Milligania

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Milligania
Milligania densiflora.jpg
Milligania densiflora
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Asteliaceae
Genus: Milligania
Hook. f.
Species

See text.

Milligania is a genus of native perennial plants containing five species which are all found in Tasmania: [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

Contents

Formerly belonging to the Liliaceae family, Milligania is now a part of the Asteliaceae family. [4] Three of these species are alpine and subalpine, with the remaining two rare species growing along rivers in the south-west of the state. [4] All five species are restricted to very wet habitats and are typically found growing on waterlogged peat. [4] They are known to form extensive rough mats. [4]

Description

Plants within this genus are perennial, rhizomatous, tufted herbs with short stems, often forming small clumps. [6] [7] [8] [9]

Leaves

The broad, leathery leaves exhibit a triangular shape with pleats resembling those found in the Astelia genus. [4] [6] Leaves are alternately arranged [8] and sizes vary from quite small, measuring less than 5 cm in length, to large specimens reaching up to 1.25 m in length. [4] These leaves are sheathing in structure, with some silky hairs. [7]

Flowers and reproduction

The star-like flowers boast six tepals and are prominently displayed in inflorescences above the leaves. [4] [6] The flowers are pedicellate with basally fused tepals [9] which are primarily white, occasionally tinged with red at the tube mouth, with dense silky hairs that are rare in Aparagales. [7] [8] These inflorescences can reach heights of up to 50 cm, with flowers densely arranged in a panicle formation. [7] Each flower, measuring up to 1.5 cm wide, is abundant and spreading during the summer season. [7] Milligania species are all hermaphroditic and produce bisexual flowers. [10]

Fruit and seeds

Milligania has a dry capsule fruit containing several seeds [9] which contrasts to the fleshy fruit commonly found in the genera Astelia and Neoastelia in the Asteliaceae family. [4] [5] [8] Milligania, and some Astelia species possess trilocular ovaries. [8] Skottsberg proposed that features such as the capsular fruit, bisexual flowers and simple hairs observed in Milligania are primitive traits, or plesiomorphic. [10] Milligania was considered to be divergent from other genera within the Asteliaceae family due to its semi-inferior ovary and dry fruit. [11]

Roots

Thickened, fleshy roots from a short thick rhizome. [7]

Distribution and habitat

Distribution map of Milligania species in Tasmania. Distribution map of Milligania species.png
Distribution map of Milligania species in Tasmania.

While Asteliaceae taxa are distributed across Austral and Pacific regions, the primary centre of generic diversity is situated in Australia. [8] All five Milligania species are endemic to Tasmania. [8] According to a distribution map provided by the Atlas of Living Australia, Milligania is mainly distributed on the western side of the state, west of the geographical feature known as Tyler's Corridor. [13] This divide delineates significant differences in Tasmania's geology, climate, and vegetation. [13] Geological composition influences soil types, contributing to dramatic variations in vegetation across the state. [14] The western region typically experiences higher mean rainfall with acidic soils, leading to the prevalence of rainforest, moorland, and wet sclerophyll vegetation. [14] [15] Conversely, the eastern part of the state receives lower mean rainfall and has slightly more fertile soils, resulting in predominantly dry sclerophyll vegetation. [14] [15]

Plants within the Asteliaceae family exhibit a wide range of habitat preferences but generally thrive in environments with consistent moisture levels. [16] They are commonly found in tall, densely clustered habitats. [17] The five Milligania species occupy habitats ranging from lowland riparian valleys to alpine fellfields. [8]

Surface geology of Tasmania Tasmania simple geology map.png
Surface geology of Tasmania

Taxonomy

The genus name 'Milligania' was initially documented in Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 5: 296 (1853). [18] However, its placement within the Asteliaceae family has faced challenges due to insufficient support in a cladistic analysis involving both morphological and molecular data. [11] It has been regarded as an outlier within the family, diverging from the typical characteristics observed in other genera. [9] A cladistic study conducted by Maciunas et al. in 2011 revealed a potential sister relationship between the Neoastelia/Milligania and Collospermum/Astelia clades, based on analysis of morphological data. [19]

Asparagales

Orchidaceae

remaining Asparagales families

Within the Asteliaceae family, studies conducted in 2012 and 2013 grouped Milligania with Astelia. [8] [20] A 2021 study placed Neoastelia and Milligania as sisters: [21]

Asteliaceae

Neoastelia

Milligania

Astelia

Conservation status and threats

Milligania johnstonii and Milligania longifolia are listed as rare under the Threatened Species Act 1995. [22] [23] Milligania densiflora is not considered to be at risk in the wild. [24] There is no known status for Milligania lindoniana or Milligania stylosa.

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References

  1. ↑ Hooker, William Jackson (1853). Hooker's journal of botany and Kew Garden Miscellany. Vol. 5. London: Reeve, Benham, and Reeve.
  2. ↑ "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew". wcsp.science.kew.org. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  3. ↑ "Search results — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2021-05-09.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Key to Tasmanian Dicots". www.utas.edu.au. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
  5. 1 2 "Milligania - Encyclopedia of Life". eol.org. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
  6. 1 2 3 "Home". Alpine Garden Society. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "HortFlora". hortflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-03-29.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C.; Morden, Clifford W. (2012-10-01). "Molecular phylogeny and dating of Asteliaceae (Asparagales): Astelia s.l. evolution provides insight into the Oligocene history of New Zealand". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 102–115. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65..102B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.031. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   22664642.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Bayer, C.; Appel, O.; Rudall, P. J. (1998), Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.), "Asteliaceae", Flowering Plants · Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae), Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 141–145, doi:10.1007/978-3-662-03533-7_17, ISBN   978-3-662-03533-7 , retrieved 2024-04-03
  10. 1 2 Skottsberg, Carl Johan Fredrik. "Studies in the genus Astelia Banks et Solander". (No Title).
  11. 1 2 Rudall, PAULA J.; Chase, MARK W.; Cutler, DAVID F.; Rusby, JANET; De bruijn, ANETTE Y. (1998-05-01). "Anatomical and molecular systematics of Asteliaceae and Hypoxidaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 127 (1): 1–42. doi: 10.1006/bojl.1997.0164 . ISSN   0024-4074.
  12. ↑ "Search: genus: Milligania | Occurrence records | Atlas of Living Australia". biocache.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  13. 1 2 Tyler, Peter A. (1992). "A lakeland from the dreamtime the second founders' lecture". British Phycological Journal. 27 (4): 353–368. doi:10.1080/00071619200650301. ISSN   0007-1617.
  14. 1 2 3 Rees, Andrew B. H.; Cwynar, Les C. (2010). "A test of Tyler's Line – response of chironomids to a pH gradient in Tasmania and their potential as a proxy to infer past changes in pH". Freshwater Biology. 55 (12): 2521–2540. Bibcode:2010FrBio..55.2521R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2010.02482.x. ISSN   0046-5070.
  15. 1 2 Larsen, Kai (1999). "Reid, J. B., Hill, R. S., Brown, M. J. & Hovenden, M. J. (eds). 1999. Vegetation of Tasmania". Nordic Journal of Botany. 19 (5): 622. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01151.x. ISSN   0107-055X.
  16. ↑ Carlquist, Sherwin (2012-06-01). "Monocot Xylem Revisited: New Information, New Paradigms". The Botanical Review. 78 (2): 87–153. Bibcode:2012BotRv..78...87C. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9096-1. ISSN   1874-9372.
  17. ↑ Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C.; Morden, Clifford W. (2012-10-01). "Molecular phylogeny and dating of Asteliaceae (Asparagales): Astelia s.l. evolution provides insight into the Oligocene history of New Zealand". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 65 (1): 102–115. Bibcode:2012MolPE..65..102B. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2012.05.031. ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   22664642.
  18. ↑ "WFO Plant List | World Flora Online". wfoplantlist.org. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
  19. ↑ Maciunas, Elizabeth; Conran, John G.; Bannister, Jennifer M.; Paull, Rosemary; Lee, Daphne E. (2011-04-29). "Miocene Astelia (Asparagales: Asteliaceae) macrofossils from southern New Zealand". Australian Systematic Botany. 24 (1): 19–31. doi:10.1071/SB10035. ISSN   1446-5701.
  20. ↑ Birch, Joanne L.; Keeley, Sterling C. (2013). Richardson, James (ed.). "Dispersal pathways across the Pacific: the historical biogeography of Astelia s.l. (Asteliaceae, Asparagales)". Journal of Biogeography. 40 (10): 1914–1927. Bibcode:2013JBiog..40.1914B. doi:10.1111/jbi.12169. ISSN   0305-0270.
  21. ↑ Birch, Joanne L.; Kocyan, Alexander (2021-10-01). "Biogeography of the monocotyledon astelioid clade (Asparagales): A history of long-distance dispersal and diversification with emerging habitats". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 163: 107203. Bibcode:2021MolPE.16307203B. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107203 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   33992785.
  22. ↑ "Milligania johnstonii - Threatened Species Link". www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  23. ↑ "Milligania longifolia - Threatened Species Link". www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au. Retrieved 2024-04-03.
  24. ↑ "Milligania densiflora". Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 2024-04-03.
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