Neocambrisoma

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Neocambrisoma
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Chordeumatida
Family: Metopidiotrichidae
Genus: Neocambrisoma
Mauriès, 1987
Type species
Neocambrisoma raveni
Mauriès, 1987

Neocambrisoma is a genus of millipedes in the family Metopidiotrichidae. [1] Millipedes in this genus are found in Tasmania and New South Wales in Australia. [2] Like other genera in this family, this genus features 32 segments (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last) in adults of both sexes, rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. [2] [3] [4] [5] Accordingly, female adults in this genus have 54 pairs of legs, [3] which is not only the maximum number observed in this order [4] [5] but also the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda. [6]

Contents

Discovery

The genus Neocambrisoma was first described in 1987 by the French myriapodologist Jean-Paul Mauriès of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris to contain the newly discovered type species N. raveni . He based the original description of this genus and this species on a male holotype and 16 paratypes (6 males and 10 females) found in Bruxner Forest Park, near Coffs Harbour in New South Wales in Australia. The holotype and 13 paratypes are deposited in the Queensland Museum, and the other paratypes are deposited in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. The genus name derives from Neocambria, Latin for "New Wales," and the latinized Greek suffix soma, meaning "body." The species is named for the Australian arachnologist Robert J. Raven, Curator of Arachnology at the Queensland Museum, who collected the type specimens. [3]

In 1997, the zoologists William A. Shear and Robert Mesibov described the other two species in this genus, N. cachinnus and N. fieldensis . The original description of N. cachinnus is based on a male holotype found at Laughing Jack Lagoon in Tasmania and 28 paratypes (15 males and 13 females) found at the same locality and at Tarraleah in Tasmania. The original description of N. fieldensis is based on a male holotype found in leaf litter in Mount Field National Park in Tasmania. Both holotypes are deposited in the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery in Launceston in Tasmania. The name of each species refers to its type locality: The species name for N. cachinnus derives from a Latin noun for "loud laughter," a reference to Laughing Jack Lagoon, and the species name for N. fieldensis refers to Mount Field National Park. [2]

Description

The two Tasmanian species are relatively small, ranging in size from 6.7 mm long for N. fieldensis up to 7.5 mm or 8.6 mm long (for males and females, respectively) in N. cachinnus. [2] The type species N. raveni is larger, with adults ranging from 9.7 mm to 13.5 mm in length. [3] All three species have 32 segments in adults. [2] [3]

The type species N. raveni features a dark brown stripe running in between two lighter stripes down the back. The legs are light brown but darker toward the distal ends, and the head is light brown with a yellow patch between the antennae. [3] The species N. cachinnus also features a dark brown stripe running in between light tan stripes down the back, but the species N. fieldensis is a light cream-yellow with a slightly darker tan patches. [2]

Female adults in this genus have 54 pairs of legs. [3] In adult males, however, the eighth pair become anterior gonopods, and the ninth pair become posterior gonopods. [2] Furthermore, in adult males in this genus, the tenth pair is also modified and reduced in size. These modifications are most dramatic in the type species N. raveni, in which the tenth pair is reduced to three segments and become "paragonopods." [3] These modifications are less dramatic in the other two species, in which the tenth pair has five segments. [2]

Millipedes in the genus Neocambrisoma feature anterior gonopods with flagella, an unusual trait shared with three other genera in the family Metopidiotrichidae: Australeuma , Nesiothrix , and Nipponothrix . The anterior gonopods in Neocambrisoma, however, also feature a large process projecting from the middle of the sternum. This median sternal process distinguishes this genus from the other three genera that also have anterior gonopods with flagella. [7]

The type species N. raveni differs from the two other Neocambrisoma species not only by being larger and by having only three rather than five segments in the tenth leg pair in males but also by having setae on the sternal process of the anterior gonopods. The two Tasmanian species can be distinguished from one another based on their different pigmentation: N. fieldensis is lightly pigmented and mottled, whereas N. cachinnus features a dark brown median stripe. Furthermore, the tenth leg pair in the male of the species N. fieldensis features a process projecting from the sternum, whereas the male of the species N. cachinnus lacks such a projection. [2]

Development

Like other genera in this order, this genus is teloanamorphic, adding segments and legs through a series of molts until the adult stage, when the molting stops and the adult emerges with a final number of segments and legs. [5] To arrive at 32 segments as adults, however, species in this genus must deviate from the anamorphosis usually observed in the order Chordeumatida. Little is known about post-embryonic development in this genus, but Mauriès found juveniles of N. raveni with 30 segments and 48 pairs of legs. These numbers match those Mauriès found in the penultimate stage of development for females in the genus Peterjohnsia , which features 32 segments in adult females but only 30 segments in adult males. [3]

Mauriès found a larger sample of juveniles in the genus Peterjohnsia, representing the three stages of development leading up to adulthood in females. This evidence seems to suggests that an adult with 32 segments went through nine stages of development, as the typical chordeumatidan does, but added an extra segment in the seventh and eighth stages and two extra leg pairs in the eighth and ninth stages. The earliest stage sampled features 23 segments and 32 leg pairs, matching the numbers usually observed in the sixth stage of development in the typical chordeumatidan. The next stage sampled, however, features 27 segments and 40 leg pairs, adding one more segment than usually observed in the seventh stage. The penultimate stage sampled, with 30 segments and 48 leg pairs, has two more segments and two more leg pairs than usually observed in the eighth stage. Finally, the adult with 32 segments and 54 leg pairs has two more segments and four more leg pairs than usually observed in the ninth and final stage. [3] [5]

Distribution

The type species N. raveni has been recorded only at its type locality (Bruxner Forest Park, near Coffs Harbour in New South Wales in Australia). The species N. fieldensis has also been recorded only at its type locality (Mount Field National Park in Tasmania). The species N. cachinnus has been recorded only at three sites at the southern end of the Central Plateau of Tasmania. [2]

Species

This genus includes three species: [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gonopod</span> Specialized reproductive appendages in arthropods

Gonopods are specialized appendages of various arthropods used in reproduction or egg-laying. In males, they facilitate the transfer of sperm from male to female during mating, and thus are a type of intromittent organ. In crustaceans and millipedes, gonopods are modified walking or swimming legs. Gonopods may be highly decorated with elaborate structures which may play roles in sperm competition, and can be used to differentiate and identify closely related species. Gonopods generally occur in one or more pairs, as opposed to the single (un-paired) reproductive organs such as the aedeagus of insects or the penis of harvestmen.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydesmida</span> Order of millipedes

Polydesmida is the largest order of millipedes, with more than 5,000 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). This order is also the most diverse of the millipede orders in terms of morphology. Millipedes in this order are found in all regions of the world other than Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chordeumatida</span> Order of millipedes

Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing more than 1,400 species. Also known as sausage millipedes, they are found nearly worldwide. Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their telsons feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk. These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.

Branneria is a genus of small millipedes in the order Chordeumatida and the only genus in the family Branneriidae. Individuals reach about 4 mm (0.16 in) long. There are two species known, found in the southeastern USA: Branneria bonoculus is found in Arkansas and eastern Texas while B. carinata occurs from North Carolina to Florida and Mississippi. The adult B. bonoculus millipede has 28 body segments, and the adult B. carinata millipede has 26, both fewer than the 30 usually found in the order Chordeumatida. In both species, the gonopod complex in adult males includes three leg pairs rather than just the two that are usually modified into gonopods in this order.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metopidiotrichidae</span> Family of millipedes

Metopidiotrichidae is a family of millipedes in the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 4 mm to 17 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family have 32 segments, not the 30 segments usually found in this order. Adult males in this family often feature a reduced or vestigial leg pair 10 as part of the gonopod complex, in addition to the two leg pairs typically modified into gonopods in this order. There are about 9 genera and at least 70 described species in Metopidiotrichidae.

Peterjohnsiidae is a small family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. The family was first described in 1987 by Jean-Paul Mauriès. These millipedes range from 3 mm to 8 mm in length and are found in Australia. Species in this family exhibit sexual dimorphism in segment number: adult males have 30 segments, but adult females have 32 segments. In adult males in this family, the gonopod complex involves three leg pairs rather than just the two usually modified into gonopods in this order.

Golovatchiidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family contains a single species, Golovatchia magda. This species ranges from 15 mm to 17 mm in length and is found in the Russian Far East. Adult millipedes of this species have 30 segments. In the adult male of this species, the gonopod complex involves three leg pairs rather than just the two that are usually modified into gonopods this order.

Hoffmaneumatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family includes two genera, one (Hoffmaneuma) found in the Russian Far East and the other (Japanoparvus) found in Japan. Millipedes in this family range from 4 mm to 6 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family have only 28 segments, not the 30 segments usually found in this order. Adult males in this family feature a reduced leg pair 10 in addition to the two pairs normally modified into gonopods in this order. In the adult male of the species Hoffmaneuma exiguum, for example, the gonopod complex derives from all three leg pairs rather than from just the usual two.

Entomobielziidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family includes the genus Tianella, notable for featuring adult millipedes with 29 segments, a number not found in the adults of any other chordeumatidan genus. Adults in most Tianella species have 29 segments. In the Tianella species with 29 segments, adult females have 48 pairs of legs, as one would expect in adult female chordeumatidans with one segment fewer than the 30 usually found in this order.

Kashmireumatidae is a small family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 5mm to 14mm in length and are found in East Asia. Adult millipedes in this family have only 26 or 28 segments rather than the 30 segments usually found in this order. In the species Vieteuma topali, adults have 26 segments, whereas in all other species in this family, adults have 28 segments.

Opisthocheiridae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 5 mm to 16 mm in length and are found from Belgium to Morocco. Adult millipedes in this family have 26 or 30 segments. This family includes the cave-dwelling species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, notable as one of only a few chordeumatidan species with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Agenodesmus is a genus of millipedes in the family Fuhrmannodesmidae, which some authorities consider a junior synonym of Trichopolydesmidae. This genus is notable for being among the very few genera in the order Polydesmida to feature adults with only 18 segments rather than the 20 segments usually found in this order. The genus Agenodesmus contains only two species, A. reticulatus and A. nullus. The type species A. reticulatus is notable as the first polydesmidan millipede discovered with only 18 segments in adults, the smallest number recorded in the order Polydesmida. Before the discovery of A. reticulatus, polydesmidans were known to have only 19 or 20 segments in adults.

Opisthocheiron is a genus of millipedes in the family Opisthocheiridae. These millipedes are found in France and Spain. The French entomologist Henri Ribaut created this genus in 1913 to contain the newly discovered type species Opisthocheiron penicillatum. This genus also includes the cave-dwelling species Opisthocheiron canayerensis, notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults in this order. The adult female of this species has only 42 pairs of legs, and the adult male has only 40 pairs of walking legs, excluding two pairs of gonopods.

Opisthocheiron canayerensis is a species of millipede in the family Opisthocheiridae. This species is found in France, far inside deep caves. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order.

Chamaesoma is a monotypic genus of millipede in the family Chamaesomatidae, and Chamaesoma broelemanni is the only species in this genus. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order. This species lives on the surface of the soil and is distributed across most of France and Luxembourg. The genus Chamaesoma and its only species were first described by the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff in 1913 based on type material found by the French zoologists Henri Brölemann and Henri Ribaut under wet leaf litter near St. Béat in the Pyrenees in France.

Haasea hungarica is a species of millipede in the family Haaseidae. This species is a eutroglophile, capable of spending its entire life cycle in a cave but also capable of living on the surface outside of caves. Although these millipedes are often found in caves, this species has also been found on the soil surface in forests.

Lipseuma is a genus of millipedes in the family Kashmireumatidae. This genus contains only two species, the type species L. josianae and its close relative L. bernardi. Both species are troglobites found in caves in China.

Tianella is a genus of millipedes in the family Entomobielziidae. This genus includes eleven species found in Nepal, one species found in Kazakhstan, and one species found in Kyrgyzstan. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 29 segments in adults. Most species in this genus have 29 segments in adults rather than the 30 segments usually observed in this order.

Metamastigophorophyllon is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. This genus includes millipedes found in Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Georgia. All five species in this genus have 31 segments in adults. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 31 segments rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in this order.

References

  1. 1 2 s "MilliBase – Neocambrisoma Mauriès, 1987". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shear, William A.; Mesibov, Robert (1997). "Australian Chordeumatidan Millipedes. III. A Review of the Millipede Family Metopidiotrichidae Attems in Australia (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida)". Invertebrate Systematics. 11 (1): 141–178. doi:10.1071/it95043. ISSN   1447-2600.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid millipedes discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, new genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133.
  4. 1 2 Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN   9789004188273.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  6. ↑ Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN   1520-541X. PMID   16336414. S2CID   21401688.
  7. ↑ Shear, William A. (2002). "The millipede genus Metopidiothrix Attems (Diplopoda : Chordeumatida : Metopidiotrichidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 16 (6): 849–892 [858–859]. doi:10.1071/is02005. ISSN   1447-2600.
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