Myrica caroliniensis

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Myrica caroliniensis
Morella carolinensis Robbie Green 1zz.jpg
Morella carolinensis 'Robbie Green'
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fagales
Family: Myricaceae
Genus: Myrica
Species:
M. caroliniensis
Binomial name
Myrica caroliniensis
P. Mill. 1768
Synonyms [1]
  • Cerothamnus pensylvanicus(Loisel.) Moldenke
  • Myrica pennsylvanicaLam.

Myrica caroliniensis is a shrub or small tree native to the coast and coastal plains of southeastern North America. Its common names include bayberry, southern bayberry, pocosin bayberry, and evergreen bayberry. It sees uses in the garden and for candlemaking, as well as a medicinal plant.

Contents

Taxonomy

This plant is one of several Myrica species that are sometimes split into the genus Morella, e.g. in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Additionally M. pensylvanica , which occurs more northerly, and this species are sometimes lumped, disregarding the putative difference that M. pensylvanica is deciduous. M. caroliniensis has several synonyms aside from the Myrica/Morella and M. pensylvanica splits: Myrica heterophylla, Cerothamnus caroliniensis, and Myrica heterophylla var. curtissii. M. caroliniensis is similar to wax myrtle, M. cerifera . These plants' leaves and scent distinguish them: wax myrtle leaves have scent glands on both sides and are fragrant when crushed, bayberry has scent glands mainly on the leaf undersides and is not markedly fragrant. Bayberry and wax myrtle hybridize. [2] [3] [4]

Description

Myrica caroliniensis is a shrub or small tree adapted to a range of environments from dunes to pocosins, mostly associated with wetlands. [2] [4] [5]

In nature, it ranges from Texas to Maryland on the U.S. east coast. It is difficult to distinguish from M. pensylvanica which occurs north to Canada. [5]

Myrica caroliniensis is evergreen or tardily deciduous, forming rhizomatous colonies. The glandular leaves are long with a leathery texture and serrated edges. The plant is dioecious, with male and female flowers borne on separate plants. Male flowers have three to five stamens surrounded by short bracts. Female flowers develop into globular drupes surrounded by a waxy coating. The species flowers from spring to early summer, and bears fruit in late summer or fall. [5] [6]

Bayberry is an actinorhizal plant: its roots feature nitrogen fixing nodules formed in symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinobacterium Frankia . Thus it is tolerant of nitrogen-poor, acidic soils such as wetlands and dunes. [4]

The fruit is a source of food for many bird species, including the northern bobwhite quail and the wild turkey. In winter, the seeds are important foods for the Carolina wren and species of tree sparrow. To a point, M. caroliniensis will also provide habitat for the northern bobwhite quail. Birds' digestive systems remove the wax from the fruit, a prerequisite for germination. [6]

Uses

Ornamental

Myrica caroliniensis finds use in gardening and horticulture. [7]

Herbalism

Pioneers used the bark of bayberry in dentifrice. [4]

Choctaw boiled bayberry and used the result as a treatment for fevers. In 1722, it was reported that colonists in Louisiana drank a mixture of wax and hot water to treat severe dysentery. [8] Bayberry was reported in an account from 1737 as being used to treat convulsions, colic, palsy, and seizures. [9] Starting in the early 19th century, the herbalist Samuel Thomson recommended this plant for producing "heat" within the body and as a treatment for infectious diseases and diarrhea. That use of bayberry waned later in the 19th century, in favor of using it for a variety of ailments, including a topical use for bleeding gums. [10] For twenty years starting in 1916, bayberry root bark was listed in the American National Formulary. [9]

In general, either a decoction or a tincture is used. [10] Infusions and a topical paste have also been used. [9]

Pregnant women should not use bayberry. [9]

Candles

Southern bayberry's fruits are a traditional source of the wax for those old-fashioned Christmas decorations called bayberry candles. [6] The wax was extracted by boiling the berries, and skimming off the floating hydrocarbons. The fats were then boiled again and then strained. After that the liquid was usable in candle making, whether through dipping or molding. Southern bayberry is not the only plant usable for making bayberry candles, however. Its close relatives are also usable. [11]

Southern bayberry and its relatives have largely been supplanted in candlemaking by substitutes made from paraffin. The substitute candles have artificial colors and aroma compounds that create candles that look and smell similar to natural ones. [11]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wax</span> Class of organic compounds which are malleable at room temperature

Waxes are a diverse class of organic compounds that are lipophilic, malleable solids near ambient temperatures. They include higher alkanes and lipids, typically with melting points above about 40 °C (104 °F), melting to give low viscosity liquids. Waxes are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents such as hexane, benzene and chloroform. Natural waxes of different types are produced by plants and animals and occur in petroleum.

<i>Myrtus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae

Myrtus is a genus of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. It was first described by Swedish botanist Linnaeus in 1753.

<i>Myrica gale</i> Species of flowering plant (bog-myrtle)

Myrica gale is a species of flowering plant in the family Myricaceae native to parts of Eurasia and North America. Common names include bog-myrtle, sweet willow, Dutch myrtle, and sweetgale.

<i>Myrica</i> Genus of flowering plants

Myrica is a genus of about 35–50 species of small trees and shrubs in the family Myricaceae, order Fagales. The genus has a wide distribution, including Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and South America, and missing only from Antarctica and Oceania. Some botanists split the genus into two genera on the basis of the catkin and fruit structure, restricting Myrica to a few species, and treating the others in Morella.

<i>Myrica rubra</i> Species of tree

Myrica rubra, also called yangmei, yamamomo, Chinese bayberry, red bayberry, yumberry, waxberry, or Chinese strawberry is a subtropical tree grown for its fruit.

<i>Xerophyllum asphodeloides</i> Species of flowering plant

Xerophyllum asphodeloides is a North American species of flowering plants in the Melanthiaceae known by the common names turkey beard, eastern turkeybeard, beartongue, grass-leaved helonias, and mountain asphodel. It is native to the eastern United States, where it occurs in the southern Appalachian Mountains from Virginia to Alabama, and also in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.

<i>Myrica californica</i> Species of shrub

Myrica californica is an evergreen shrub or small tree native to the Pacific Ocean coast of North America from Vancouver Island south to California as far south as the Long Beach area.

Bayberry wax is an aromatic green vegetable wax. It is removed from the surface of the fruit of the bayberry (wax-myrtle) shrub by boiling the fruits in water and skimming the wax from the surface of the water. It is made up primarily of esters of lauric, myristic, and palmitic acid.

<i>Myrica pensylvanica</i> Species of flowering plant

Myrica pensylvanica, the northern bayberry, is a species of Myrica native to eastern North America, from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Ohio, and south to North Carolina. It is also classified as Morella pensylvanica.

<i>Myrica faya</i> Species of tree

Myrica faya is a species of Myrica, native to Macaronesia, and possibly also western coastal mainland Portugal.

<i>Myrica cerifera</i> Species of flowering evergreen shrub in the Myrtle family (Myricaceae)

Myrica cerifera is a small evergreen tree or large shrub native to North and Central America and the Caribbean. Its common names include southern wax myrtle, southern bayberry, candleberry, bayberry tree, and tallow shrub. It has uses in the garden and for candlemaking, as well as a medicinal plant.

M. californica may refer to:

G. californica may refer to:

<i>Myrica esculenta</i> Species of tree

Myrica esculenta is a tree or large shrub of the tropics. The native range of this species stretches from Northern India (Uttarakhand) to Nepal to southern China and western and central Malesia. Its common names include box myrtle, bayberry and kaphal. Its berries are edible and are consumed locally.

<i>Eubotrys racemosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Eubotrys racemosa is a species of flowering plant in the heath family known by the common names fetterbush, swamp doghobble, and swamp sweetbells.

The East Gulf coastal plain savanna and wet prairie is a herbaceous wetland community found in the eastern Gulf coastal plain, in the states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia. It is also known as a "lush grassland", "grass-sedge savannah", or "wet savanna".

<i>Myrica inodora</i> Species of flowering plant

Myrica inodora is a plant species native to the coastal plains on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, in the Florida Panhandle, the extreme southern parts of Alabama and Mississippi, eastern Louisiana and southwestern Georgia. Common names include scentless bayberry, odorless bayberry, odorless wax-myrtle, waxberry, candleberry, and waxtree. It grows in swamps, bogs, pond edges and stream banks.

Southern bayberry is a common name for several plants and may refer to:

Colaspis pseudofavosa is a species of leaf beetle from North America. It is a post-harvest pest of blueberries in the southeastern United States, and also feeds on plants such as southern wax myrtles and pecans.

References

  1. The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species , retrieved 11 May 2016
  2. 1 2 "Southern Bayberry (Morella caroliniensis)" . Retrieved 2014-05-27.
  3. "ITIS Standard Report Page: Morella caroliniensis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Morella caroliniensis" (PDF). IITF . Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 "Myrica heterophylla in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". Flora of North America . Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Timothy R. Van Deelen (1991). "Myrica cerifera". Fire Effects Information System. United States Forest Service . Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  7. "Plants profile for Morella caroliniensis (Southern bayberry)". USDA Plants database. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  8. Michael Castleman (1991). The Healing Herbs. Rhodale Press. p. 69. ISBN   0-87857-934-6.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Andrew Chevallier (1996). The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. The Reader's Digest Association. p. 236. ISBN   0-88850-546-9.
  10. 1 2 Michael Castleman (1991). The Healing Herbs. Rhodale Press. p. 70. ISBN   0-87857-934-6.
  11. 1 2 Back to the Basics - How to Learn and Enjoy Our Traditional Skills. Montreal, PQ: The Reader's Digest Association Canada. 1981. p. 372. ISBN   -0-88850-098-X.