Mathematical joke

Last updated November 30, 2024

A mathematical joke is a form of humor which relies on aspects of mathematics or a stereotype of mathematicians. The humor may come from a pun, or from a double meaning of a mathematical term, or from a lay person's misunderstanding of a mathematical concept. Mathematician and author John Allen Paulos in his book Mathematics and Humor described several ways that mathematics, generally considered a dry, formal activity, overlaps with humor, a loose, irreverent activity: both are forms of "intellectual play"; both have "logic, pattern, rules, structure"; and both are "economical and explicit".^[2]

Humor of mathematicians may be classified into the esoteric and exoteric categories. Esoteric jokes rely on the intrinsic knowledge of mathematics and its terminology. Exoteric jokes are intelligible to the outsiders, and most of them compare mathematicians with representatives of other disciplines or with common folk.^[6]

Pun-based jokes

${\sqrt {-1}}\;2^{3}\;\Sigma \;\pi$
Rebus for "I ate some pie."

Some jokes use a mathematical term with a second non-technical meaning as the punchline of a joke.

Q. What's purple and commutes?
A. An abelian grape. (A pun on abelian group .)

Occasionally, multiple mathematical puns appear in the same jest:

When Noah sends his animals to go forth and multiply, a pair of snakes replies "We can't multiply, we're adders" – so Noah builds them a log table.^[7]

This invokes four double meanings: adder (snake) vs. addition (algebraic operation); multiplication (biological reproduction) vs. multiplication (algebraic operation); log (a cut tree trunk) vs. log (logarithm); and table (set of facts) vs. table (piece of furniture).^[8]

Other jokes create a double meaning from a direct calculation involving facetious variable names, such as this retold from Gravity's Rainbow :^[9]

Person 1: What's the integral of ⁠1/cabin⁠ with respect to cabin?
Person 2: A log cabin.
Person 1: No, a houseboat; you forgot to add the C!^[10]

The first part of this joke relies on the fact that the primitive (formed when finding the antiderivative) of the function 1/x is log(x). The second part is then based on the fact that the antiderivative is actually a class of functions, requiring the inclusion of a constant of integration, usually denoted as C—something which calculus students may forget. Thus, the indefinite integral of 1/cabin is "log(cabin) + C", or "A log cabin plus the sea", i.e., "A houseboat".

Jokes with numeral bases

Some jokes depend on ambiguity of numeral bases.

There are only 10 types of people in the world: those who understand binary, and those who don't.

This joke subverts the trope of phrases that begin with "there are two types of people in the world..." and relies on an ambiguous meaning of the expression 10, which in the binary numeral system is equal to the decimal number 2.^[11] There are many alternative versions of the joke, such as "There are two types of people in this world. Those who can extrapolate from incomplete information."^[12]

Another pun using different radices, asks:

Q. Why do mathematicians confuse Halloween and Christmas?
A. Because 31 Oct = 25 Dec.^[13]^[14]

The play on words lies in the similarity of the abbreviation for October/Octal and December/Decimal, and the coincidence that both equal the same number ( $31_{8}=25_{10}$ ).

Imaginary numbers

Some jokes are based on imaginary number $i$ , treating it as if it is a real number. A telephone intercept message of "you have dialed an imaginary number, please rotate your handset ninety degrees and try again" is a typical example.^[15] Another popular example is: "What did $π$ say to $i$ ? Get real. What did $i$ say to $π$ ? Be rational."^[16]

Stereotypes of mathematicians

Some jokes are based on stereotypes of mathematicians tending to think in complicated, abstract terms, causing them to lose touch with the "real world". These compare mathematicians to physicists, engineers, or the "soft" sciences in a form similar to an Englishman, an Irishman and a Scotsman, showing the other scientists doing something practical, while the mathematician proposes a theoretically valid but physically nonsensical solution.

A physicist, a biologist and a mathematician are sitting in a street café watching people entering and leaving a nearby house. First they see two people entering the house. Time passes. After a while they notice three people leaving the house. The physicist says, "The measurement wasn't accurate." The biologist says, "They must have reproduced." The mathematician says, "If one more person enters the house, then it will be empty."^[17]

Mathematicians are also shown as averse to making hasty generalizations from a small amount of data, even if some form of generalization seems plausible:

An astronomer, a physicist and a mathematician are on a train in Scotland. The astronomer looks out of the window, sees a black sheep standing in a field, and remarks, "The sheep in Scotland are black!" "No, no, no!" says the physicist. "At least one sheep in Scotland is black!" The mathematician rolls his eyes at his companions' muddled thinking and says, "In Scotland, there is at least one sheep, at least one side of which appears to be black from here some of the time."^[18]^[19]

A classic joke involving stereotypes is the "Dictionary of Definitions of Terms Commonly Used in Math Lectures".^[20] Examples include "Trivial: If I have to show you how to do this, you're in the wrong class", "Similarly: At least one line of the proof of this case is the same as before" and "This proof is left as an exercise to the reader."

Non-mathematician's math

This category of jokes comprises those that exploit common misunderstandings of mathematics, or the expectation that most people have only a basic mathematical education, if any.

A museum visitor was admiring a Tyrannosaurus fossil, and asked a nearby museum employee how old it was. "That skeleton's sixty-five million and three years, two months and eighteen days old," the employee replied. "How can you be so precise?" she asked. "Well, when I started working here, I asked a scientist the exact same question, and he said it was sixty-five million years old—and that was three years, two months and eighteen days ago."^[21]

The joke is that the employee fails to understand the scientist's implication of the uncertainty in the age of the fossil and uses false precision.

Mock mathematics

A form of mathematical humor comes from using mathematical tools (both abstract symbols and physical objects such as calculators) in various ways which transgress their intended scope. These constructions are generally devoid of any substantial mathematical content, besides some basic arithmetic.

Mock mathematical reasoning

A set of jokes applies mathematical reasoning to situations where it is not entirely valid. Many are based on a combination of well-known quotes and basic logical constructs such as syllogisms:

Premise I:	Knowledge is power.
Premise II:	Power corrupts.
Conclusion:	Therefore, knowledge corrupts.^[22]

Another set of jokes relates to the absence of mathematical reasoning, or misinterpretation of conventional notation:

$\left(\lim _{x\to 8^{+}}{\frac {1}{x-8}}=\infty \right)\Rightarrow \left(\lim _{x\to 3^{+}}{\frac {1}{x-3}}=\omega \right)$

That is, the limit as x goes to 8 from above is a sideways 8 or the infinity sign, in the same way that the limit as x goes to three from above is a sideways 3 or the Greek letter omega (conventionally used to notate the smallest infinite ordinal number).^[23]

An anomalous cancellation is a kind of arithmetic procedural error that gives a numerically correct answer:

${\frac {64}{16}}={\frac {{\cancel {6}}4}{\,\,1{\cancel {6}}}}={\frac {4}{1}}=4$
${\sqrt[{6}]{64}}={\sqrt[{\cancel {6}}]{{\cancel {6}}4}}={\sqrt {4}}=2$
${\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} x}}{\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {\cancel {\mathrm {d} }}{{\cancel {\mathrm {d} }}x}}{\frac {1}{x}}={\frac {}{x}}{\frac {1}{x}}=-{\frac {1}{x^{2}}}$

Mathematical fallacies

A number of mathematical fallacies are part of mathematical humorous folklore. For example:

${\begin{aligned}b&=a\\ab&=a^{2}\\ab-b^{2}&=a^{2}-b^{2}\\b(a-b)&=(a+b)(a-b)\\b&=a+b\\b&=b+b\\b&=2b\\1&=2\end{aligned}}$

This appears to prove that $1 = 2$ , but uses division by zero to produce the result.^[24]

Some jokes attempt a seemingly plausible, but in fact impossible, mathematical operation. For example:

Pi goes on and on and on ...
And e is just as cursed.
I wonder: Which is larger
When their digits are reversed?^[25]

To reverse the digits of a number's decimal expansion, we have to start at the last digit and work backwards. However, that is not possible if the expansion never ends, which is true in the case of $\pi$ and $e$ .

Humorous numbers

Many numbers have been given humorous names, either as pure numbers or as units of measurement. Some examples:

Sagan has been defined as "billions and billions", a metric of the number of stars in the observable universe.^[26]^[27]

Jenny's constant has been defined as $J=(7^{e-1/e}-9)\cdot \pi ^{2}=867.5309\ldots .$ (sequence A182369 in the OEIS ), from the pop song 867-5309/Jenny, which concerns the telephone number 867-5309.^[28]

The number 42 appears prominently in the Douglas Adams trilogy The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy , where it is portrayed as "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything".^[29] This number appears as a fixed value in the TIFF image file format and its derivatives (including for example the ISO standard TIFF/EP) where the content of bytes 2–3 is defined as 42: "An arbitrary but carefully chosen number that further identifies the file as a TIFF file".^[30]

The number 69 is commonly used in reference to a group of sex positions in which two people align to perform oral sex, thus becoming mutually inverted like the numerals 6 and 9. Because of this association, "69" has become an internet meme and is known as "the sex number" in certain communities.^[31]

In the context of numerical humor, one classic example is the joke, "Why was six afraid of seven? Because seven eight (ate) nine!" The humor in this statement originates from a linguistic play on numbers and fundamental arithmetic.^[32]

Calculator spelling

Calculator spelling is the formation of words and phrases by displaying a number and turning the calculator upside down.^[33] The jest may be formulated as a mathematical problem where the result, when read upside down, appears to be an identifiable phrase like "ShELL OIL" or "Esso" using seven-segment display character representations where the open-top "4" is an inverted 'h' and '5' looks like 'S'. Other letters can be used as numbers too with 8 and 9 representing B and G, respectively.

An attributed example of calculator spelling, which dates from the 1970s,^[34] is 5318008, which when turned over spells "BOOBIES".

Limericks

A mathematical limerick is an expression which, when read aloud, matches the form of a limerick. The following numerically correct example is attributed to Leigh Mercer:^[35] ${\frac {12+144+20+3{\sqrt {4}}}{7}}+(5\times 11)=9^{2}+0$ This is read as follows:

A dozen, a gross, and a score
Plus three times the square root of four
Divided by seven
Plus five times eleven
Is nine squared and not a bit more.

Another example using calculus is^[a]: $\int _{1}^{\sqrt[{3}]{3}}z^{2}dz\cdot \cos \left({\frac {3\pi }{9}}\right)=\log({\sqrt[{3}]{e}})$ which may be read:

Integral z-squared dz
From one to the cube root of three
Times the cosine
of three pi over nine
Equals log of the cube root of e

The limerick is true if $\log$ is interpreted as the natural logarithm.

Doughnut and coffee mug topology joke

An oft-repeated joke is that topologists cannot tell a coffee cup from a doughnut,^[36] since they are topologically equivalent: a sufficiently pliable doughnut could be reshaped (by a homeomorphism) to the form of a cup by creating a dimple and progressively enlarging it, while shrinking the hole into a handle.

Notes

↑ The variable's name 'z' should be pronounced as zee to make a proper rhyme to 'three' and 'e'.

Related Research Articles

The number $e$ is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function. It is sometimes called Euler's number, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, though this can invite confusion with Euler numbers, or with Euler's constant, a different constant typically denoted $. Alternatively, e can be called Napier's constant after John Napier. The Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli discovered the constant while studying compound interest.$

In mathematics, an elementary function is a function of a single variable that is defined as taking sums, products, roots and compositions of finitely many polynomial, rational, trigonometric, hyperbolic, and exponential functions, and their inverses.

In mathematics, the gamma function is the most common extension of the factorial function to complex numbers. Derived by Daniel Bernoulli, the gamma function $is defined for all complex numbers except non-positive integers, and for every positive integer, The gamma function can be defined via a convergent improper integral for complex numbers with positive real part:$

The number $π$ is a mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, approximately equal to 3.14159. The number $π$ appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics. It is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers, although fractions such as $are commonly used to approximate it. Consequently, its decimal representation never ends, nor enters a permanently repeating pattern. It is a transcendental number, meaning that it cannot be a solution of an equation involving only finite sums, products, powers, and integers. The transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge. The decimal digits of π appear to be randomly distributed, but no proof of this conjecture has been found.$

The Riemann zeta function or Euler–Riemann zeta function, denoted by the Greek letter $ζ$ (zeta), is a mathematical function of a complex variable defined as $for, and its analytic continuation elsewhere.$

In mathematics, a transcendental number is a real or complex number that is not algebraic: that is, not the root of a non-zero polynomial with integer coefficients. The best-known transcendental numbers are $π$ and $e$ . The quality of a number being transcendental is called transcendence.

In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are real functions which relate an angle of a right-angled triangle to ratios of two side lengths. They are widely used in all sciences that are related to geometry, such as navigation, solid mechanics, celestial mechanics, geodesy, and many others. They are among the simplest periodic functions, and as such are also widely used for studying periodic phenomena through Fourier analysis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imaginary unit</span> Principal square root of −1

The imaginary unit or unit imaginary number is a solution to the quadratic equation $x 2 + 1 = 0.$ Although there is no real number with this property, $i$ can be used to extend the real numbers to what are called complex numbers, using addition and multiplication. A simple example of the use of $i$ in a complex number is $2 + 3 i .$

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Euler's constant</span> Constant value used in mathematics

Euler's constant is a mathematical constant, usually denoted by the lowercase Greek letter gamma, defined as the limiting difference between the harmonic series and the natural logarithm, denoted here by $log$ :

In mathematics, the error function, often denoted by $erf$ , is a function $:\mathbb {C} \to \mathbb {C} }$ defined as:

In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof while in the best-known examples of mathematical fallacies there is some element of concealment or deception in the presentation of the proof.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prime-counting function</span> Function representing the number of primes less than or equal to a given number

In mathematics, the prime-counting function is the function counting the number of prime numbers less than or equal to some real number $x$ . It is denoted by $π (x)$ (unrelated to the number $π$ ).

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In mathematics, the lemniscate constant $ϖ$ is a transcendental mathematical constant that is the ratio of the perimeter of Bernoulli's lemniscate to its diameter, analogous to the definition of $π$ for the circle. Equivalently, the perimeter of the lemniscate $is 2 ϖ . The lemniscate constant is closely related to the lemniscate elliptic functions and approximately equal to 2.62205755. It also appears in evaluation of the gamma and beta function at certain rational values. The symbol ϖ is a cursive variant of π; see Pi § Variant pi.$

In q-analog theory, the $-gamma function$ , or basic gamma function, is a generalization of the ordinary gamma function closely related to the double gamma function. It was introduced by Jackson (1905). It is given by $when , and if . Here ;\cdot )_{\infty }} is the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol. The -gamma function satisfies the functional equation In addition, the -gamma function satisfies the q-analog of the Bohr–Mollerup theorem, which was found by Richard Askey . For non-negative integers n, where is the q-factorial function. Thus the -gamma function can be considered as an extension of the q-factorial function to the real numbers.$

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References

↑ "13 Jokes That Every Math Geek Will Find Hilarious". Business Insider .
↑ John Allen Paulos (1980). Mathematics and Humor . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226650241.
↑ "Matt Parker, math stand-up comedian". Mathscareers.org.uk. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
↑ "Dara O'Briain: School of hard sums". Comedy.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-01.
↑ Schimmrich, Steven (2011-05-17). "Dave Gorman – stand-up math comedy" . Retrieved 2013-07-01.
↑ Paul Renteln, Alan Dundes, Foolproof: A Sampling of Mathematical Folk Humor, NOTICES OF THE AMS, VOLUME 52, NUMBER 1, 2005, pp. 24-34.
↑ Simanek, Donald E.; Holden, John C. (2001-10-01). Science Askew : a light-hearted look at the scientific world. CRC Press. ISBN 9780750307147.
↑ Ermida, Isabel (2008-12-10). The Language of Comic Narratives. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110208337.
↑ polyb (April 6, 2005). "Quick and Witty!". Physics Forums. Retrieved February 28, 2013.
↑ Bloom, Harold (2009-01-01). Thomas Pynchon. Infobase. ISBN 9781438116112.
↑ Ritchie, Graeme (2002-06-01). The Linguistic Analysis of Jokes. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203406953.
↑ Olicity8. "Two Types Of People". Wattpad. Retrieved 29 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
↑ Larman, Craig (2002). Applying Uml and Patterns. Prentice Hall Professional. ISBN 9780130925695.
↑ Collins, Tim (2006-08-29). Are You a Geek?. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780440336280.
↑ Elizabeth Longmier (2007-05-01). In the Lab. Lulu Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781430322160 . Retrieved 2013-06-19.
↑ Joke number 11 on Page 9, 36 Teacher Jokes, 17 pages, October 17, 2013. Simple K12, InfoSource Inc
↑ Krawcewicz, Wiesław; Rai, B. (2003-01-01). Calculus with Maple Labs : early transcendentals. Alpha Science Int'l. ISBN 9781842650745.
↑ Stewart, Ian (1995). Concepts of Modern Mathematics. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486134956.
↑ "Jokebook for the Physical Sciences". math.bu.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
↑ "Dictionary of Definitions of Terms Commonly Used in Math lectures."
↑ Seife, Charles (2010-09-23). Proofiness. Penguin. ISBN 9781101443507.
↑ Lawless, Andrew (2005). Plato's Sun. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802038098.
↑ Xu, Chao (2008-02-21). "A mathematical look into the limit joke". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-04-19.
↑ Harro Heuser: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 1, 6th edition, Teubner 1989, ISBN 978-3-8351-0131-9, page 51 (German).
↑ "Pi goes on and on and on …". JUST FOR FUN. Math Majors Matter. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
↑ William Safire, ON LANGUAGE; Footprints on the Infobahn, New York Times , April 17, 1994
↑ Sizing up the Universe – Stars, Sand and Nucleons – Numericana
↑ "Jenny's Constant". Wolfram MathWorld. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2013-06-19.
↑ Gill, Peter (2011-02-03). "42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-04-03.
↑ Aldus/Microsoft (1999-08-09). "1) Structure". TIFF. Revision 5.0. Aldus Corporation and Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-29. The number 42 was chosen for its deep philosophical significance.
↑ Feldman, Brian (2016-06-09). "Why 69 Is the Internet's Coolest Number (Sex)". Intelligencer. Retrieved 2020-09-04.
↑ "Adding Laughter to Numbers". Harvard.edu.
↑ Bolt, Brian (1984-09-27). The Amazing Mathematical Amusement Arcade . Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521269803.
↑ Tom Dalzell; Terry Victor (27 November 2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Taylor & Francis. p. 2060. ISBN 978-1-317-62511-7.
↑ "Math Mayhem". Lhup.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-29.
↑ West, Beverly H (1995-03-30). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach : Higher-Dimensional Systems. Springer. ISBN 9780387943770 . Retrieved 2011-06-29.

External links

Mathematical Humor – from Mathworld
Paul Renteln and Alan Dundes (2004-12-08). "Foolproof: A Sampling of Mathematical Folk Humor" (PDF). Notices of the AMS. 52 (1).
13 Jokes That Every Math Geek Will Find Hilarious

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[36] The variable's name 'z' should be pronounced as zee to make a proper rhyme to 'three' and 'e'.

[1] "13 Jokes That Every Math Geek Will Find Hilarious". Business Insider .

[2] John Allen Paulos (1980). Mathematics and Humor . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226650241.

[3] "Matt Parker, math stand-up comedian". Mathscareers.org.uk. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2013-07-01.

[4] "Dara O'Briain: School of hard sums". Comedy.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-07-01.

[5] Schimmrich, Steven (2011-05-17). "Dave Gorman – stand-up math comedy" . Retrieved 2013-07-01.

[redu-6] Paul Renteln, Alan Dundes, Foolproof: A Sampling of Mathematical Folk Humor, NOTICES OF THE AMS, VOLUME 52, NUMBER 1, 2005, pp. 24-34.

[7] Simanek, Donald E.; Holden, John C. (2001-10-01). Science Askew : a light-hearted look at the scientific world. CRC Press. ISBN 9780750307147.

[8] Ermida, Isabel (2008-12-10). The Language of Comic Narratives. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110208337.

[9] yb (April 6, 2005). "Quick and Witty!". Physics Forums. Retrieved February 28, 2013.

[10] Bloom, Harold (2009-01-01). Thomas Pynchon. Infobase. ISBN 9781438116112.

[11] Ritchie, Graeme (2002-06-01). The Linguistic Analysis of Jokes. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780203406953.

[Those_who_can_extrapolate-12] Olicity8. "Two Types Of People". Wattpad. Retrieved 29 April 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[13] Larman, Craig (2002). Applying Uml and Patterns. Prentice Hall Professional. ISBN 9780130925695.

[14] Collins, Tim (2006-08-29). Are You a Geek?. Random House Publishing. ISBN 9780440336280.

[15] Elizabeth Longmier (2007-05-01). In the Lab. Lulu Press, Incorporated. ISBN 9781430322160 . Retrieved 2013-06-19.

[16] Joke number 11 on Page 9, 36 Teacher Jokes, 17 pages, October 17, 2013. Simple K12, InfoSource Inc

[17] Krawcewicz, Wiesław; Rai, B. (2003-01-01). Calculus with Maple Labs : early transcendentals. Alpha Science Int'l. ISBN 9781842650745.

[18] Stewart, Ian (1995). Concepts of Modern Mathematics. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486134956.

[19] "Jokebook for the Physical Sciences". math.bu.edu. Retrieved 13 October 2023.

[20] "Dictionary of Definitions of Terms Commonly Used in Math lectures."

[21] Seife, Charles (2010-09-23). Proofiness. Penguin. ISBN 9781101443507.

[22] Lawless, Andrew (2005). Plato's Sun. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9780802038098.

[23] Xu, Chao (2008-02-21). "A mathematical look into the limit joke". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-04-19.

[24] Harro Heuser: Lehrbuch der Analysis – Teil 1, 6th edition, Teubner 1989, ISBN 978-3-8351-0131-9, page 51 (German).

[JFF-25] "Pi goes on and on and on …". JUST FOR FUN. Math Majors Matter. Retrieved 12 August 2018.

[26] William Safire, ON LANGUAGE; Footprints on the Infobahn, New York Times , April 17, 1994

[27] Sizing up the Universe – Stars, Sand and Nucleons – Numericana

[28] "Jenny's Constant". Wolfram MathWorld. 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2013-06-19.

[29] Gill, Peter (2011-02-03). "42: Douglas Adams' Amazingly Accurate Answer to Life the Universe and Everything". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2011-04-03.

[30] Aldus/Microsoft (1999-08-09). "1) Structure". TIFF. Revision 5.0. Aldus Corporation and Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-11. Retrieved 2009-06-29. The number 42 was chosen for its deep philosophical significance.

[Feldman_2016-31] Feldman, Brian (2016-06-09). "Why 69 Is the Internet's Coolest Number (Sex)". Intelligencer. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

[Adding_Laughter_to_Numbers-32] "Adding Laughter to Numbers". Harvard.edu.

[33] Bolt, Brian (1984-09-27). The Amazing Mathematical Amusement Arcade . Cambridge University Press. p. 48. ISBN 9780521269803.

[DalzellVictor2014-34] Tom Dalzell; Terry Victor (27 November 2014). The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Taylor & Francis. p. 2060. ISBN 978-1-317-62511-7.

[35] "Math Mayhem". Lhup.edu. Retrieved 2011-06-29.

[37] West, Beverly H (1995-03-30). Differential Equations: A Dynamical Systems Approach : Higher-Dimensional Systems. Springer. ISBN 9780387943770 . Retrieved 2011-06-29.

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