Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006

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Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006
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←  2002 November 7, 2006 2010  →
Turnout 3,801,256

  Jennifer Granholm 5.jpg Dick-DeVos-Nov-3-2006-Cropped.jpg
Nominee Jennifer Granholm Dick DeVos
Party Democratic Republican
Running mate John Cherry Ruth Johnson
Popular vote2,142,5131,608,086
Percentage56.3%42.3%
Michigan Governor Election Results by County, 2006.svg
County results
Granholm:      40-50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%
DeVos:      40–50%     50–60%     60–70%
Governor before election

Jennifer Granholm
Democratic

Elected Governor

Jennifer Granholm
Democratic

The Michigan gubernatorial election of 2006 was one of the 36 U.S. gubernatorial elections held November 7, 2006. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Michigan Jennifer Granholm was re-elected over Republican businessman Dick DeVos and three minor party candidates. Granholm was re-elected with 56% of the vote. [1]

Governor of Michigan head of state and of government of the U.S. state of Michigan

The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Michigan. The current governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party, who was inaugurated on January 1, 2019, as the state's 49th governor. She is eligible for a second term under Michigan's term limits, which limit a governor to only two, four-year terms.

Jennifer Granholm Governor of Michigan

Jennifer Mulhern Granholm is a Canadian-American politician, lawyer, educator, author, political commentator and member of the Democratic Party who served as the Attorney General of Michigan from 1999 to 2003 and as the 47th Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. In January 2017, she became a CNN political contributor.

Dick DeVos American heir, businessperson, and politician

Richard Marvin DeVos Jr. is an American entrepreneur, businessman and author. The son of Amway co-founder Richard DeVos, he served as CEO of the multi-level marketing company from 1993 to 2002. In 2006, DeVos ran for Governor of Michigan, but lost to the then-incumbent Democrat Jennifer Granholm. In 2012, Forbes magazine listed his father as the #351 richest person in the world, with a net worth of approximately $5.4 billion.

Contents

Democratic primary

Granholm had no opposition in the primary election, which was held August 8. She retained incumbent Lieutenant Governor John D. Cherry as her running mate.

A primary election is the process by which voters, either the general public or members of a political party, can indicate their preference for a candidate in an upcoming general election or by-election, thus narrowing the field of candidates.

John D. Cherry American politician

John D. Cherry is a retired American politician who served as the 62nd Lieutenant Governor of Michigan from 2003 to 2011. A Democrat, Cherry also served as a gubernatorial appointee to the Midwestern Higher Education Compact, and was the immediate past chair of the international Great Lakes Commission.

Democratic primary results [2]
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic Jennifer Granholm (Incumbent)600,228100.00
Total votes600,228100.00

Republican primary

DeVos was originally facing two other Republicans; state Representative Jack Hoogendyk of Portage and state Senator Nancy Cassis of Novi, both dropped out by summer 2005. A political unknown, Louis Boven, tried to challenge him in the primary, but failed to meet Michigan election requirements to get on the ballot. Boven later ran an unsuccessful write-in campaign.[ citation needed ]

Jack Hoogendyk American politician

Jacob "Jack" Hoogendyk is a Republican politician, a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives and 2012 candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives in Michigan.

Portage, Michigan City in Michigan, United States

Portage is a city in Kalamazoo County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 46,292 in the 2010 census. It is the smaller of the two main cities included in the Kalamazoo-Portage Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 326,589 as of 2010.

Nancy Cassis is an American teacher and psychologist. As a Michigan Senator who initially ran against Dick DeVos, she dropped out of the contest before Michigan's 2006 gubernatorial Republican primary. In the Michigan Senate she served as the Majority Caucus Chairperson and introduced the Michigan Business Tax, which was eventually repealed by conservative governor Rick Snyder.

DeVos selected former State Representative and Oakland County Clerk Ruth Johnson as his running mate on August 14. [3]

Oakland County, Michigan County in the United States

Oakland County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is northwest of Detroit and part of metropolitan Detroit. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,202,362, making it the second-most populous county in Michigan, behind neighboring Wayne County. The county seat is Pontiac. The county was founded in 1819 and organized in 1820.

Ruth Johnson is the former Secretary of State of Michigan and current member for State Senate District 14. She is a former member of the Michigan House of Representatives and the 2006 Republican candidate for lieutenant governor as the running mate of Dick DeVos.

Minor parties

Gcreswell.jpg
DouglasCampbell2002.jpg
Bhagwan Dashairya.jpg
Third-party candidates for governor in 2006. From left to right: Gregory Creswell, Douglas Campbell, and Bhagwan Dashairya.

Candidates

Libertarian Party

The Libertarian Party of Michigan held their convention on May 16 at the Comfort Inn in Chelsea [4] [5] The party nominated Gregory Creswell, with Scotty Boman as his running mate. [6]

Libertarian Party of Michigan

The Libertarian Party of Michigan is a Michigan state political party advocating a Libertarianism ideology and the state affiliate of the Libertarian Party of the United States. The party currently has primary ballot access status, though that will end in 2019 due to Bill Gelineau not reaching the required threshold.

Chelsea, Michigan City in Michigan, United States

Chelsea is a city in Washtenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,944 at the 2010 census.

Scott Boman American politician

Scott Avery "Scotty" Boman is a Libertarian politician from Michigan. He has been one of Michigan's top third-party vote-getters in every election since 2000. He was chair of the Libertarian Party of Michigan in 2006. Described by MIRS as a Libertarian Party standard-bearer, he has been a candidate in every state-wide partisan election since 1994. While his birth name is "Scott" he has gone by "Scotty" on his literature and in ballot listings.

Green Party

The Green Party of Michigan had their convention at the Wolverine Dilworth Inn in Boyne City, Michigan. [7] The Green Party's nominee was Douglas Campbell. His running mate was David Skrbina, a philosophy professor at the University of Michigan–Dearborn. Campbell, a registered professional engineer from Ferndale, joined the Green party upon learning of its existence in 2000, [8] and was the Wayne-Oakland-Macomb county campaign coordinator for Green Party presidential candidate Ralph Nader, 2000. [9]

Green Party of Michigan political party

The Green Party of Michigan is a political party in Michigan. It is the state affiliate of the Green Party of the United States (GPUS). The party has had ballot access in Michigan since November 2000, when their presidential candidate, Ralph Nader captured 2.74% of the national vote and 2% in Michigan. In 2016, the Green Party of Michigan elected 5 officers to local governments.

Boyne City, Michigan City in Michigan, United States

Boyne City is a city in Charlevoix County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 3,735 at the 2010 census.

University of Michigan–Dearborn

The University of Michigan–Dearborn is a public university located in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It is one of the two regional campuses of the University of Michigan operating under the policies of the Board of Regents. The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor is located 35 miles to the west; the other regional campus is in Flint which is located 70 miles to the north.

Constitution Party

The Constitution Party's candidate was Bhagwan Dashairya, a member of the US Taxpayers' Party. The Michigan US Taxpayers' Party is affiliated with the United States Constitution Party, [10] but Michigan election law does not provide a mechanism for changing the name of a political party. [11] [12] Dashairya was the first Asian Indian to run for Governor of Michigan.[ citation needed ] Dashairya's running mate was Carl Oehling. [13]

General election

Dick DeVos' wife, Betsy, with a supporter at a campaign event in Houghton County. Betsy Devos.jpg
Dick DeVos' wife, Betsy, with a supporter at a campaign event in Houghton County.

After her first election as governor in 2002, Granholm was widely seen as a rising star in the Democratic Party. Her popularity dropped after she took office in 2003, largely due to a weak economy and high unemployment. In August 2006, her approval rating was 47 percent. [14]

DeVos, a multimillionaire, had developed substantial political contacts with the full participation of his wife, former Michigan Republican Party chair Betsy DeVos, despite which, fully 85% of the DeVos campaign's contributions were from DeVos' inheritance. [15] As the 2006 election approached, the DeVos family was listed among the biggest Republican campaign contributors in Michigan. [16] The DeVos campaign spent $42.5 million, at that time the most spent on a gubernatorial campaign in Michigan history. $35.5 million of that total came from DeVos' personal fortune, and was at that time the most spent personally by a Republican candidate running for governor. The Granholm campaign spent $15.7 million. The combined money spent by both campaigns made this election the most expensive gubernatorial election in Michigan history. As DeVos funded his campaign himself, he was not eligible for public funds. [17]

The DeVos and Campbell campaigns each made the state's economy their major issue. DeVos criticzed the Single Business Tax, high unemployment, and job outsourcing which occurred during Granholm's first term; Campbell assailed the $12 billion taken from Michigan's taxpayers and appropriated to the military siege of Iraq (which he calls "Duh-bya's Folly") and advocated for a local currency, independent of the U.S. dollar which he and running mate David Skrbina say is in imminent jeopardy of collapse. Granholm countered that her policies saved thousands of jobs. She also attacked DeVos's partisanship, wealth, and tenure at Alticor. One of Granholm's most prominent lines of attack was the accusation that Alticor, under DeVos's tenure, outsourced thousands of jobs to China while cutting 1,400 jobs in Michigan, a charge that the DeVos campaign and numerous media factcheckers denied. DeVos, Campbell and Granholm criticzed the Michigan Civil Rights Initiative which was exclusively supported by Creswell. [18] [19] and passed by a wide margin. [20]

On August 25, 2006, Detroit Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick pledged to actively campaign for Granholm and utilize the campaign team which got him re-elected as mayor. [21] The Michigan Democratic Party held their state convention in city of Detroit at Cobo Hall while the Michigan Republican Party held their convention in the City of Novi in Oakland County at the new Rock Financial Showplace.

In October 2006, the Creswell campaign spent over $10,000 on radio advertising, which while small, was the most spent on a such advertising by any Michigan gubernatorial campaign outside the Democratic or Republican parties. [22] [23] The largest investment was made in advertisements on Detroit AM Radio stations WJR and WXYT. [24] These commercials specifically targeted Devos and Granholm by referring to them as candidates of "The two old parties," and berating them for supporting state-supported preferences based on race and sex: A clear reference to MCRI. [25] Campbell spent less than $1,000, [26] as was the case with the Dashairya campaign. [27]

Debates

The DeVos and Granholm campaigns agreed to three televised debates and a single joint appearance. This agreement did not include any provision for participation by third-party candidates. [28] Granholm and DeVos appeared together October 12 at the Detroit Economic Club in which each candidate delivered their job plans. [29]

WKAR-TV debate

The first debate occurred on October 2 at WKAR-TV in East Lansing. [30] Both candidates spent the hour trading charges and countercharges. Detroit News pollster Ed Sarpolus indicated that there was no clear winner in the debate, but Bill Rustem, senior vice president of the nonpartisan policy firm Public Sector Consultants in Lansing, favored Granholm. [31] The consensus of pundits Bill Ballenger, George Bullard, Kathy Barks Hoffman and Rick Albin and capital correspondent Tim Skubick, speaking on the October 6 WKAR-television program Off the Record, [32] was that both DeVos and Granholm emerged losers, losing 2 and 4 percentage points' support after the event. No major gaffes or zingers came out in the debate. Some of the positions were made clear on embryonic stem cell research [33] and abortion. [34] No major gaffes came out in the debate, but one minor zinger was made by Granholm about DeVos' investment in Alterra, a chain of nursing homes which sexually abused and neglected its patients. [35] [36]

WOOD-TV debate

The second was October 10 at WOOD-TV in Grand Rapids. DeVos was more aggressive than before, declaring that Granholm had lied about him having a controlling stake in Alterra Health Care, an elder-care company that suppressed information about the abuse of residents by its employees. [37] According to SEC filings, DeVos and his investment partners jointly owned 40% of Alterra stock totalling $173 million. [38] The chairman of Alterra's board, while a close associate of DeVos, nevertheless maintains that DeVos had no part of running the company himself. [39]

DeVos also asserted that he had convinced President Bush to set a date to meet with the three major Michigan auto companies. Granholm responded that she didn't believe that was true. DeVos admitted after the debate that he misspoke; the President agreed to have a meeting at some point after the election, but did not confirm a date. [40] On October 24, two weeks after this debate was held, a mid-November date was set for the meeting. [41]

WXYZ-TV debate

The third televised debate was October 16 at WXYZ-TV in Southfield. Unlike the previous debates, this one had an invited studio audience of 30 undecided voters, some of whom asked questions to the participating candidates. Like the two previous debates, only two of the five candidates were admitted. [42] [43] Granholm and DeVos sparred on various issues including college tuition, Canadian trash, business taxes, President Bush and negative ads, [44] while Creswell supporters picketed outside. [45] [46] [47] [48]

During the opening statements of the third debate, Gov. Granholm attacked DeVos for using pictures of dead children as a campaign tool against her. However, it was later revealed that DeVos was not the person using the pictures, but supporters of him, who were cheering for him outside of the debate studio.

CMN-TV (of Troy) debate

On October 18 CMN-TV in Troy broadcast an additional debate.[ citation needed ] This debate was not covered by the agreement between the DeVos and Granholm campaigns. [28] It was the only televised debate to which all gubernatorial candidates were invited. It also was only the only televised debate in which the majority of gubernatorial candidates participated. This debate included Libertarian Gregory Creswell, Green Douglas Campbell, and U.S. Taxpayer Candidate Bhagwan Dashairya (Dashairya identified himself as a Constitution Party (listed on ballot as U.S. Taxpayers Party) candidate). [49] [50] [51]

Polling

DeVos, buoyed by the political ads he ran, led in the polls for most of the late spring and early summer. DeVos' lead eroded when Granholm started running ads; meanwhile, Granholm built up a lead as voters found out more about the candidates culminating in the three debates, and as political fortunes soured for Republicans across the country due to a massive backlash against then president George W. Bush and fatigue over the continuing War in Iraq. [52]

SourceDateGranholm (D)DeVos (R)Creswell (L)Campbell (G) Dashairya (T)
EPIC-MRA Nov 6, 200649%42%
Strategic Vision Nov 6, 200652%42%
Mason-Dixon Nov 5, 200652%38%0–2%0–2%0–2%
Survey USA Nov 5, 200651%45%2%1%1%
Free Press-Local 4 Michigan Poll Nov 5, 200654%41%
EPIC-MRA Nov 3, 200649%42%
EPIC-MRA Nov 2, 200652%43%
Strategic Vision Nov 2, 200650%42%
EPIC-MRA Oct 31, 200652%42%
Zogby/WSJ Oct 31, 200651.6%42.7%0–5.7%0–5.7%0–5.7%
EPIC-MRA Oct 27, 200648%43%1%1%
Research 2000 Oct 25, 200650%40%
Survey USA Oct 25, 200652%45%1%1%
Rasmussen Oct 25, 200653%42%
Strategic Vision Oct 24, 200647%43%
Zogby/WSJ Oct 19, 200650.6%44.1%
Free Press-Local 4 Michigan Poll Oct 15, 200649%41%
EPIC-MRA (raw data) Oct 13, 200651%42%2%
Survey USA Oct 9, 200650%45%1%1%1%
Rasmussen Oct 8, 200649%42%
EPIC-MRA Oct 5, 200646%40%1%1%
Zogby/WSJ Sept 28, 200649.9%40.8%
Strategic Vision Sept 20, 200647%46%
Survey USA Sept 18, 200647%47%1%2%1%
EPIC-MRA September 14, 200650%42%
Zogby/WSJ September 11, 200649.4%44.0%
Rasmussen September 7, 200646%48%
Free Press-Local 4 Michigan Poll September 3, 200646%44%
Strategic Vision August 29, 200648%43%
Zogby/WSJ August 28, 200650.8%43.6%
EPIC-MRA August 23, 200649%42%3%
Survey USA August 22, 200647%47%
Rasmussen August 16, 200647%46%
EPIC-MRA August 16, 200650%47%
Survey USA August 8, 200642%50%6%
Rasmussen August 1, 200642%48%
Strategic Vision July 27, 200644%48%
EPIC-MRA July 26, 200647%44%
Zogby/WSJ July 24, 200650.5%44.4%
Free Press-Local 4 Michigan Poll July 15, 200642%47%
Zogby/WSJ June 21, 200648.1%46.2%
EPIC-MRA June 21, 200644%46%
Strategic Vision June 21, 200641%48%
Rasmussen June 14, 200644%42%
EPIC-MRA June 12, 200640%48%
Strategic Vision May 24, 200642%45%
EPIC-MRA May 11, 200645%46%
MRG of Lansing May 1–9, 200643%44%
Rasmussen May 5, 200644%43%
Strategic Vision April 21, 200643%42%
EPIC-MRA April 11, 200643%43%
Rasmussen March 27, 200644%44%
MRG of Lansing March 22, 200643%41%
Strategic Vision March 15, 200650%33%
EPIC-MRA March 9, 200651%41%
Rasmussen Feb 14, 200644%43%
EPIC-MRA Feb 12, 200653%36%
Strategic Vision Feb 3, 200648%34%
Rasmussen Jan 20, 200649%38%
Strategic Vision Dec 22, 200546%35%
Rasmussen Dec 2, 200548%36%
EPIC-MRA Nov 29, 200558%35%
Strategic Vision Nov 21, 200544%33%
EPIC-MRA Oct 25, 200553%30%
Strategic Vision Oct 25, 200546%35%
Strategic Vision Sept 29, 200547%33%

Results

Michigan gubernatorial election, 2006 [53]
PartyCandidateVotes%±
Democratic Jennifer Granholm/John D. Cherry (Incumbent) 2,142,513 56.36% +4.95%
Republican Dick DeVos/Ruth Johnson 1,608,08642.30%-5.09%
Libertarian Greg Creswell 23,5240.62%
Green Douglas Campbell 20,0090.53%-0.27%
Constitution Bhagwan Dashairya 7,0870.19%-0.20%
Write-ins370.00%0.00%
Majority534,42714.06%+10.04%
Turnout 3,801,256
Democratic hold Swing

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Land, Terri (Secretary of State). "Election Results GENERAL ELECTION November 07, 2006 (Governor 4 Year Term (1) Position)" Archived January 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine .. mi.gov (website).
  2. ↑ "Indiana Primary Election, May 8, 2012-United States Senator". Secretary of State of Indiana . June 5, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2012.
  3. ↑ WOOD-TV,"DeVos chooses Ruth Johnson as running mate". "woodtv.com" (website)
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Leonard (May 9, 2006). ""Upcoming Events" & "Candidates Bring Your Voter Registration Card"". LPM Online.
  5. ↑ Boman, Scotty (May 23, 2006). ""Upcoming Events" & "Over 70 Libertarians to Run in 2006 Michigan Election"". LPM Online.
  6. ↑ Land, Terri (Secretary of State)."2006 Official Michigan General Candidate Listing". http://mi.gov/sos (website).
    • Larson, Eric (Chair)."Libertarian Party of West Michigan: Elections of Officers". lpwm.org (website).
    • Wrenbeck, Andrew (July–August 2006). "2006 Michigan Libertarian Candidates for Office" (PDF). Michigan Libertarian. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-15.
  7. ↑ Green Party of Michigan "Green Party of Michigan State Membership Meeting May 20th & 21st 2006, in Boyne City" Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine .. "migreens.org" (website)
  8. ↑ Greens, US. "Green Party Speakers Bureau". gp.org (website).
  9. ↑ "Bio: Douglas Campbell". 2006-10-09. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  10. ↑ The Constitution Party was founded as the U.S. Taxpayers' Party in 1992. The national party's name was changed to the Constitution Party in 1999.
  11. ↑ U.S. Taxpayers and Constitution Party of Michigan. "Gubernatorial Debate – Part II Bhagwan (Bob) Dashairya Enters Michigan Governor's Race " Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine .. ustaxpayersandconstitutionpartymi.com (website).
  12. ↑ SOS – Elections in Michigan
  13. ↑ Editor (June 2006). "State Party Newsletter". Constitution Party of Michigan. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29.
  14. ↑ "Strategic Vision Political". August 27, 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  15. ↑ Land, Terri Lynn (Michigan Secretary of State). " Campaign Finance Disclosure"
  16. ↑ Christoff, Chris (June 18, 2006). "DeVoses pour millions into GOP causes". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on June 27, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
  17. ↑ "2006 Citizen's Guide to Michigan Campaign Finance" (PDF). Michigan Campaign Finance Network. 18 July 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  18. ↑ Creswell, Gregory "Equal Means Equal" Archived 2006-12-06 at the Wayback Machine .. lpwm.org (website).
  19. ↑ Creswell, Gregory "campaign site". "gregcreswell.org" (website).
  20. ↑ Land, Terri (Secretary of State)."State Proposal – 06-2: Constitutional Amendment: Ban Affirmative Action Programs" Archived 2009-04-10 at the Wayback Machine .. mi.gov (website).
  21. ↑ Detnews.com | This article is no longer available online
  22. ↑ [ dead link ]
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  24. ↑ [ dead link ]
  25. ↑ Creswell, Gregory "Radio Commercial In Use" Archived 2006-12-07 at the Wayback Machine .. "gregcreswell.lpwm.org" (website)
  26. ↑ [ dead link ]
  27. ↑ [ dead link ]
  28. 1 2 "Agreement Governing Debates and Joint Appearances in Michigan's 2006 Gubernatorial Campaign" (PDF). WOOD-TV . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
  29. ↑ "Granholm, DeVos find common ground on 1 topic". Toledo Blade . October 13, 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  30. ↑ "A Special Broadcast from WKAR". WKAR-TV . Archived from the original on October 6, 2006.
  31. ↑ http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061003/POLITICS01/610030400
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2007-09-10.
  33. ↑ http://www.lsj.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061003/NEWS01/610030335/1312 Archived 2006-10-04 at the Wayback Machine .
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  35. ↑ http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061004/POLITICS01/610040369
  36. ↑ http://www.mlive.com/news/grpress/index.ssf?/base/news-32/1160206504163180.xml&coll=6 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine .
  37. ↑ http://www.mlive.com/news/grpress/index.ssf?/base/news-32/116057011613340.xml&coll=6&thispage=2%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  38. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2006-10-12.
  39. ↑ http://www.mlive.com/news/muchronicle/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1160059527159120.xml&coll=8&thispage=1 Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine .
  40. ↑ http://www.ludingtondailynews.com/news.php?story_id=33320
  41. ↑ http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061025/AUTO01/610250385
  42. ↑ Ellis, Mike (October 16, 2006). "Tonight's debate will lack three candidates: Campbell, Dashairya, Creswell also weren't invited to first two". Central Michigan University. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  43. ↑ http://www.detnow.com/wxyz/nw_local_news/article/0,2132,WXYZ_15924_5070251,00.html
  44. ↑ http://freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061016/NEWS99/61016049 Archived 2007-09-29 at the Wayback Machine .
  45. ↑ Boman, Scotty (October 3, 2006). "Mobalize On October 16th. Make WXYZ take notice". Libertarian Party of Michigan.
  46. ↑ http://michiganlp.org/Pictures/_w/October_16_debate_JPG.jpg
  47. ↑ http://michiganlp.org/Pictures/_w/debate_night_jpg.jpg
  48. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-28.
  49. ↑ US Taxpayers & Constitution Party of Michigan Constitution / US Taxpayers Party Website Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine .. "ustaxpayersandconstitutionpartymi.com" (website)
  50. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  51. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-07-26.
  52. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/us/politics/02poll.html?ex=
  53. ↑ http://miboecfr.nictusa.com/election/results/06GEN/
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