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The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[ citation needed ] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev. [1]
English name | Other names or former names |
---|---|
![]() | al-Qādis – قادس (Arabic*), Cadice (Italian*), Cadis (Catalan*, Valencian), Cádis (Portuguese*), Cadix (French*), Cadiz (German*, Romanian*), Cádiz (Spanish*), Gádeira – Γάδειρα (Ancient Greek*), Gadir – גדר (Phoenician*), Gēdeira – Γήδειρα (Ionian Greek*), Jiādesī – 加的斯 (Chinese*), Kadij – কাডিজ (Bengali*), Kadis – Кадис (Russian*), Kadiseu / K'adisŭ – 카디스 (Korean*), Kadisu – カディス (Japanese*), Kadiz (Albanian, Basque*, Ladino*, Maltese), Kadiz – Кадиз (Serbian*), Kadizo (Esperanto*), Kadyks (Polish*), Gàdé'ěr - 噶德尔 (Mandarin) |
![]() | Cagliari (Dutch*, Italian*, Finnish*, Spanish*, Romanian*), Càller (Aragonese*, Catalan*), Caralis (Latin*), Casteddu (Sardinian*), Kagliari (Ladino*), Kaljari (Albanian, Maltese), Kaljari – Каљари (Serbian*) |
![]() | Calagorra (Aragonese*), Calagurris (Latin*), Calahorra (Dutch*, French*, Spanish*), Kalaora – Калаора (Serbian*) |
![]() | Kalē (Latvian*), Kale – Кале (Serbian*), Kales (Dutch alternate*) |
![]() | Camaracum (Latin*), Cambrai (French*, German*), Cambraia (Portuguese), Camerick or Camericke (historical English*), Kambre – Камбре (Serbian*), Kambryk or Kamerich (former German*), Kamerijk (Dutch*), Kimbré (Picard *) |
![]() ![]() | Caergrawnt (Welsh*), Cantabrigia (Latin*), Cantabrígia or Cambrígia (Portuguese, rare*), Duroliponte or Durolipons (Roman Latin*), Jiān qiáo – 劍橋 (Chinese*), Kāngqiáo – 康橋 (former Chinese [2] ), Kantavrigía – Κανταβριγία (Greek Katharevousa), Kéimbridz – Κέιμπριτζ (Greek*), Keimbeuriji / K'eimbŭriji – 케임브리지 (Korean), Kembridž – Кембриџ (Serbian*), Kembridža (Latvian*), Kembridžas (Lithuanian*), Kembriĝo (Esperanto*), Kemburijji – ケンブリッジ (Japanese*), Kergront (Cornish), Keymbrige – קיימברידג (Hebrew*) |
![]() | Câmpulung Moldovenesc (Romanian*), Dovhopillja – Довгопілля (Ukrainian), Hosszúmező (Hungarian*), Kimpulung Moldovanesk – Кимпулунг Молдованеск (Serbian*) |
![]() ![]() | Caer-Cant (Saxon), Caergaint (Welsh*), Cantorbéry (French*), Cantuaria (medieval Latin*), Cantuária (Portuguese*), Durovernum Cantiacorum (Roman Latin*), Kaenteoberi / K'aent'ŏberi – 캔터베리 (Korean), Kantaraborg (Icelandic*), Kǎntèbèiléi – 坎特貝雷 (Chinese*), Kenterberi – Кентербери (Serbian), Kenterberija (Latvian*), Kantelberg (Dutch*), Kergent (Cornish) |
![]() | Carcassona (Catalan*, Italian*, Occitan*, Portuguese*), Carcasona (Spanish*), Carcassonne (Finnish*, French*), Julia Carcaso or Carcaso (Latin*), Karkason – Каркасон (Serbian*) |
![]() ![]() | Caerdydd (Welsh*, Irish*, Scottish Gaelic), Cardife or Cardívio (Portuguese, rare*), Kādifu – カーディフ (Japanese*), Kadipeu / K'adip'ŭ – 카디프 (Korean), Kardif – Кардиф (Serbian*), Kārdifa (Latvian*), Kardip (Tagalog*), Ovicubium (Vulgar Latin *) |
![]() ![]() | Caerliwelydd (Welsh*), Cathair Luail (Irish, Scottish Gaelic*), Karlajl – Карлајл (Serbian), Lùgǔwǎlì - 鹿古瓦利 (Mandarin) |
![]() | Karlovi Vari (Bulgarian*, Croatian*, Romanian*), Karlove Vari – Карлове Вари (Serbian*), Karlovy Vary (Czech*, Turkish*), Karlowe Wary (Polish*), Karlsbad (Dutch*, German*, Swedish*), Karlsbāde (Latvian*), Károlyfürdő (Hungarian) |
![]() | al-Qartājanna (Arabic), Cartagena (Catalan*, Dutch*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Cartagina (Romanian*), Carthagène (French*), Carthago Nova (Latin*), Kartagina (Polish*), Kartaġni (Maltese), Kartahena – Картахена (Serbian*), Kartaxena (Azeri*), Karthayéni – Καρθαγένη (Greek*), QRT𐤟ḤDŠT - 𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 (Phoenician/Punic), Xīn Jiātàijī - 新迦太基 (Mandarin) |
![]() | Calteddu * or Caltheddu Saldhu (local dialect), Caltheddu (Corsican), Castheddu Sardhu (Sassarese *), Casteddu Sardu (Sardinian *), Castel Aragonés (former Catalan, 1448–1767*), Castelgenovese (former Italian, 1102–1448*), Castelsardo (Italian*), Castillo Aragonés (former Spanish, 1448–1767*), Castrum Aragonense or Castrum Aragoniense (Latin, since 1448*), Castrum Ianuae or Castrum Ianuense (older Latin, 1102–1448), Emporiae (older Latin*), Kastelsardo – Кастелсардо (Serbian), Yànwéibǎo - 燕维堡/燕維堡 (Mandarin) |
![]() | Catane (French*), Catânia (Portuguese*), Katanja (Maltese*) Katanya (Turkish*), Katánia – Κατάνια (Greek*) |
![]() | Celeia (Latin*), Celje – Цеље (Serbian*), Celje (Slovene*), Cille (Hungarian*), Cilli (older English*, German*), Kelea (Celtic) |
![]() | Budweis (Dutch*, former English*, German*), České Budějovice (Czech*, Slovak*), Češke Budjejovice – Чешке Будјејовице (Serbian*), Cheseuki Budeyobiche / Ch'esŭk'i Pudeyobich'e – 체스키 부데요비체 (Korean), Ches'ke-Budejovyce – Чеське-Будєйовіце (Ukrainian), Czeskie Budziejowice (Polish*) |
![]() | Český Těšín (Czech*), Češki Tješin – Чешки Тјешин (Serbian*), Ches'ky-Teshyn – Чеські-Тешин (Ukrainian), Czeski Cieszyn (Polish*), Tschechisch-Teschen (German*) |
![]() | Cesis – Цэсіс (Belarusian*), Cēsis (Latvian*), [KNAB] , Cesis – Цесис (Serbian*) Cėsys (Lithuanian), [KNAB] Kes – Кесь (archaic Russian*), Kėsys (archaic Lithuanian), [KNAB] Kieś (Polish*), [KNAB] Tsesis – Цесис (Russian*), [KNAB] Tsesis – Цесіс (Ukrainian*), Wenden (German*), [KNAB] Venden (Livonian), Venden – Венденъ (archaic Russian), [KNAB] Venden – Венден (archaic Ukrainian), Võnnu (Estonian*) [KNAB] |
![]() | Cettigne (Italian*), Çetince (Turkish), Cetinje – Цетиње (Serbian*), Cetinje (Slovene), Cetynia (Polish*), Ketígni – Κετίγνη (Greek*) |
![]() | Cálcis or Cálcida (Portuguese*), Calcide (Italian*), Chalkida (German*), Chalkída – Χαλκίδα (Modern Greek*), Chalcis (French*, Latin*), Chalkis (older German*), Chalkís – Χαλκίς (Ancient Greek, Greek Katharevousa*), Halkida – Халкида (Serbian*), Khalkis (Finnish), Negroponte (medieval Italian) |
![]() | Chamberí (old Spanish), Chambéry (Dutch, French, German), Sciamberì (old Italian), Šamberi – Шамбери (Serbian*) |
![]() | Chaniá – Χανιά (Greek*), Hania (Finnish*, Romanian*), Hanja – Хања (Serbian*), Hanya (Turkish), La Canea (Catalan*, Italian*, Spanish*), La Canée (French*) |
![]() | Charleroi (Dutch*, Finnish*, French*, German, Romanian*), Châlerwè (alternative Walloon), Karelskoning (alternative Dutch), Karloreĝo (Esperanto*), Karolingen (former German), Šarleruā (Latvian*), Šarlroa – Шарлроа (Serbian*), Sharleroah – שרלרואה (Hebrew*), Sharururowa – シャルルロワ (Japanese*), Tchålerwè (Walloon*) |
![]() | Cheb (Czech*), Eger (German*), Heb – Хеб (Serbian*) |
![]() | Chełmno (Polish*), Culm (variant in German*), Helmno (Latvian*), Helmno – Хелмно (Serbian*), Khelmno – Хелмно (Russian*, Ukrainian*), Kulm (German*), Kulmas (Lithuanian*) |
![]() | Chemnitz (German*, Finnish*, Romanian*), Chemnicium (Latin*), Kamienica Saska (Polish, historical, obsolete*), Kamjenica (Sorbian), Kemnic – Кемниц (Serbian*), Saská Kamenice (Czech, old*), Karl-Marx-Stadt (German, 1953–1990*) |
![]() | Chernigov – Чернигов (Russian*), Černigov – Чернигов (Serbian*), Chernihiv – Чернігів (Ukrainian*), Czernihów (Polish), Tschernigow (obsolete German*), Tschernihiw (German*), Tšernihiv (Finnish) |
![]() | Čarnaŭcy – Чарнаўцы (Belarusian*), Cernăuţi (Romanian*), Černivci – Чернивци (Serbian*), Černovice (Czech*, Slovak*), Chernivtsi – Чернівці (Ukrainian*), Chernovitsy – Черновицы (Russian, before 1944*), Chernovtsi – Черновци (Bulgarian*), Chernovtsy – Черновцы (Russian*), Csernivci or Csernovic (Hungarian variants), Csernyivci (Hungarian*), Czerniowce (Polish*), Czernovicensia (Ecclesiastical Latin), Czernowitz (German*), Tchernivtsi (French*), Tjernivtsi (Swedish*), Tschernowitz (German variant*), Tšernivtsi (Finnish), Tshernovits – טשערנאָוויץ (Yiddish*), Tsjernivtsi (Norwegian [Nynorsk* and Bokmål*]), Chernovitz – צ'רנוביץ (Hebrew*) |
![]() | Cernobâl (Romanian variant*), Çernobıl (Azeri*), Çernobil (Turkish*), Cernobil, Černobyl' * or Čornobyl' (Italian), Cernobîl (Romanian*), Černobil (Slovene*), Černobilj – Чернобиљ (Serbian*), Černobyl (Czech*), Černobyľ (Slovak*), Chernobil or Chernóbil (Portuguese variants*), Chernobyl – Чернобыль (Russian*), Cherunobuiri – チェルノブイリ (Japanese*), Choreunobil / Ch'orŭnobil – 초르노빌 (Korean), Chornobyl – Чорнобиль (Ukrainian*), Csernobil (Hungarian*), Czarnobyl (Polish*), Qièěrnuòpéiěr – 切爾諾貝爾 (Chinese*), Searnóbail (Irish), Tchernobil or Tchernóbil (Portuguese variants*), Tchernobyl (French*), Tjernobyl (Swedish*), Tschernobyl or Tschornobyl (German*), Tšernobyl (Finnish), Tšernobõl (Estonian*) |
![]() | Černiachovskas (Lithuanian*), Cernihovsk (Romanian*), Černjahovsk – Черњаховск (Serbian), Chernyakhovsk (Russian*), Insterburg (German*), Įsrutis (Lithuanian*), Tšernjahovsk (Finnish), Wystruć (Polish*) |
![]() ![]() | Caerllion-ar-Dyfrdwy usually abbreviated to Caer, Historically also known as Deverdoeu (Welsh*), Castra Devana or Deva (Latin*), Čester – Честер (Serbian) |
![]() | Camars (Umbrian) Chiusi (Italian), Clevsin (Etruscan), Clusium (Latin) Klysion - Κλύσιον (Ancient Greek) |
![]() | Chișinău (Catalan*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Romanian*), Chisinau (Dutch*, Finnish variant*, Portuguese variant*, Spanish*), Císineá (Irish), Keshenev – קעשענעװ (Yiddish*), Kichinev (French variant*), Kischinau (German variant*), Kischinew (German variant*), Kishinau – キシナウ (Japanese*), Kishinev (former English*), Kishinev – קישינב (Hebrew*), Kishinjov – Кишинёв (Russian*), Kīšīnāw (Arabic), Kišineu (Bulgarian), Kišiněv (Czech*), Kişinev (Turkish*), Kišiņeva (Latvian*), Kišiniovas (Lithuanian*), Kišinjev (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Finnish alternate, Slovene*), Kišinjev – Кишињев (Serbian*), Kišiňov (Slovak*), Kişinyov (Azeri), Kisinyov (Hungarian*), Kisjenő (older Hungarian*), Kisnóvio – Κισνόβιο (Greek), Kiszyniów (Polish*), Kyshyniv – Кишинів (Ukrainian*), Quichinau or Quixinau (Portuguese variants*), Quixineve (Portuguese, obsolete*) |
![]() | Chorzów (Polish*), Hojūfu – ホジューフ (Japanese*), Hožaŭ – Гожаў (Belarusian*), Hožov – Хожов (Serbian), Khozhiv – Хожів (Ukrainian*), Khozhuv – Хожув (Russian*), Königshütte (German*), Chořov (Czech *), Królewska Huta (Polish, until 1934*) |
![]() | Chur (Dutch, German), Coira (Italian*), Coire (French*), Cuira (Romansh*), Curia Raetorum (Latin*), Hur – Хур (Serbian*) |
![]() | Čierna nad Tisou (Slovak*), Chierna-nad-Tisoyu – Чєрна-над-Тісою (Ukrainian*), Čjerna na Tisi – Чјерна на Тиси (Serbian), Czerna nad Cisą (Polish*) Tiszacsernyő (Hungarian) |
![]() | Cieszyn (Polish*), Teschen (Dutch*, German*), Těšín (Czech*), Tešín (Slovak*), Tessium (Latin*), Tješin – Тјешин (Serbian), Tseshin – Цешин (Russian*, Ukrainian*) |
![]() | Augustonemetum (Latin*), Clarmont (Occitan*), Clermonte (Spanish*), Klermon Feran – Клермон Феран (Serbian*) |
![]() | Cléveris (Spanish*), Clèves (French*), Cleves (Portuguese*), Clivia (Latin), Kleef (Dutch*), Kleve (German*), Kleve – Клеве (Serbian) |
![]() | Claudiopolis (Ecclesiastical Latin*), Cluj (French*, Romanian*,informal), Cluj-Napoca (Dutch*, formal Romanian*), Kaloşvar (Turkish*), Klausenburg (German*), Kluž (Czech*, Slovak*), Kluż (Polish*), Kluž-Napoka – Клуж-Напока (Serbian*), Kolozsvár (Hungarian*), Keullujinapoka / K'ŭllujinap'ok'a – 클루지나포카 (Korean*), Napoca (Classical Latin*) |
![]() | An Cóbh (Irish*), Kov – Ков (Serbian), Queenstown or Cove (former English*) |
![]() | Coblença (Portuguese*), Coblence (French*), Coblenza (Italian*, Spanish*), Confluentes (Latin*), Koblenc – Кобленц (Serbian*), Koblencja (Polish*), Koblenz (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Romanian*, Slovene*), Koblenza (Maltese*), Kueblenz (Luxembourgish*) |
![]() | Cobourg (French*), Coburg (Dutch*, German*), Coburgo (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish), Koburg – Кобург (Serbian), Kovoúrgon – Κοβούργον (Greek Katharevousa*) |
![]() | Coimbra (Finnish*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Coïmbra (Catalan*) Coimbre (French*), Conimbriga (Latin*), Koimbeura / K'oimbŭra – 코임브라 (Korean), Koimbra – Коимбра (Serbian*), Qulumriya (Arabic) |
![]() ![]() | Camulodunum (Latin*), Camulodunon (British), Kolčester – Колчестер (Serbian) |
![]() | Cöln (older German variant*), Cologne (French*), Colònia (Catalan*), Colonia (Italian*, Spanish*), Colónia (Portuguese*), Cołonia (Venetian*), Colonia Agrippina (Latin*), Cwlen (Welsh*), Keln – קלן (Hebrew*), Keln – Келн (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Kel'n – Кельн (Ukrainian*), Keln – קעלן (Yiddish*), Kelnas (Lithuanian*), Ķelne (Latvian*), Kèlóng 科隆 (Chinese*), Kerun – ケルン (Japanese*), Keulen (Afrikaans*, Dutch*, West Frisian*), Kjol'n – Кёльн (Russian*), Koelleun / K'oellŭn – 쾰른 (Korean*), Kolín nad Rýnem (Czech*), Kolín nad Rýnom (Slovak*), Kölle (Cologne Ripuarian dialect*, Köln (Azeri*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Icelandic*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), K'oln – Кьолн (Bulgarian*), Kolon – कोलोन (Marathi*), Kolon – โคโลญ (Thai*), Kolonia (Basque*, Polish*), Kolonía – Κολωνία (Greek*), Kolonja (Maltese), Kūlūniya – كولوني (Arabic*), Køln (Danish*, Norwegian*) |
![]() | Comăneşti (Romanian*), Komanešti – Команешти (Serbian*), Kománfalva (Hungarian*) |
![]() | Côme (French*), Comum or Novum Comum (Latin*), Cum (Romansh), Komo – Комо (Serbian*) |
![]() | Constança (Brazilian Portuguese*), Constanța (Finnish*, Romanian*), Konstanz or Konstanza (German*), Kanstanca – Канстанца (Belarusian*), Konstanca (Hungarian*, Polish*, Slovak*), Konstanca – Констанца (Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Köstence (Turkish*), Kyustendzha – Кюстенджа (Bulgarian*), Tomis (Latin*) |
![]() | Beirbh (Scottish Gaelic, obsolete), Cóbanhávan (Irish*), Copenaghen (Italian*), Copenhaga (Portuguese*, Romanian*), Copenhague (Brazilian Portuguese*, Catalan*, French*, Spanish*), Gēběnhāgēn – 哥本哈根 (Chinese*), Hafnia (Latin*), Kaufmannshafen (old German*), Kaupmannahöfn (Icelandic*), Keappenhaven (alternate West Frisian*), Keypmannahavn (Faroese*), Kobenhaven (Slovene*), København (Danish*, Norwegian*), Kodaň (Czech*, Slovak*), Kööpenhamina (Finnish*), Kopencháyi – Κοπεγχάγη (Greek*), Kopengagen (Russian*), Kopenhaagen (Estonian*), Kopenhag (Turkish*), Kopenhaga (Lithuanian*, Polish *), Kopenhagë (Albanian*), Kopenhagen (Azeri*, Croatian*, Dutch*, German*), Kopenhagen – Копенхаген or Kupimore – Купиморе (Bulgarian*, Serbian*), Kopenhagen – קופנהגן (Hebrew*), Kopenhāgen – コペンハーゲン (Japanese*), Kopenhagen / K'op'enhagen – 코펜하겐 (Korean), Kopenħagen (Maltese), Kopenhāgena (Latvian*), Kopenhago (Esperanto*), Köpenhamn (Swedish*), Koppenhága (Hungarian*), Kūbinhāġin (Arabic*) |
![]() | Cordoba (Dutch*, German*, Romanian*), Córdoba (Spanish*, Finnish*), Corduba (Latin*), Cordoue (French*), Còrdova (Catalan*), Cordova (English, Interlingua, Italian*, former Romanian*), Córdova (Portuguese*), Kordhoúi – Κορδούη (Greek Katharevousa*), Kórdhova – Κόρδοβα (Demotic Greek*), Kordoba – קורדובה (Hebrew*), Kordoba – Кордоба (Serbian*), Kordoba (Slovene*), Kordova or Qurtuba (Azeri*), Kordova (Latvian*, Ladino *), Kordowa (Polish*), Ladino alternate), Koreudoba / K'orŭdoba – 코르도바 (Korean), Korudoba – コルドバ (Japanese*), Qurtubah (Arabic) |
![]() | Corcira or Corfu (Portuguese*, Romanian*), Corcyra (Latin*), Corcyre (French alternate under Napoleonic rule*), Corfou (French*), Corfù (Italian*), Corfú (Catalan*, Irish, Spanish*), Kérkira – Κέρκυρα (Greek*), Kerkira – Керкира (Russian*), Koreupu / Korŭp'u – 코르푸 (Korean), Korfoe or Corfu (Dutch*), Korfu (Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Ladino, Polish*, Slovak*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Korfu – Корфу (Bulgarian*), Korfù (Maltese), Krf (Croatian*, Slovene*), Krf – Крф (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Korfuz (Albanian*) |
![]() | Corint (Catalan*, Romanian*), Corinthe (French*), Corinthus (Latin*), Corintus (Scottish Gaelic, archaic), Corinto (Italian*, Portuguese*, Spanish*), Karynf – Карынф (Belarusian*), Korinf (Azeri*), Korinf – Коринф (Russian*, Ukrainian*), Korint – Коринт (Bulgarian*, Serbian*), Korint (Croatian*, Czech*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Turkish*), Kórinta (Icelandic*), Korinta (Latvian*), Korintas (Lithuanian*), Korinth (Danish*, German*, Swedish*), Korinthe (Dutch*), Kórinthos – Κόρινθος (Greek*), Korintosz (Hungarian*), Korintti (Finnish*), Korintu (Maltese), Korynt (Polish*) |
![]() | Corc (Welsh*), Corcagia (Latin*), Corcaigh (Irish, Scottish Gaelic*), Cork (Danish*, Dutch*, German*, Italian*, Spanish*, Swedish*), Koreukeu / K'orŭk'ŭ – 코르크 (Korean), Kork (Azeri*), Kork – Корк (Serbian*), Korka (Latvian*), Kuò'ěrkǎihè - 阔尔凯赫 (Mandarin) |
![]() | Corte (Dutch*, German*, French*, Italian*), Corti (Corsican*), Korte – Корте (Serbian) |
![]() | Cortona (Latin, Italian), Curtun - 𐌂𐌖𐌓𐌕𐌖𐌍 (Etruscan) |
![]() | A Coruña (Galician*), La Coruña (Spanish*, Dutch*, Finnish*), Corùna (Scottish Gaelic), Corunha (Portuguese*), Korunja – Коруња (Serbian*), La Corogne (French*), La Coruna (Romanian*), Lakoruņa (Latvian*), La Korunya (Ladino*), Rakorūnya – ラ・コルーニャ (Japanese*) |
![]() | Chociebuż (Polish*), Chóśebuz (Sorbian), Chotěbuz (Czech*), Chotebuz (archaic Slovak*), Cottbus (German*), Kotbus – Котбус (Serbian*), Kottbus (archaic German*) |
![]() | Crécy-en-Ponthieu (French*), Kresčak (Czech*, archaic Slovak*), Kresi an Pontje – Креси ан Понтје (Serbian*) |
![]() | Coni (French*, Occitan*, Piedmontese*), Cuneum (Latin*), Kuneo – Кунео (Serbian*) |
English name | Other names or former names |
---|---|
![]() | Borisoglebsk – Борисоглебск (Russian, 1656–1667), [KNAB] Daugavpils (Estonian*, Finnish*, Latvian*, Romanian*), Daugavpils – Даугавпилс (Russian*, [KNAB] Serbian*), Daugawpils (Afrikaans alternative*), Daŭgaŭpils – Даўгаўпілс (Belarusian*), Daugpėlis (Samogitian *), Daugpilis (Lithuanian*), [KNAB] Daugpiļs (Latgalian), Denenburg – דענענבורג (Yiddish*), Dinaburg (Livonian, 1275–1893), Dünaburg (former Estonian*, German*), [KNAB] Dunaburgum, Duna urbs or Duneburgum (Latin), [3] [4] [5] Duneborch (Low German), [6] Dvinohrad (Czech alternative), [KNAB] Dvinsk – דוינסק (Hebrew*), Dvinsk – Двинcк (archaic Russian*), [KNAB] Dynaburg (archaic Swedish), [KNAB] Dynaburg – Дынабург (archaic Belarusian, archaic Taraškievica Belarusian), Dyneburg (Polish*), [KNAB] Dzvinsk – Дзвінск (Belarusian), Dźvinsk – Дзьвінск (Taraškievica Belarusian*), Dźwińsk or Dźwinów (archaic Polish variants*), Väinalinn (archaic Estonian variant), [KNAB] Väinänlinna (Finnish alternative*) [KNAB] |
![]() | Dărmănești (Romanian*), Darmanešti – Дарманешти (Serbian), Dermenešt' – Дерменешть (Ukrainian*), Dormánfalva (Hungarian*) |
![]() | Dabosu – ダボス (Japanese*), Davos (German*), Davos – Давос (Russian*, Serbian*), Davós – Νταβός (Greek*), Dá wò sī – 達沃斯 (Chinese*), Tafaat (local Romansh dialect), Tavate (Italian, rarely*), Tavau (Romansh*) |
![]() | Debeurechen / Tebŭrech'en – 데브레첸 (Korean*), Debrecen (Hungarian*, Finnish*), Debrecin (Bosnian*, Croatian*), Debrecin – Дeбрецин (Serbian*), Debrecín (Slovak*, Czech*), Debrețin (Romanian*), Débretsen – Ντέμπρετσεν (Greek*), Debretsin – Дeбрецин (Russian*), Debreczyn (Polish*), Debretzyn – דעברעצין (Yiddish*), Debrezin (German*), Debrezun (old Hungarian, 13th century) |
![]() | Bois-le-Duc (French*), Bolduque (Spanish*), Boscoducale (Italian*), De Bosk (West Frisian*), Den Bosch or 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch*), Hertogenbos – Хертогенбос (Serbian*), Herzogenbusch (German*), Oeteldonk (Brabantian, used during Carnival]*) |
![]() | De Helder (West Frisian*), Den Halder – Ден Халдер (Serbian), Den Helder (Dutch*, German*), Le Helder (French*), Nieuwediep (West Frisian dialect) |
![]() ![]() | Deri – Дери (Serbian), Derio (Esperanto), Derrie or Lunnonderrie (Ulster Scots), Doire or Doire Chaluim Chille (Scottish Gaelic*), Doire or Doire Cholm Cille (Irish), Londonderry (official English) |
![]() | Castrum Divionense or Diviodunum (Latin*), Digione (Italian*), Dijon (Azeri*, Finnish*, French*, Romanian*), Dijon – דיז'ון (Hebrew*), Dijong / Tijong – 디종 (Korean), Dižon – Дижон (Serbian*), Dižona (Latvian*) |
![]() | Domažlice (Czech*), Taus (German*) |
![]() | Dòm (Lombard), Domodossola (Esperanto, Italian, Venetian), Oscela Lepontiorum (Latin), Uscla (Etruscan) |
![]() ![]() | Aleksandrovka – Александровка (former Russian, until 1869), Danietsk (Russian*), Doněck (Czech*), Doneck (Slovak*), Doņecka (Latvian*), Doneţk (Romanian*), Donetsiku – ドネツィク (Japanese*), Donetsk (Azeri*, Finnish*), Donetsk – Донецьк (Ukrainian*), Donetskas (Lithuanian*), Donezk (German*), Donieck (Polish*), Donjeck (Serbian*), Donyeck (Hungarian*), Hughesovka / Yuzovka – Юзовка (Russian, 1869–1923*), Jousofka (French, 1869–1923*), Trotsk - Тротск (Russian, 1923), Stalin – Сталин (former Russian, 1924–1929*), Stalino – Сталино (former Russian, 1929–1961*), Yuzivka – Ю́зівка (Ukrainian, 1869–1924*) |
![]() | Douai (French), Douay (former French), Dowaai (Dutch), Doway (former English), Duacum (Latin), Duagio (old Italian) |
![]() ![]() | Doolish (Manx*), Douglas (English), Dùghlais (Scottish Gaelic), Dúglas (Irish) |
![]() ![]() | Dōbā – ドーバー (Japanese*), Dobeo / Tobŏ – 도버 (Korean), Douvres (French*), Dover (Dutch, Finnish*, German, Hungarian*, Italian, Romanian*, Spanish), Dover – דובר (Hebrew*), Dôver (Portuguese*), Doveris (Lithuanian*), Dubris (Latin*), Duvra (Latvian*), Dúvres (former Spanish) |
![]() | Délěisīdùn – 德累斯顿 (Chinese*), Deureseuden / Tŭresŭden – 드레스덴 (Korean*), Doresuden – ドレスデン (Japanese*), Drážďany (Czech*, Slovak*), Dresda (Italian*, variant in Portuguese*, Romanian*), Dresde (French*, Spanish*), Dresden (Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Portuguese*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Drésdi – Δρέσδη (Greek*), Drezda (Hungarian*), Drezden (Azeri*), Drezden – Дрезден (Bulgarian*, Russian*, Serbian*), Drezden – דרזדן (Hebrew*), Drezdenas (Lithuanian*), Drēzdene (Latvian*), Drezno (Polish*), Drježdźany (Lower Sorbian) |
![]() | Drobeta-Turnu Severin (official Romanian*), Drobetae (Latin), Severin (Romanian, informal*), Szörényvár (Hungarian*), Turnu Severin (former Romanian*) |
![]() | Darahičyn – Дарагічын (Belarusian*), Dorohochyn (Ukrainian*), Drohičinas (Lithuanian*), Drohiczyn (Polish*) |
![]() | Drogobâci (Romanian*), Drogobych -Дрогобыч (Russian*), Drohobych – Дрогобич (Ukrainian*), Drohobycz (Polish*), Drohobytsch (German*), Drubitsh – דראָהאָביטש (Yiddish*) |
![]() | Áth Cliath (Irish short form), Baile Átha Cliath (Irish*), Baile Àth Cliath (Scottish Gaelic*), Dablin (Arabic, Serbian*), Dablin – דבלין (Hebrew*), Daburin – ダブリン (Japanese*), Deobeullin / Tŏbŭllin – 더블린 (Korean), Difelin (Old English *), Dubhlind or Duibhlind (early Classical Irish variants*), Dubhlinn (archaic Irish*), Dublim (Portuguese*), Dublin (Azeri*, Brazilian Portuguese*, Dutch*, French*, Hungarian*, Interlingua, Maltese, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Dublín (Catalan*, Finnish*, Spanish*), Dublin – Дублин (Russian*), Duḃlinn, Duiḃlinn or Duibhlinn (historical Irish*), Dublina (Latvian*), Dublinas (Lithuanian*), Dublino (Italian*), Dūbólín – 都柏林 (Chinese*), Dulenn (Breton*), Dulyn (Welsh*), Duvlíno – Δουβλίνο (Greek*), Dyvlinarskire (old Swedish*), Dyflin (Old Norse *), Dyflinni (Icelandic*), Divlyn (Manx *) |
![]() | Dubeurobeunikeu / Tubŭrobŭnik'ŭ – 두브로브니크 (Korean), Dubrovnic (Romanian*), Dubrovnik (Albanian*, Azeri*, Croatian*, Dutch*, Finnish*, German*, Portuguese*, Serbian*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Dubrovnik – דוברובניק (Hebrew*), Dubrovnik – Дубровник (Bulgarian *, Serbian *), Dubrovník (Czech*, Slovak*), Dubrovnika (Latvian*), Dubrovnikas (Lithuanian*), Dubrownik (Polish*), Ragoúsa – Ραγούσα (Greek*), Ragusa (Dalmatian, former English, former German*, Italian*, former Romanian*), Raguse (old French*), Raguza (former Hungarian*, Ottoman Turkish*), Rhagusium (Latin) |
![]() | Dīsburga (Latvian*), Duisbourg (French*), Duisburg (Czech *, Danish*, Dutch *, German*, Italian*, Polish*, Swedish*), Duisburgas (Lithuanian*), Duisburgo (Spanish*, Portuguese*) |
![]() | Dùn Laoghaire (Scottish Gaelic*), Dunleary (anglicised form pre-1821, still reflected in the pronunciation of "Dún Laoghaire" by English-speakers), Kingstown (English, 1821–1921*) |
![]() | Dankeruku – ダンケルク (Japanese*), Dinkerk – דנקרק (Hebrew*), Djunkerk – Дюнкерк (Russian*), [KNAB] Doengkeleukeu – 됭케르크 (Korean*), Doncherche (archaic Italian), [7] Donkarkız (Turkish*), Dounkérki – Δουνκέρκη (Greek*), Duinkerke (Dutch*), [KNAB] ) Duinkerken (Afrikaans*, alternative Dutch), [KNAB] Dukark (Breton*), [KNAB] Dūnkè'ěrkè – 敦克爾克 (Mandarin Chinese*), Dunkèke (Picard*), Dunkerque (French*, Italian*, Romanian*), [KNAB] Dunkierka (Polish*), [KNAB] Dünkirchen (German*), [KNAB] Dunkirk (Hungarian), Dunquerca (Latin*), Dunquèrca (Occitan*), Dunquerque (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Dúntsjerk (West Frisian*), Duunkerke (local Flemish*) |
![]() | Dıraç (Turkish*), Dirráchio – Δυρράχιο (Modern Greek*), Drač (Croatian*, Czech*, Slovene*), Drač – Драч (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Drach – Драч (former Bulgarian*), Duras (former French*), Durazo (Portuguese*), Durazzo (Italian*), Durrës (Albanian*, Romanian*), Durŭs – Дуръс (Bulgarian*), Dyrrhachion – Δυρράχιον (Byzantine Greek), Dyrrhachium (Latin*), Epidamnos (Ancient Greek*) |
![]() | Diseldorf – דיסלדורף (Hebrew*), Diseldorf – Диселдорф (Serbian*), Diseldorfa (Latvian*), Dísseldorf – Ντίσελντορφ (Greek*), Diuseldorfas (Lithuanian*), Düsseldorf (Azeri*, Brazilian Portuguese*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Romanian*, Swedish*, Turkish*), Dusseldorf (Italian*), Dusseldórfia (Portuguese*), Dusseldorp (Dutch, antiquated*), Düsseldorp (former local dialect), Dusserudorufu – デュッセルドルフ (Japanese*), Dwiseldoreupeu / Twiseldorŭp'ŭ – 뒤셀도르프 (Korean) |
Etruscan was the language of the Etruscan civilization in the ancient region of Etruria, in Etruria Padana and Etruria Campana in what is now Italy. Etruscan influenced Latin but was eventually completely superseded by it. The Etruscans left around 13,000 inscriptions that have been found so far, only a small minority of which are of significant length; some bilingual inscriptions with texts also in Latin, Greek, or Phoenician; and a few dozen purported loanwords. Attested from 700 BC to AD 50, the relation of Etruscan to other languages has been a source of long-running speculation and study, with it mostly being referred to as one of the Tyrsenian languages, at times as an isolate and a number of other less well-known theories.
The Dnieper, also called Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea. Approximately 2,200 km (1,400 mi) long, with a drainage basin of 504,000 square kilometres (195,000 sq mi), it is the longest river of Ukraine and Belarus and the fourth-longest river in Europe, after the Volga, Danube, and Ural rivers.
Kyiv is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro.
The romanization of Ukrainian, or Latinization of Ukrainian, is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters. Ukrainian is natively written in its own Ukrainian alphabet, which is based on the Cyrillic script. Romanization may be employed to represent Ukrainian text or pronunciation for non-Ukrainian readers, on computer systems that cannot reproduce Cyrillic characters, or for typists who are not familiar with the Ukrainian keyboard layout. Methods of romanization include transliteration and transcription.
An endonym is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and other languages in parts of Italy and Spain.
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England. The namesake of the language is the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. Modern English is both the most spoken language in the world and the third-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish. It is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers.
Anejom̃ or Aneityum is an Oceanic language spoken by 900 people on Aneityum Island, Vanuatu. It is the only indigenous language of Aneityum.
The name Britain originates from the Common Brittonic term *Pritanī and is one of the oldest known names for Great Britain, an island off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The terms Briton and British, similarly derived, refer to some or all of its inhabitants and, to varying extents, those of the smaller islands in the vicinity. "British Isles" is the only ancient name for these islands to survive in general usage.
Many places have exonyms, names for places that differs from that used in the official or well-established language within that place, in the Albanian language.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Kyiv, Ukraine.
KyivNotKiev is an online campaign to persuade English-language media and organizations to exclusively use Kyiv instead of Kiev as the name of the Ukrainian capital. It was started on 2 October 2018 by the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) and StratCom Ukraine, and it is run by the MFA's Department of Public Diplomacy.