Negidal language

Last updated
Negidal
Неғида хэсэнин
Native to Russia
Region Russian Far East
Ethnicity510 Negidals (2010 census) [1]
Native speakers
29 (2020 census) [2]
6 (2017) [3]
Tungusic
  • Northern
Dialects
  • Upper
  • Lower
Cyrillic
Language codes
ISO 639-3 neg
Glottolog negi1245
ELP Negidal
Lang Status 20-CR.svg
Negidal is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Negidal (also spelled Neghidal) is a language of the Tungusic family spoken in the Russian Far East, mostly in Khabarovsk Krai, along the lower reaches of the Amur River. [1] Negidal belongs to the Northern branch of Tungusic, together with Evenki and Even. It is particularly close to Evenki, to the extent that it is occasionally referred to as a dialect of Evenki. [4]

Contents

Language status

According to the Russian Census of 2002, there were 567 Negidals, 147 of which still spoke the language. The Russian Census of 2010 reported lower speaker numbers, with only 19 of 513 ethnic Negidals reported to still speak the language. [3] [1]

However, recent reports from the field reveal that the linguistic situation of Negidal is much worse than the census reports. According to Kalinina (2008), [5] whose data stem from the fieldwork conducted in 2005-2007, there are only three full speakers left, and a handful of semi-speakers. Pakendorf & Aralova (2018) report from fieldwork conducted in 2017 that there remain only six active speakers of Upper Negidal and there are no active speakers of Lower Negidal, only 10-20 passive speakers. [3] The language is thus classified as critically endangered [6] and is predicted to become dormant within the next decade. [3]

Dialects

There were formerly two dialects: the Upper Negidal dialect (Verkhovskoj in Russian) along the Amgun River (village of Vladimirovka), still residually spoken, and the now extinct Lower dialect (Nizovskoj) in its lower reaches (villages of Tyr and Beloglinka, the town of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). [3] The Lower dialect was especially close to Evenki.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i u
ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə ɵ o
Open a

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar
Velar
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t t͡ʃ k
voiced b d d͡ʒ ɡ
Fricative s x
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j

Orthography

А аБ бВ вГ гҒ ғД дЕ еЁ ёЖ жЗ з
Ӡ ӡИ иЙ йК кЛ лМ мН нӇ ӈО оӨ ө
П пР рС сТ тУ уФ фХ хЦ цЧ чШ ш
Щ щЪ ъЫ ыЬ ьЭ эЮ юЯ я

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2022). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (25th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  2. 7. НАСЕЛЕНИЕ НАИБОЛЕЕ МНОГОЧИСЛЕННЫХ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО РОДНОМУ ЯЗЫКУ
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Aralova, Natalia (February 2018). "The endangered state of Negidal: A field report". Language Documentation and Conservation. ISSN   1934-5275.
  4. Janhunen, Juha (1996) Manchuria: An ethnic history. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society, p. 73
  5. Kalinina 2008.
  6. "Negidal - The Endangered Languages Project". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
  7. Kazama, Shinjiro (2002). Negidal texts and grammar. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography


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