 1 2 3 Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (March 2018). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9 . ISSN   2397-334X. PMID   29403072.
  12. 1 2 3 Gutekunst, Julian; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Falckenhayn, Cassandra; Hanna, Katharina; Stein, Wolfgang; Rasamy, Jeanne; Lyko, Frank (2018-02-05). "Clonal genome evolution and rapid invasive spread of the marbled crayfish". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (3): 567–573. doi: 10.1038/s41559-018-0467-9 . ISSN   2397-334X. PMID   29403072.
  13. ↑ Legrand, Carine; Andriantsoa, Ranja; Lichter, Peter; Raddatz, Günther; Lyko, Frank (December 14, 2023). "Time-resolved, integrated analysis of clonally evolving genomes". PLOS Genetics. 19 (12): e1011085. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011085 . PMC   10754456 .
  14. ↑ Stephanie A. Jimenez & Zen Faulkes (2010). "Establishment and care of a laboratory colony of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs". Invertebrate Rearing. 1 (1): 10–18.
  15. ↑ Frederike Alwes & Gerhard Scholtz (2006). "Stages and other aspects of the embryology of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Reptantia, Astacida)". Development Genes and Evolution . 216 (4): 169–184. doi:10.1007/s00427-005-0041-8. PMID   16389558. S2CID   17494732.
  16. ↑ Günter Vogt (2010). "Suitability of the clonal marbled crayfish for biogerontological research: A review and perspective, with remarks on some further crustaceans". Biogerontology . 11 (6): 643–669. doi:10.1007/s10522-010-9291-6. PMID   20582627. S2CID   22569013.
  17. ↑ Lipták, Boris; Mrugała, Agata; Pekárik, Ladislav; Mutkovič, Anton; Gruľa, Daniel; Petrusek, Adam; Kouba, Antonín (2016-01-26). "Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?". Journal of Limnology. 75 (2). doi: 10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313 . ISSN   1723-8633.
  18. 1 2 Veselý, Lukáš; Hrbek, Vladimír; Kozák, Pavel; Buřič, Miloš; Sousa, Ronaldo; Kouba, Antonín (2017). "Salinity tolerance of marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax f. virginalis". Knowledge & Management of Aquatic Ecosystems (418): 21. doi: 10.1051/kmae/2017014 . ISSN   1961-9502.
  19. ↑ Daniela Latzer; Reinhard Pekny (2018). "Erstnachweis des Marmorkrebses für Österreich in Salzburg". Salzburgs Fischerei. 49 (3): 24–30.
  20. ↑ Alan Hope (2020-10-22). "Hundreds of self-cloning crayfish invade Antwerp cemetery". The Brussels Times.
  21. ↑ "'Capable of cloning': Invasive crayfish found in Burlington pond". Burlington Post. 2023-08-04.
  22. ↑ "Invasive marbled crayfish found on Big Taipa Hill: IAM". The Macau Post Daily. 11 February 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  23. ↑ Jiří Patoka; Miloš Buřič; Vojtěch Kolář; Martin Bláha; Miloslav Petrtýl; Pavel Franta; Robert Tropek; Lukáš Kalous; Adam Petrusek; Antonín Kouba (2016). "Predictions of marbled crayfish establishment in conurbations fulfilled: Evidences from the Czech Republic". Biologia. 71 (12): 1380–1385. doi:10.1515/biolog-2016-0164. S2CID   90321210.
  24. ↑ Christian W (2019-02-16). "Self-fertilising invasive crayfish discovered in Denmark". The Copenhagen Post Online.
  25. ↑ Ercoli, F.; Kaldre, K.; Paaver, T.; Gross, R. (2019). "First record of an established marbled crayfish Procambarus virginalis (Lyko, 2017) population in Estonia". BioInvasions Records. 8 (3): 675–683. doi: 10.3391/bir.2019.8.3.25 .
  26. ↑ Collas, Marc (2019). "The marbled crayfish (Procambarus virginalis) has just been discovered in France on the basin of the river Moselle. This is the first observation of this species in France" . Retrieved 2019-08-31.
  27. 1 2 Peer Martin; Hong Shen; Gert Füllner; Gerhard Scholtz (2010). "The first record of the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) in the wild in Saxony (Germany) raises the question of its actual threat to European freshwater ecosystems". Aquatic Invasions . 5 (4): 397–403. doi: 10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.09 .
  28. ↑ Christoph Chucholl & Michael Pfeiffer (2010). "First evidence for an established Marmorkrebs (Decapoda, Astacida, Cambaridae) population in Southwestern Germany, in syntopic occurrence with Orconectes limosus (Rafinesque, 1817)". Aquatic Invasions . 5 (4): 405–412. doi: 10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.10 .
  29. ↑ Lőkkös A, Müller T, Kovács K, Várkonyi L, Specziár A, Martin P (2016). "The alien, parthenogenetic marbled crayfish (Decapoda: Cambaridae) is entering Kis-Balaton (Hungary), one of Europe's most important wetland biotopes". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems. 417 (417): 16. doi: 10.1051/kmae/2016003 .
  30. ↑ Zen Faulkes (May 16, 2019). "Marmorkrebs in the Middle East". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  31. ↑ Francesco Nonnis Marzano, Massimiliano Scalici, Stefania Chiesa, Francesca Gherardi, Armando Piccinini & Giancarlo Gibertini (2009). "The first record of the marbled crayfish adds further threats to fresh waters in Italy". Aquatic Invasions . 4 (2): 401–404. doi: 10.3391/ai.2009.4.2.19 .{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ↑ Tadashi Kawai; M. Takahata, eds. (2010). The Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. Sapporo: Hokkaido University Press. ISBN   978-4-8329-8194-2.
  33. 1 2 Julia P. G. Jones; Jeanne R. Rasamy; Andrew Harvey; Alicia Toon; Birgit Oidtmann; Michele H. Randrianarison; Noromalala Raminosoa; Olga R. Ravoahangimalala (2008). "The perfect invader: a parthenogenic crayfish poses a new threat to Madagascar's freshwater biodiversity". Biological Invasions . 11 (6): 1475–1482. doi:10.1007/s10530-008-9334-y. S2CID   19583878.
  34. ↑ Deidun, Alan; Sciberras, Arnold; Formosa, Justin; Zava, Bruno; Insacco, Gianni; Corsini-Foka, Maria; Crandall, Keith A. (2018). "Invasion by non-indigenous freshwater decapods of Malta and Sicily, central Mediterranean Sea". Journal of Crustacean Biology. 38 (6): 748–753. doi: 10.1093/jcbiol/ruy076 .
  35. ↑ "Rak marmurkowy w okolicach Włodway" (in Polish). dziennikwschodni.pl. 2020-08-21.
  36. ↑ "Rak marmurkowy w okolicach Ostrowa Lubelskiego" (in Polish). lublin112. 2020-08-19.
  37. ↑ Boris Lipták; Agata Mrugała; Ladislav Pekárik; Anton Mutkovič; Daniel Gruľa; Adam Petrusek & Antonín Kouba (2016). "Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?". Journal of Limnology. doi: 10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1313 .
  38. ↑ P. Bohman; L. Edsman; P. Martin; G. Scholtz (2013). "The first Marmorkrebs (Decapoda: Astacida: Cambaridae) in Scandinavia". BioInvasions Records . 2 (3): 227–232. doi: 10.3391/bir.2013.2.3.09 .
  39. ↑ Phillipe Charlier (2020-11-06). "Mutant invasive crayfish found infesting ponds in Taipei City park". Taiwan English News.
  40. ↑ RA Novitsky; MO Son (2016). "The first records of Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] (Crustacea, Decapoda, Cambaridae) in Ukraine". Ecologica Montenegrina. 5: 44–46. doi: 10.37828/em.2016.5.8 .
  41. ↑ C. Chucholl; K. Morawetz; H. Groß H (2012). "The clones are coming – strong increase in Marmorkrebs [Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870) f. virginalis] records from Europe". Aquatic Invasions . 7 (4): 511–519. doi: 10.3391/ai.2012.7.4.008 .
  42. ↑ "List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern - Environment - European Commission". ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-07-27.
  43. ↑ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species".
  44. ↑ Klaus Heimer (18 August 2010). "Invasion of self-cloning crayfish alarms Madagascar". Deutsche Presse-Agentur wire story.
  45. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2010). "The spread of the parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Marmorkrebs (Procambarus sp.), in the North American pet trade". Aquatic Invasions . 5 (4): 447–450. doi: 10.3391/ai.2010.5.4.16 .
  46. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2015). "Marmorkrebs (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) are the most popular crayfish in the North American pet trade". Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems . 416 (416): 20. doi: 10.1051/kmae/2015016 .
  47. ↑ Zen Faulkes (2015). "The global trade in crayfish as pets". Crustacean Research . 44: 75–92. doi: 10.18353/crustacea.44.0_75 .
  48. ↑ "REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  49. ↑ "COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  50. ↑ "COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2017/1263 of 12 July 2017 updating the list of invasive alien species of Union concern established by Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council". EUR-Lex. Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  51. ↑ Zen Faulkes (February 17, 2016). "Has the European Union regulated Marmorkrebs?". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  52. ↑ "Raising, Selling of Nonnative Crayfish Banned in Japan". Jiji Press. 2020-11-02.
  53. ↑ "Invertebrates — Invasive Species of Idaho". idaho.gov. Retrieved 2020-01-02.
  54. ↑ Anonymous (17 May 2010). "Conservation Action Meeting of the March 2010 Conservation Commission". Missouri Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  55. ↑ "Rules of the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, Wildlife Resources, Chapter 1660-1-18, Rules and Regulations of Live Wildlife" (PDF). Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency. 2015-10-01. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
  56. ↑ Zen Faulkes (January 25, 2016). "Sell your Marmorkrebs, Tennesseans". Marmorkrebs blog. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  57. ↑ "Invasive, self-cloning marbled crayfish now a prohibited species in Michigan". The Department of Natural Resources, Michigan. 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  58. ↑ Ken Haddad (2020). "Michigan adds invasive marbled crayfish to prohibited species list". Click On Detroit. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
  59. ↑ Sawyers, Michael (Aug 3, 2004). "Possessed crayfish could be illegal in Maryland". Cumberland Times-News.
  60. ↑ "The Saskatchewan Gazette". 2020-04-03. p. 193. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
  61. ↑ "Regulating 13 invasive species and watercraft as a carrier of invasive species under Ontario's Invasive Species Act, 2015" . Retrieved 2023-08-16.
  62. 1 2 Zhang, Sarah (2018-02-05). "A Pet Crayfish Can Clone Itself, and It's Spreading Around the World". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2022-04-22.
  63. ↑ Roy, Koushik; Das, Koushik; Petraskova, Eva; Kouba, Antonin (2023). "Protein from whole-body crayfish homogenate may be a high supplier of leucine or branched-chain amino acids – A call for validation on genus Procambarus sp". Food Chemistry. 427. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136728. PMID   37393634. S2CID   259314365.
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