Marburgvirus

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Marburgvirus
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Marburg virus.jpg
Marburg virus structure, genome, and transmission electron micrograph
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(unranked): Virus
Realm: Riboviria
Kingdom: Orthornavirae
Phylum: Negarnaviricota
Class: Monjiviricetes
Order: Mononegavirales
Family: Filoviridae
Genus:Marburgvirus
Species and member viruses

The genus Marburgvirus is the taxonomic home of Marburg marburgvirus, whose members are the two known marburgviruses, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Both viruses cause Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. [1] Both are select agents, [2] World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogens (requiring Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment), [3] National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogens, [4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agents, [5] and are listed as Biological Agents for Export Control by the Australia Group. [6]

Contents

Use of term

The genus Marburgvirus is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae , order Mononegavirales . [7] The genus currently includes a single virus species, Marburg marburgvirus . [7] The members of the genus (i.e. the actual physical entities) are called marburgviruses. [7] The name Marburgvirus is derived from the city of Marburg in Hesse, West Germany (where Marburg virus was first discovered), and the taxonomic suffix -virus (which denotes a virus genus). Even though the virus was named after the city of Marburg, Dr. Ana Gligic, lead virologist at a laboratory in Belgrade, was first who managed to isolate the virus. [7] [8]

Previous designations

Until 1998, the family Filoviridae contained only one genus, Filovirus. [9] Once it became clear that marburgviruses and ebolaviruses are fundamentally different, this genus was abolished and a genus "Marburg-like viruses" was established for marburgviruses. [10] [11] In 2002, the genus name was changed to Marburgvirus, [12] [13] and in 2010 and 2011 the genus was emended. [7] [14]

Genus inclusion criteria

A virus that fulfills the criteria for being a member of the family Filoviridae is a member of the genus Marburgvirus if [7] [14]

Genus organization

Genus Marburgvirus (family Filoviridae , order Mononegavirales ): species and viruses
Species name Virus name (abbreviation)
Marburg marburgvirus Marburg virus (MARV)
Ravn virus (RAVV)

Marburg marburgvirus

The species was introduced in 1998 as Marburg virus. [10] [11]

Because of easy confusion with its virus member Marburg virus, the species name was changed to Lake Viktoria marburgvirus in 2005. [12] [15]

In 2010, it was proposed to change the name to Marburg marburgvirus, [7] and this proposal was accepted in early 2012 by the ICTV.

Marburg marburgvirus (also referred to as Lake Victoria marburgvirus [16] ) is a virological taxon (i.e. a man-made concept) included in the genus Marburgvirus, family Filoviridae , order Mononegavirales . The species has two virus members, Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). [17] [7] The members of the species (i.e. the actual physical entities) are called Marburg marburgviruses. [7] The name Marburg marburgvirus is derived from the city of Marburg in Hesse, West Germany (where Marburg virus was first discovered), and the taxonomic suffix marburgvirus (which denotes a marburgvirus species). [7]

Species inclusion criteria

A virus that fulfills the criteria for being a member of the genus Marburgvirus is a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus if it has the properties of marburgviruses (because there is currently only marburgvirus species) and if its genome differs from that of Marburg virus (variant Musoke) by <30% at the nucleotide level. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">RNA virus</span> Subclass of viruses

An RNA virus is a virus—other than a retrovirus—that has ribonucleic acid (RNA) as its genetic material. The nucleic acid is usually single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) but it may be double-stranded (dsRNA). Notable human diseases caused by RNA viruses include the common cold, influenza, SARS, MERS, COVID-19, Dengue Virus, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, West Nile fever, Ebola virus disease, rabies, polio, mumps, and measles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marburg virus disease</span> Human viral disease

Marburg virus disease is a viral hemorrhagic fever in human and non-human primates caused by either of the two Marburgviruses: Marburg virus (MARV) and Ravn virus (RAVV). Its clinical symptoms are very similar to those of Ebola virus disease (EVD).

<i>Filoviridae</i> Family of viruses in the order Mononegavirales

Filoviridae is a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses in the order Mononegavirales. Two members of the family that are commonly known are Ebola virus and Marburg virus. Both viruses, and some of their lesser known relatives, cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates in the form of viral hemorrhagic fevers.

<i>Mononegavirales</i> Order of viruses

Mononegavirales is an order of negative-strand RNA viruses which have nonsegmented genomes. Some members that cause human disease in this order include Ebola virus, human respiratory syncytial virus, measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, and rabies virus. Important pathogens of nonhuman animals and plants are also in the group. The order includes eleven virus families: Artoviridae, Bornaviridae, Filoviridae, Lispiviridae, Mymonaviridae, Nyamiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Pneumoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Sunviridae, and Xinmoviridae.

<i>Ebolavirus</i> Genus of virus

The genus Ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The members of this genus are called ebolaviruses, and encode their genome in the form of single-stranded negative-sense RNA. The six known virus species are named for the region where each was originally identified: Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Reston ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Bombali ebolavirus. The last is the most recent species to be named and was isolated from Angolan free-tailed bats in Sierra Leone. Each species of the genus Ebolavirus has one member virus, and four of these cause Ebola virus disease (EVD) in humans, a type of hemorrhagic fever having a very high case fatality rate. The Reston virus has caused EVD in other primates. Zaire ebolavirus has the highest mortality rate of the ebolaviruses and is responsible for the largest number of outbreaks of the six known species of the genus, including the 1976 Zaire outbreak and the outbreak with the most deaths (2014).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayinga N'Seka</span> Congolese nurse who died from Ebola in 1976

Mayinga N'Seka was a nurse in Zaïre, now Democratic Republic of the Congo. She died from Ebola virus disease during the 1976 epidemic in Zaïre. She has been incorrectly identified as the index case by several sources, but a World Health Organization commission report on the outbreak lists a man from Yambuku, Mabalo Lokela, as the index case. Lokela, a 44-year-old who had been buying meat in Sudan, died on September 8, 1976, over a month before N'Seka.

The species Lloviu cuevavirus is the taxonomic home of a virus that forms filamentous virion, Lloviu virus (LLOV). The species is included in the genus Cuevavirus. LLOV is a distant relative of the commonly known Ebola virus and Marburg virus.

The species Bundibugyo ebolavirus is the taxonomic home of one virus, Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), that forms filamentous virions and is closely related to the infamous Ebola virus (EBOV). The virus causes severe disease in humans in the form of viral hemorrhagic fever and is a Select agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and is listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

The species Taï Forest ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Taï Forest virus (TAFV). The members of the species are called Taï Forest ebolaviruses.

The species Sudan ebolavirus is a virological taxon included in the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. The species has a single virus member, Sudan virus (SUDV). The members of the species are called Sudan ebolaviruses. It was discovered in 1977 and causes Ebola clinically indistinguishable from the ebola Zaire strain, but is less transmissible than it. Unlike with ebola Zaire there is no vaccine available.

Reston virus (RESTV) is one of six known viruses within the genus Ebolavirus. Reston virus causes Ebola virus disease in non-human primates; unlike the other five ebolaviruses, it is not known to cause disease in humans, but has caused asymptomatic infections. Reston virus was first described in 1990 as a new "strain" of Ebola virus (EBOV). It is the single member of the species Reston ebolavirus, which is included into the genus Ebolavirus, family Filoviridae, order Mononegavirales. Reston virus is named after Reston, Virginia, US, where the virus was first discovered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marburg virus</span> Species of filamentous virus responsible for hemorrhagic fever

Marburg virus (MARV) is a hemorrhagic fever virus of the Filoviridae family of viruses and a member of the species Marburg marburgvirus, genus Marburgvirus. It causes Marburg virus disease in primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. The virus is considered to be extremely dangerous. The World Health Organization (WHO) rates it as a Risk Group 4 Pathogen. In the United States, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ranks it as a Category A Priority Pathogen and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention lists it as a Category A Bioterrorism Agent. It is also listed as a biological agent for export control by the Australia Group.

Ravn virus is a close relative of Marburg virus (MARV). RAVV causes Marburg virus disease in humans and nonhuman primates, a form of viral hemorrhagic fever. RAVV is a Select agent, World Health Organization Risk Group 4 Pathogen, National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Category A Priority Pathogen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A Bioterrorism Agent, and listed as a Biological Agent for Export Control by the Australia Group.

Hantaan orthohantavirus (HTNV) is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus species of Old World Orthohantavirus. It is the causative agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever in humans. It is named for the Hantan River in South Korea, and in turn lends the name to its genus Orthohantavirus and family Hantaviridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ebola</span> Viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses

Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) and Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates, caused by ebolaviruses. Symptoms typically start anywhere between two days and three weeks after infection. The first symptoms are usually fever, sore throat, muscle pain, and headaches. These are usually followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash and decreased liver and kidney function, at which point some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. It kills between 25% and 90% of those infected – about 50% on average. Death is often due to shock from fluid loss, and typically occurs between six and 16 days after the first symptoms appear. Early treatment of symptoms increases the survival rate considerably compared to late start. An Ebola vaccine was approved by the US FDA in December 2019.

<i>Zaire ebolavirus</i> Species of virus affecting humans and animals

Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as Ebola virus, is one of six known species within the genus Ebolavirus. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as Ebola virus disease (EVD). Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from EVD, and was the cause of the 2013–2016 epidemic in western Africa, which resulted in at least 28,646 suspected cases and 11,323 confirmed deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Negative-strand RNA virus</span> Phylum of viruses

Negative-strand RNA viruses are a group of related viruses that have negative-sense, single-stranded genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA). They have genomes that act as complementary strands from which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized by the viral enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). During replication of the viral genome, RdRp synthesizes a positive-sense antigenome that it uses as a template to create genomic negative-sense RNA. Negative-strand RNA viruses also share a number of other characteristics: most contain a viral envelope that surrounds the capsid, which encases the viral genome, −ssRNA virus genomes are usually linear, and it is common for their genome to be segmented.

Mengla dianlovirus is a type of filovirus identified in a Rousettus bat in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China, and was first reported in January 2019. It is classified in the same family as Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus.

In microbiology and virology, the term variant or genetic variant is used to describe a subtype of a microorganism that is genetically distinct from a main strain, but not sufficiently different to be termed a distinct strain. A similar distinction is made in botany between different cultivated varieties of a species of plant, termed cultivars.

References

  1. ↑ Spickler, Anna. "Ebolavirus and Marburgvirus Infections" (PDF).
  2. ↑ US Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "National Select Agent Registry (NSAR)" . Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  3. ↑ US Department of Health and Human Services. "Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition" . Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  4. ↑ US National Institutes of Health (NIH), US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). "Biodefense – NIAID Category A, B, and C Priority Pathogens". Archived from the original on 2011-10-22. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  5. ↑ US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). "Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases". Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  6. ↑ The Australia Group. "List of Biological Agents for Export Control". Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kuhn, J. H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Johnson, K. M.; Kawaoka, Y.; Lipkin, W. I.; Negredo, A. I.; Netesov, S. V.; Nichol, S. T.; Palacios, G.; Peters, C. J.; Tenorio, A.; Volchkov, V. E.; Jahrling, P. B. (2010). "Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations". Archives of Virology. 155 (12): 2083–2103. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x. PMC   3074192 . PMID   21046175.
  8. ↑ NOTE: Marburgvirus is pronounced /ˌmɑːrbɜːrɡˈvaɪrəs/ MAR-burg-VY-rəs, and Marburg marburgvirus is pronounced /ˈmɑːrbɜːrɡˌmɑːrbɜːrɡˈvaɪrəs/ MAR-burg MAR-burg-VY-rəs. According to the rules for taxon naming established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the name Marburg marburgvirus is always to be capitalized, italicized, never abbreviated, and to be preceded by the word "species". The names of its members (Marburg marburgviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without articles; according to Kuhn.
  9. ↑ Kiley, M. P.; Bowen, E. T.; Eddy, G. A.; Isaäcson, M.; Johnson, K. M.; McCormick, J. B.; Murphy, F. A.; Pattyn, S. R.; Peters, D.; Prozesky, O. W.; Regnery, R. L.; Simpson, D. I.; Slenczka, W.; Sureau, P.; Van Der Groen, G.; Webb, P. A.; Wulff, H. (1982). "Filoviridae: A taxonomic home for Marburg and Ebola viruses?". Intervirology. 18 (1–2): 24–32. doi: 10.1159/000149300 . PMID   7118520.
  10. 1 2 Netesov, S. V.; Feldmann, H.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H. D.; Sanchez, A. (2000). "Family Filoviridae". In van Regenmortel, M. H. V.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Carstens, E. B.; Estes, M. K.; Lemon, S. M.; Maniloff, J.; Mayo, M. A.; McGeoch, D. J.; Pringle, C. R.; Wickner, R. B. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, USA: Academic Press. pp. 539–48. ISBN   978-0-12-370200-5.
  11. 1 2 Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy—San Diego 1998". Archives of Virology. 143 (7): 1449–1459. doi:10.1007/s007050050389. PMID   9742051. S2CID   13229117.
  12. 1 2 Feldmann, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Jahrling, P. B.; Klenk, H.-D.; Netesov, S. V.; Peters, C.; Sanchez, A.; Swanepoel, R.; Volchkov, V. E. (2005). "Family Filoviridae". In Fauquet, C. M.; Mayo, M. A.; Maniloff, J.; Desselberger, U.; Ball, L. A. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego, USA: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 645–653. ISBN   978-0-12-370200-5.
  13. ↑ Mayo, M. A. (2002). "ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot". Archives of Virology. 147 (11): 2254–60. doi:10.1007/s007050200052. S2CID   43887711.
  14. 1 2 Kuhn, J. H.; Becker, S.; Ebihara, H.; Geisbert, T. W.; Jahrling, P. B.; Kawaoka, Y.; Netesov, S. V.; Nichol, S. T.; Peters, C. J.; Volchkov, V. E.; Ksiazek, T. G. (2011). "Family Filoviridae". In King, Andrew M. Q.; Adams, Michael J.; Carstens, Eric B.; et al. (eds.). Virus Taxonomy—Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses . London, UK: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp.  665–671. ISBN   978-0-12-384684-6.
  15. ↑ Mayo, M. A. (2002). "ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot". Archives of Virology. 147 (11): 2254–60. doi:10.1007/s007050200052. S2CID   43887711.
  16. ↑ "ICTV Taxonomy history: Marburg marburgvirus" (html). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Retrieved 31 December 2018.
  17. ↑ "ICTV 9th Report (2011) Filoviridae". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Archived from the original (html) on September 10, 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2018. List of species in the genus Marburgvirus Lake Victoria marburgvirus* Marburg virus - Musoke, Kenya, 1980 [Z12132=NC_001608] (MARV-Mus) Ravn virus - Ravn, Kenya, 1987 [DQ447649] (RAVV-Rav) Highlight: Species names are in italic script; names of strains and isolates are in roman script; sequence accession numbers [ ] and assigned abbreviations ( ) are also listed.

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