Neocambrisoma raveni

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Neocambrisoma raveni
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Order: Chordeumatida
Family: Metopidiotrichidae
Genus: Neocambrisoma
Species:
N. raveni
Binomial name
Neocambrisoma raveni
Mauriès, 1982

Neocambrisoma raveni is a species of millipede in the family Metopidiotrichidae. [1] These millipedes are found in New South Wales in Australia. [2] Like other species in this family, N. raveni features 32 segments (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last) in adults of both sexes, rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. [3] [4] [5] Accordingly, adult females of this species have 54 pairs of legs, [3] which is not only the maximum number observed in this order [4] [5] but also the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda. [6]

Contents

Discovery

This species was first described in 1987 by the French myriapodologist Jean-Paul Mauriès of the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris as the type species for the new genus Neocambrisoma . He based the original description of this genus and this species on a male holotype and 16 paratypes (6 males and 10 females) found in Bruxner Forest Park, near Coffs Harbour in New South Wales in Australia. The holotype and 13 paratypes are deposited in the Queensland Museum, and the other paratypes are deposited in the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. The genus name derives from Neocambria, Latin for "New Wales," and the latinized Greek suffix soma, meaning "body." The species is named for the Australian arachnologist Robert J. Raven, Curator of Arachnology at the Queensland Museum, who collected the type specimens. [3]

Description

This species features 32 segments in adults of both sexes. The adults range from 9.7 mm to 13.5 mm in length and from 1.1 mm to 1.4 mm in width. This millipede features a dark brown stripe running in between two lighter stripes down the back. The legs are light brown but darker toward the distal ends, and the head is light brown with a yellow patch between the antennae. The segments of the antennae are slightly clavate, especially the most distal segments. The eyes feature relatively few ocelli, only 14 to 17 in adults, arranged in six or seven (rarely eight) rows, with one to four ocelli per row. [3]

Female adults of this species have 54 pairs of legs. In adult males, the sixth and seventh leg pairs are thicker than the other legs, the eighth pair become anterior gonopods, and the ninth pair become posterior gonopods. [3] [4] The anterior gonopods are sometimes called peltogonopods and are especially distinctive, with a large process projecting from the middle of the sternum in between a pair of vestigial legs and in front of a pair of sturdy flagella. [3]

Furthermore, in adult males of this species, the tenth leg pair is reduced to three segments and become paragonopods instead of walking legs. The paragonopods feature a pair of processes projecting from the sternum in front of the reduced legs. These projections are only slightly shorter than the reduced legs. [3]

This species shares a distinctive set of traits with the other two species in the genus Neocambrisoma, N. cachinnus and N. fieldensis . [2] For example, the anterior gonopods in all species in this genus feature flagella and a large process projecting from the middle of the sternum. [7] Furthermore, the tenth pair of legs is reduced in adult males of all three species. [2] [4]

The species N. raveni, however, is larger than the two other Neocambrisoma species, which reach a maximum size of only 8.6 mm in length. The species N. raveni can also be distinguished from the other two species based on the features found in the adult males. For example, adult males of the other two species feature five segments in the tenth leg pair rather than the three segments observed in N. raveni. Furthermore, N. raveni also features setae on the sternal process of the anterior gonopods, whereas the other two species do not. [2]

Development

Like other millipedes in this order, this species is teloanamorphic, adding segments and legs through a series of molts until the adult stage, when the molting stops and the adult emerges with a final number of segments and legs. [5] To arrive at 32 segments as adults, however, these millipedes must deviate from the anamorphosis usually observed in the order Chordeumatida. Little is known about post-embryonic development in this species, but Mauriès found juvenile specimens with 30 segments and 48 pairs of legs. These numbers match those Mauriès found in the penultimate stage of development for females in the genus Peterjohnsia, which features 32 segments in adult females but only 30 segments in adult males. [3]

Mauriès found a larger sample of juveniles in the genus Peterjohnsia, representing the three stages of development leading up to adulthood in females. This evidence seems to suggest that species with 32 segments may go through nine stages of development, as the typical chordeumatidan does, but with an extra segment added in the seventh and eighth stages and two extra leg pairs added in the eighth and ninth stages. The earliest stage sampled features 23 segments and 32 leg pairs, matching the numbers usually observed in the sixth stage of development in the typical chordeumatidan. The next stage sampled, however, features 27 segments and 40 leg pairs, adding one more segment than usually observed in the seventh stage. The penultimate stage sampled, with 30 segments and 48 leg pairs, has two more segments and two more leg pairs than usually observed in the eighth stage. Finally, the adult with 32 segments and 54 leg pairs has two more segments and four more leg pairs than usually observed in the ninth and final stage. [3] [5]

Distribution

This species has been recorded only at its type locality (Bruxner Forest Park, near Coffs Harbour in New South Wales in Australia). [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polydesmida</span> Order of millipedes

Polydesmida is the largest order of millipedes, with more than 5,000 species, including all the millipedes reported to produce hydrogen cyanide (HCN). This order is also the most diverse of the millipede orders in terms of morphology. Millipedes in this order are found in all regions of the world other than Antarctica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chordeumatida</span> Order of millipedes

Chordeumatida is a large order of millipedes containing more than 1,400 species. Also known as sausage millipedes, they are found nearly worldwide. Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their telsons feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk. These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cleidogonidae</span> Family of millipedes

Cleidogonidae is a family of millipedes in the order Chordeumatida. Adult millipedes in this family have 28, 29, or 30 segments. This family includes the genus Tianella, notable for featuring adult millipedes with 29 segments, a number not found in the adults of any other chordeumatidan species. Adults in most Tianella species have 29 segments, but adults in two have only 28 segments. In the Tianella species with 29 segments, adult females have 48 pairs of legs, as one would expect in adult female chordeumatidans with one segment fewer than the 30 usually found in this order. There are seven genera and at least 140 described species in Cleidogonidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metopidiotrichidae</span> Family of millipedes

Metopidiotrichidae is a family of millipedes in the order Chordeumatida. This family includes more than 70 species. These millipedes are found in Indochina, Australia, and on Pacific islands from New Zealand to Japan.

Chordeumatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 7 mm to 18 mm in length and are found in Europe. Adult millipedes in this family have either 28 or 30 segments. This family features distinctive sex-linked modifications to the legs in adults: In the adult female, a legless sternite replaces the third pair of legs, and in the adult male, five pairs of legs are modified in the gonopod complex. These modifications are more extensive than those found in other adult males in this order, which often have only two leg pairs modified into gonopods. With the more extensive modifications to the legs in this family, species with the usual 30 segments feature adult females with only 49 leg pairs and adult males with only 45 pairs of walking legs, and species with only 28 segments feature adult females with only 45 leg pairs and adult males with only 41 pairs of walking legs.

Chamaesomatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family contains 28 species distributed among 11 genera. These millipedes are found in Europe and North Africa.

Peterjohnsiidae is a small family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. The family was first described in 1987 by Jean-Paul Mauriès. These millipedes range from 3 mm to 8 mm in length and are found in Australia. Species in this family exhibit sexual dimorphism in segment number: adult males have 30 segments, but adult females have 32 segments. In adult males in this family, the gonopod complex involves three leg pairs rather than just the two usually modified into gonopods in this order.

Hoffmaneumatidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. This family includes two genera, one (Hoffmaneuma) found in the Russian Far East and the other (Japanoparvus) found in Japan. Millipedes in this family range from 4 mm to 6 mm in length. Adult millipedes in this family have only 28 segments, not the 30 segments usually found in this order. Adult males in this family feature a reduced leg pair 10 in addition to the two pairs normally modified into gonopods in this order. In the adult male of the species Hoffmaneuma exiguum, for example, the gonopod complex derives from all three leg pairs rather than from just the usual two.

Kashmireumatidae is a small family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes range from 5mm to 14mm in length and are found in East Asia. Adult millipedes in this family have only 26 or 28 segments rather than the 30 segments usually found in this order. In the species Vieteuma topali, adults have 26 segments, whereas in all other species in this family, adults have 28 segments.

Agenodesmus is a genus of millipedes in the family Fuhrmannodesmidae, which some authorities consider a junior synonym of Trichopolydesmidae. This genus is notable for being among the very few genera in the order Polydesmida to feature adults with only 18 segments rather than the 20 segments usually found in this order. The genus Agenodesmus contains only two species, A. reticulatus and A. nullus. The type species A. reticulatus is notable as the first polydesmidan millipede discovered with only 18 segments in adults, the smallest number recorded in the order Polydesmida. Before the discovery of A. reticulatus, polydesmidans were known to have only 19 or 20 segments in adults.

Opisthocheiron canayerensis is a species of millipede in the family Opisthocheiridae. This species is found in France, far inside deep caves. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order.

Chamaesoma is a monotypic genus of millipede in the family Chamaesomatidae, and Chamaesoma broelemanni is the only species in this genus. This millipede is notable as one of only a few species in the order Chordeumatida with only 26 segments in adults, four fewer segments than typically found in adults this order. This species lives on the surface of the soil and is distributed across most of France and Luxembourg. The genus Chamaesoma and its only species were first described by the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff in 1913 based on type material found by the French zoologists Henri Brölemann and Henri Ribaut under wet leaf litter near St. Béat in the Pyrenees in France.

Haasea hungarica is a species of millipede in the family Haaseidae. This species is a eutroglophile, capable of spending its entire life cycle in a cave but also capable of living on the surface outside of caves. Although these millipedes are often found in caves, this species has also been found on the soil surface in forests.

Lipseuma is a genus of millipedes in the family Kashmireumatidae. This genus contains only two species, the type species L. josianae and its close relative L. bernardi. Both species are troglobites found in caves in China.

Tianella is a genus of millipedes in the family Entomobielziidae. This genus includes eleven species found in Nepal, one species found in Kazakhstan, and one species found in Kyrgyzstan. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 29 segments in adults. Most species in this genus have 29 segments in adults rather than the 30 segments usually observed in this order.

Metamastigophorophyllon is a genus of millipedes in the family Anthroleucosomatidae. This genus includes millipedes found in Azerbaijan, Iran, Russia, and Georgia. All five species in this genus have 31 segments in adults. This genus is notable for including the only species in the order Chordeumatida with 31 segments rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in this order.

Neocambrisoma is a genus of millipedes in the family Metopidiotrichidae. Millipedes in this genus are found in Tasmania and New South Wales in Australia. Like other genera in this family, this genus features 32 segments in adults of both sexes, rather than the 30 segments usually observed in adults in the order Chordeumatida. Accordingly, female adults in this genus have 54 pairs of legs, which is not only the maximum number observed in this order but also the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda.

Devilliea tuberculata is a species of flat-backed millipedes in the family Xystodesmidae. Like other members of the genus Devillea, this species is limited to caves. This millipede has been found in several caves in the Alpes-Maritimes department of France. This species is notable as the first millipede in the order Polydesmida found to feature more than the 20 segments usually found in this order.

Prosopodesmus panporus is a species of flat-backed millipede in the family Haplodesmidae. Also known as the hothouse millipede, this species was first discovered in hothouses for tropical plants in England, where it is well established, but is probably native to Australia. This species features a unique distribution of ozopores, which appear on all segments with two pairs of legs. The species P. panporus is named for this complete series of ozopores and is the only species in the order Polydesmida with this distribution. This millipede is also notable for exhibiting sexual dimorphism in segment number: Whereas adult females of this species feature the 20 segments usually observed in the order Polydesmida, the adult males of this species feature only 19 segments.

References

  1. ↑ "MilliBase - Neocambrisoma raveni Mauriès, 1987". www.millibase.org. Retrieved 2024-08-15.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Shear, William A.; Mesibov, Robert (1997). "Australian Chordeumatidan Millipedes. III. A Review of the Millipede Family Metopidiotrichidae Attems in Australia (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida)". Invertebrate Systematics. 11 (1): 141–178. doi:10.1071/it95043. ISSN   1447-2600.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid millipedes discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, new genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology – Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN   9789004188273.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  6. ↑ Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN   1520-541X. PMID   16336414. S2CID   21401688.
  7. ↑ Shear, William A. (2002). "The millipede genus Metopidiothrix Attems (Diplopoda : Chordeumatida : Metopidiotrichidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 16 (6): 849–892 [858–859]. doi:10.1071/is02005. ISSN   1447-2600.
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