Chernyakhovsk

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Chernyakhovsk
Черняховск
Skver u pamiatnika Barklaiu de Tolli.jpg
Town centre and a statue of Michael Barclay de Tolly
Flag of Chernyakhovsk (2023).svg
Coat of arms of Chernyakhovsk (2019).svg
Location of Chernyakhovsk
Chernyakhovsk
Russia Kaliningrad location map.svg
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Chernyakhovsk
Location of Chernyakhovsk
European Russia location map (2014-2022, Crimea disputed).svg
Red pog.svg
Chernyakhovsk
Chernyakhovsk (European Russia)
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Red pog.svg
Chernyakhovsk
Chernyakhovsk (Europe)
Coordinates: 54°38′05″N21°48′43″E / 54.63472°N 21.81194°E / 54.63472; 21.81194
Country Russia
Federal subject Kaliningrad Oblast [1]
Administrative district Chernyakhovsky District [1]
Town of district significance Chernyakhovsk [1]
Founded1337 [2]
Town status since10 October 1583
Area
  Total58 km2 (22 sq mi)
Elevation
30 m (100 ft)
  Density628/km2 (1,630/sq mi)
   Capital ofChernyakhovsky District, [1] town of district significance of Chernyakhovsk [1]
   Municipal district Chernyakhovsky Municipal District [3]
  Urban settlementChernyakhovskoye Urban Settlement [3]
   Capital ofChernyakhovsky Municipal District, [3] Chernyakhovskoye Urban Settlement [3]
Time zone UTC+2 (MSK–1   OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg [4] )
Postal code(s) [5]
238150–238154, 238158, 238165, 238169, 238170, 238816
Dialing code(s) +7 40141
OKTMO ID27739000001
Website inster39.ru

Chernyakhovsk (Russian : Черняхо́вск), known prior to 1946 by its German name of Insterburg [6] ( audio ; Lithuanian : Įsrutis; Polish : Wystruć), is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, and the administrative center of Chernyakhovsky District. Located at the confluence of the Instruch and Angrapa rivers, which unite to become the Pregolya river below Chernyakhovsk, the town had a population in 2017 of 36,423.

Contents

History

Medieval castle ruins Zamok Insterburg foto 5.JPG
Medieval castle ruins

Insterburg was founded in 1337 by the Teutonic Knights on the site of a former Old Prussian fortification when Dietrich von Altenburg, the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, built a castle called Insterburg following the Prussian Crusade. [2] During the Teutonic Knights' Northern Crusades campaign against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the town was devastated in 1376. The castle had been rebuilt as the seat of a Procurator and a settlement also named Insterburg grew up to serve it. In 1454, Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellon incorporated the region to the Kingdom of Poland upon the request of the anti-Teutonic Prussian Confederation. [7] During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466) between Poland and the Teutonic Knights, the settlement was devastated by Polish troops in 1457. After the war, since 1466, the settlement was a part of Poland as a fief held by the Teutonic Knights. [8]

When the Prussian Duke Albert of Brandenburg-Ansbach in 1525 secularized the monastic State of the Teutonic Order per the Treaty of Kraków, Insterburg became part of the Duchy of Prussia, a vassal duchy of the Kingdom of Poland. The settlement was granted town privileges on 10 October 1583 by the Prussian regent Margrave George Frederick. [9] In the early 17th century, the town had a mixed population, and had Lithuanian, German and Polish preachers. [10] Insterburg became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, and because the area had been depopulated by plague in the early 18th century, King Frederick William I of Prussia invited Protestant refugees who had been expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg to settle in Insterburg in 1732. During the Seven Years' War, the town was occupied by Russia. [9] During the Napoleonic Wars, French troops passed through the town in 1806, 1807, 1811 and 1813. [9]

In 1818, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town became the seat of Insterburg District within the Gumbinnen Region. Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly died at Insterburg in 1818 on his way from his Livonian manor to Germany, where he wanted to renew his health. Following the unsuccessful November Uprising, Polish insurgents were interned in the town in 1832. [11] In 1863, a Polish secret organization was founded and operated in Insterburg, which was involved in arms trafficking to the Russian Partition of Poland during the January Uprising. [12] Since May 1864, the leader of the organization was Józef Racewicz.

A postcard view of Insterburg's Hindenburgstrasse in about 1890 Insterburg1899.jpg
A postcard view of Insterburg's Hindenburgstraße in about 1890
Historic churches
Reformatorskaia Kirkha (glavnyi vkhod).JPG
Saint Michael Archangel
Katolicheskii khram sv Bruno.jpg
Saint Bruno

Insterburg became a part of the German Empire following the 1871 unification of Germany, and on May 1, 1901, it became an independent city separate from Insterburg District. During World War I the Russian Army seized Insterburg on 24 August 1914, but it was retaken by Germany on 11 September 1914. The Weimar Germany era after World War I saw the town separated from the rest of the country as the province of East Prussia had become an exclave. The association football club Yorck Boyen Insterburg was formed in 1921.

During World War II, the Germans operated a Dulag Luft transit prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in the town. [13] A local branch of the Peasant Battalions was established by the Polish resistance, under the cryptonym "Wystruć", the historic Polish name of the town. [14] Several French forced laborers cooperated with the Polish resistance. [14] The town was heavily bombed by the British Royal Air Force on July 27, 1944. The town was stormed by Red Army troops on January 21–22, 1945. As part of the northern part of East Prussia, Insterburg was transferred from Germany to the Soviet Union after the war as previously agreed between the victorious powers at the Potsdam Conference. On 7 April 1946, Insterburg was renamed as Chernyakhovsk in honor of the Soviet World War II Army General, Ivan Chernyakhovsky, who commanded the army that first entered East Prussia in 1944. [2]

After 1989, a group of people introduced the Akhal-Teke horse breed to the area and opened an Akhal-Teke breeding stable.

Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Chernyakhovsk serves as the administrative center of Chernyakhovsky District. [1] As an administrative division, it is, together with five rural localities, incorporated within Chernyakhovsky District as the town of district significance of Chernyakhovsk. [1] As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Chernyakhovsk is incorporated within Chernyakhovsky Municipal District as Chernyakhovskoye Urban Settlement. [3]

YearNumber
17904,972, without military [15]
187516,303 [16]
188018,745 [16]
188522,227 [16]
189031,624, incl. 437 Catholics and 348 Jews [16]
190027,787, incl. 788 Catholics and 350 Jews [17]
191031,624, incl. 29,672 Protestants and 1,040 Catholics [16]
192539,311, incl. 36,792 Protestants, 1,174 Catholics, 86 other Christians, and 338 Jews [16]
193341,230, incl. 39,458 Protestants, 1,078 Catholics, five other Christians, and 273 Jews [16]
193943,620, incl. 40,677 Protestants, 1,388 Catholics, 563 other Christians, and 87 Jews [16]
1959approx. 29,100[ citation needed ]
1979approx. 35,600[ citation needed ]
1989 Census 39,622 [18]
2002 Census 44,323 [19]
2010 Census 40,449 [20]

Military

Chernyakhovsk is home to the Chernyakhovsk naval air facility.

Coat of arms controversy

Coat of arms of Insterburg RUS Chernyakhovsk COA (historic).svg
Coat of arms of Insterburg

In September 2019 the local court ruled [21] that the coat of arms was illegal because it carries "elements of foreign culture." The local court alleged that Russian laws do not allow the use of foreign languages and symbols in Russian state symbols and ordered the town "to remove any violations of the law."

The town's coat of arms, adopted in 2002, was based on the historic coat of arms of the town that before 1946 was known under its original Prussian name – Insterburg.

The full version of coat of arms in question has a picture of a Prussian man with a horn and the Latin initials G.F. for the Regent of Prussia George Frederick, margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (1543–1603), who gave Insterburg the status of town and with it his family coat of arms.

The case brought before the court follows a trend among several towns in the region that have announced their intentions to change their coat of arms as tensions mount between Russia and the West following the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014 and its support for pro-Russian separatists in eastern Ukraine. [21]

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

Chernyakhovsk is twinned with:

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Resolution #640
  2. 1 2 3 Энциклопедия Города России. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 517. ISBN   5-7107-7399-9.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Law #262
  4. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  5. Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  6. Kaemmerer, Margarete (2004). Ortsnamenverzeichnis der Ortschaften jenseits von Oder u. Neiße (in German). p. 65. ISBN   3-7921-0368-0.
  7. Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. 54.
  8. Górski, pp. 96–97, 214–215
  9. 1 2 3 Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XIV (in Polish). Warszawa. 1895. p. 143.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. Kętrzyński, Wojciech (1882). O ludności polskiej w Prusiech niegdyś krzyżackich (in Polish). Lwów: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 588.
  11. Kasparek, Norbert (2014). "Żołnierze polscy w Prusach po upadku powstania listopadowego. Powroty do kraju i wyjazdy na emigrację". In Katafiasz, Tomasz (ed.). Na tułaczym szlaku... Powstańcy Listopadowi na Pomorzu (in Polish). Koszalin: Muzeum w Koszalinie, Archiwum Państwowe w Koszalinie. p. 177.
  12. "Wydarzenia roku 1863". Historia Polski (in Polish). Archived from the original on February 10, 2019. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
  13. Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 128. ISBN   978-0-253-06089-1.
  14. 1 2 Brenda, Waldemar (2007). "Pogranicze Prus Wschodnich i Polski w działaniach polskiej konspiracji w latach II wojny światowej". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish) (4): 515.
  15. A. E. Henning: Topographisch-historische Beschreibung der Stadt Insterburg. Königsberg 1794, p. 44.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Michael Rademacher: Deutsche Verwaltungsgeschichte Ostpreußen - Kreis Insterburg (2006)
  17. Meyers Koversations-Lexikon. 6. Auflage, Band 9, Leipzig und Wien 1908, p. 873.
  18. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 via Demoscope Weekly.
  19. Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000](XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  20. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  21. 1 2 "Russian Court Finds Illegal 'German' Coat Of Arms Of Town In Far Western Exclave". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved September 18, 2019.

Sources