Coffee cup

For other uses, see Coffee cup (disambiguation).

Espresso shot being poured into a breakfast cup

A coffee cup is a cup for serving coffee and coffee-based drinks. There are three major types: conventional cups used with saucers, mugs used without saucers, and disposable cups. Cups and mugs generally have a handle. Disposable paper cups used for take-out sometimes have fold-out handles, but are more often used with an insulating coffee cup sleeve.

Coffee cups and mugs may be made of glazed ceramic, porcelain, plastic, glass, insulated or uninsulated metal, and other materials. In the past, coffee cups have also been made of bone, clay, and wood. ^[1] Disposable coffee cups may be made out of paper or polystyrene foam (often mistakenly called Styrofoam).

History

Coffee cups, along with other coffee ware, originated in the Middle East. In the 17th century, coffee was consumed from small handle-less bowls, "Turkish cups". The cups were Chinese export porcelain or its Japanese equivalent; the same cups were used for coffee and tea. In Europe, Meissen porcelain cups appeared around 1710, ^{[2] : 230} with large exports of "Turkish cups" to Turkey in the 1730s. These cups were tall due to the habit of drinking the liquid layer at the top, with the preparation sediment left at the bottom. As the drip coffee, invented in France in the 18th century, gained popularity, the need for tall cups disappeared, so Sèvres porcelain pioneered shorter cups. ^{[2] : 232}

Handles first appeared on the Meissen tall cups in the 1710s (some Oriental cups had handles, but these were made from silver). Handles became common by the 1730s. ^{[2] : 232} By the early 18th century, the European taste for handles on cups, strongly evident from antiquity, reasserted itself and a single vertical handle was added to a slightly more upright Chinese-style bowl to create both the very similar forms of the Western teacup and coffee cup, as well as a saucer. This was initially rather deeper than modern saucers as, at least for tea, it was considered usual to pour the hot liquid into the saucer to cool it slightly before drinking. Apart from a more shallow saucer the essential elements of these two forms in many contemporary examples have changed little since the mid-18th century. European porcelain manufacturers encouraged the development of different sizes of cup, and shapes of pot, for tea and coffee services. ^[3]

Shapes and sizes

Espresso

The Italian Espresso National Institute recommends serving espresso in a white china cup holding 50−100 ml, ^[4] usually served on a saucer. Espresso cups are sometimes called demitasse cups. ^[5] The espresso macchiato, made with a shot of espresso and a dash of steamed milk, is also served in a demitasse.

Cappuccino

Traditional 6 oz cappuccino served in a ceramic cup, on a saucer, with a spoon and napkin

The Italian Espresso National Institute recommends serving cappuccino in a china cup holding approximately 160 ml, ^[4] usually served on a saucer.

Coffee can

Coffee can and saucer, Wedgwood ΄Corinthian΄, Susie Cooper design

At least in the trade, a small straight-sided coffee cup, like a miniature mug but with a matching saucer, is called a coffee can or "coffee-can". The shape may have a flared profile, but usually not curving. These are typically about 2.5 inches high, and used in porcelain coffee services for relatively formal dinner-parties, or in expensive restaurants. They do not stack well, which probably has prevented their widespread use in cafes, despite often being a suitable size for an espresso. The shape has been used since the late 18th century, when it was introduced by Sèvres porcelain. ^[6]

Gibraltar or cortado

Some shops serve a cortado in a 4-ounce Libbey Gibraltar glass, calling the drink a Gibraltar. ^[7]

Sini

Traditional Ethiopian cups are called sini. These are small, pottery or porcelain cups, slightly larger than a demitasse, used to serve coffee from a jebena. ^[8]

Cafe drinkware

A paper coffee cup

Cafes use various sizes of coffee cups to serve mochas, lattes, and other coffee drinks. They are typically 225, 336, 460, and sometimes 570 ml.^{[ dubious – discuss ]} These cups are made of porcelain and shaped to encourage and aid in creating latte art.

Shape innovation

NASA designed "Space Cups" for use by astronauts in the International Space Station. The specially-shaped coffee cups are 3D printed and are used by sucking the liquid out of a bag. The sharp inner corner of the Space Cup allows the liquid to flow toward the drinker's lips through capillary flow. Data from experiments conducted with Space Cups can be used to design better fluid systems used in space, such as toilets, oxygen, air conditioning, and water coolants. The data can also be applied to societal uses of fluid systems on Earth, such as improving the design of portable medical blood testers for infectious diseases. ^[9]

Materials

Latte with latte art in a 12 oz ceramic cup

Turkish coffee set containing a coffee cup (fildjan), a coffee pot (cezve) and a sugar bowl, as traditionally served in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Porcelain and ceramic

Porcelain, bone china, glass and other ceramics are widely used for coffee cups and mugs.

Coffee cups selling on Indian Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

Paper

Paper cups are usually lined with wax or plastic to prevent leakage. A famous design of a paper coffee cup is the Anthora, which has become symbolic of New York City's daily life. ^{[10] [11]}

Bamboo

Reusable bamboo coffee cups, promoted as a "natural" product, are made of powdered bamboo fibres suspended in glue containing melamine and formaldehyde. The German consumer group Stiftung Warentest raised concerns that these substances constitute a health hazard when used for hot drinks. ^[12] The cups are also not recyclable. The UK Food Standards Agency advised retailers in June 2023 to withdraw bamboo cups, making further sales unlawful. ^[13]

Polystyrene

Polystyrene, sometimes known as styrofoam (not actually Styrofoam), is used mainly because of its insulating abilities.

Accessories

Coffee cup lids

Usually made of plastic, the first patent for a coffee cup lid design was filed in 1967 and focused on creating a tight seal between the cup and the lid to reduce leaking and a vent hole to allow steam to escape. ^{[14] [15] [16]} However, there was no opening for drinking, and the consumer would have to tear into the lid. ^[17] In 1986, the Solo Traveler lid was created; it is found in the Museum of Modern Art's 2004 exhibit "Humble Masterpieces". ^{[18] [19]} Recent lid designs like the Viora have improved on Solo Traveler's design, which has too small a vent to allow sufficient air to enter while drinking. ^[15] Louise Harpman, co-owner of the world's most extensive collection of coffee cup lids and co-author of the book Coffee Lids (Princeton Architectural Press, 2018), suggests that coffee cup lids "represent a major shift in American 'to-go' culture". ^[20]

Coffee cup sleeve

Main article: Coffee cup sleeve

Coffee cup sleeves are roughly cylindrical sleeves that fit tightly over handle-less paper coffee cups to insulate the drinker's hands from hot coffee. The coffee sleeve was invented and patented by Jay Sorensen in 1993 and is now commonly utilized by coffee houses and other vendors that sell hot beverages dispensed in disposable paper cups. Coffee sleeves are typically made of textured paperboard, but can be made of different materials.

Environmental issues with disposable cups

The United States uses about 120 billion disposable coffee cups annually, almost all of which end up in landfills. ^[21] Polystyrene foam cups have the reputation of not being recyclable, ^[22] non-biodegradable, ^{[22] [23]} a major part of marine litter, ^[24] and has various health risks. It is banned as a food and drink container in several U.S. cities including Portland, Ore., San Francisco, Calif., and Amherst, Mass. ^[25] The doughnut company and coffeehouse chain Dunkin' Donuts has been criticized for continuing to use styrofoam cups. The company has argued that there is no other material that is as insulated, ^[26] and has an official statement about their foam cups on their website. ^[27] However, in 2013 they began phasing in doubled-walled paper cups designed to look like their signature foam cup. ^[28]

Polystyrene foam cups are easier to recycle than the alternative, paper coffee cups, which are lined with polyethylene to make them impermeable. The few composting facilities which do accept them produce plastic fragments, contaminating the environment, ^[29] and biodegrading very slowly. ^[29] Paper coffee cups also release trillions of microplastic nanoparticles per liter into the water during normal use. ^{[30] [31]}

Reusable cups

By 2019, coffee shop customers increasingly used reusable coffee cups as a sustainable option; shops were offering a discount as an incentive. ^[32] Cups made of bamboo fiber, polypropylene, and other organic materials such as starch and paper pulp were used. Only 1 in 400 single-use cups were recycled in 2017, and media coverage encouraged consumers to look for alternatives. ^[33] Use of reusable cups declined sharply to reduce the chance of infection with the onset of the covid pandemic in 2020, and as of 2023 had not returned to previous levels. ^[34]

See also

• Coffee portal

• Tea cup

Notes

1. "History of the Coffee Mug". wholelattelove.com. Whole Latte Love. 2019-09-01. Archived from the original on 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2019-08-24.
2. Sakuraba, Miki (2010-03-31). "Evolution of Porcelain Tea Ware in Europe From Hizen Porcelain Tea to European Porcelain Tea Service" (PDF). Cultural Reproduction on its Interface: From the Perspectives of Text, Diplomacy, Otherness, and Tea in East Asia. The International Academic Forum for the Next Generation. Vol. 1. Translated by Heaton, Jenine. Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies, Kansai University. pp. 227–242 [230, 232]. ISBN   978-4-9905164-0-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-10-01. Retrieved 2023-10-01. p. 232: Large quantities of coffee pots and cups were exported from Meissen to Turkey in the 1730s. It is clear from this fact that early European porcelains were directly related to Turkish tea wares, indicating that the Turkish cup strongly influenced the manufactories of Meissen. These cups were tall in relationship to their width and were designed because of the Turkish custom of drinking the clear layer of coffee at the top. In France at the beginning of the eighteenth century, however, the drip method of extracting coffee was developed, thus eliminating the need for tall coffee cups. Perhaps as a result, the short coffee and tea cups became the signature style of Sèvres Porcelain. (16 pages)
3. Hillier, 82
4. "The Certified Italian Espresso and Cappuccino" (PDF). Istituto Espresso Italiano.
5. Oxford English Dictionary, updated 2022, s.v. demi-tasse
6. Savage & Newman, 80; The 34 objects described as "coffee-can" on the British Museum database (Nov 2024); English porcelain examples, c. 1795 to c. 1820
7. Nguyen, Tien (2011-02-10). "Drink This Now: Cognoscenti Coffee's On-the-Menu Cortado". LA Weekly . Retrieved 2020-12-19.
8. "Coffee time Ethiopian coffee pot jebena and Coffee Cups-sini". Pinterest . Retrieved 2023-03-23.
9. Regan, Helen (2015-05-04). "Astronauts Now Enjoy Espresso Out of Special Cups". Time . Retrieved 2015-05-06.
10. Fox, Margalit (2010-04-29). "Leslie Buck, Designer of Iconic Coffee Cup, Dies at 87". The New York Times.
11. "Urban History to Go: Black, No Sugar". The New York Times . 2005-06-26.
12. "Die meisten setzen hohe Mengen an Schadstoffen frei" (in German). Stiftung Warentest. 2019-07-23.
13. Ungoed-Thomas, Jon (2023-10-21). "Warnings over 'eco' coffee cups that pose risks to health with toxic resin". The Guardian.
14. Garber, Megan (2011-05-09). "The Rise of the Plastic, Disposable Coffee Cup Lid – Nicola Twilley". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
15. "To-Go Cup Lid Makers Hoping to Capitalize On 'Third Wave' Success". Roast Magazine. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
16. "Patent US3421681 – Cup and lid – Google Patents" . Retrieved 2014-05-20.
17. Kennedy, Pagan (2013-10-25). "Who Made That Coffee Lid?". The New York Times.
18. "Patent US4589569 – Lid for drinking cup – Google Patents". 1983-10-24. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
19. "Humble Masterpieces". MoMA. 2004-09-27. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
20. "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places". Smithsonian . Retrieved 2014-05-20.
21. Bhattacharyya, Jishnu; Dash, Manoj Kumar; Hewege, Chandana; Balaji, M. S.; Lim, Weng Marc (2021-09-26). "Social and Sustainability Marketing in Coffee Shop". Social and Sustainability Marketing: A Casebook for Reaching Your Socially Responsible Consumers through Marketing Science. CRC Press. p. 853. ISBN   978-1-000-40802-7.
22. "Drinking Coffee in a Styrofoam Cup? Pour It Out". Rodale News. Archived from the original on 2013-07-07. Retrieved 2014-05-20.
23. Bandyopadhyay, A.; Basak, G. Chandra (2007). "Studies on photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene". Materials Science and Technology. 23 (3). Maney Online: 307–314. Bibcode:2007MatST..23..307B. doi:10.1179/174328407X158640. S2CID   137115006.
24. "Marine Litter". kimointernational.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23.
25. Daneman, Matthew (2013-12-21). "More cities ban polystyrene foam, citing environment". USA Today.
26. "Dunkin' Donuts Opposes Proposed Somerville Styrofoam Ban". Somerville, Massachusetts Patch. 2013-02-28.
27. "FAQs". DunkinDonuts.com.
28. "Dunkin' Donuts introduces paper coffee cups in Brookline - Business". The Boston Globe. 2013-08-19.
29. Brinton, Will (April 2016). "The Environmental Hazards Inherent in the Composting of Plastic-Coated Paper Products" (PDF).
30. "Take-out coffee cups may be shedding trillions of plastic nanoparticles, study says". UPI. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
31. Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Benkstein, Kurt D.; Kalanyan, Berc (2022-05-02). "Common Single-Use Consumer Plastic Products Release Trillions of Sub-100 nm Nanoparticles per Liter into Water during Normal Use" . Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (9): 5448–5455. Bibcode:2022EnST...56.5448Z. doi:10.1021/acs.est.1c06768. ISSN   0013-936X. PMID   35441513. S2CID   248263169.
32. Marcus, Rebecca (2019-11-23). "Five reasons why you should switch to a reusable coffee cup". Which?.
33. "Just one in 400 coffee cups are recycled even if you put them in recycling bin, poll finds". The Telegraph. 2017-04-06.
34. Houghton, Amy (2023-03-08). "Why did we give up on the reusable coffee cup?". Time Out United Kingdom.

References

• Hillier, Bevis, Pottery and Porcelain 1700-1914: England, Europe and North America (series The Social History of the Decorative Arts), 1968, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0297176684
• Savage, George, and Newman, Harold, An Illustrated Dictionary of Ceramics, 1985, Thames & Hudson, ISBN   0500273804