Neon tetra

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Neon tetra
Neonsalmler Paracheirodon innesi.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Characiformes
Family: Characidae
Genus: Paracheirodon
Species:
P. innesi
Binomial name
Paracheirodon innesi
(G. S. Myers, 1936)  [1]
Synonyms [2]

Hyphessobrycon innesiMyers, 1936

The neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi) is a freshwater fish of the characin family (family Characidae) of order Characiformes. The type species of its genus, it is native to blackwater and clearwater streams in the Amazon basin of South America. [2] [3] Its bright colouring makes the fish visible to conspecifics in the dark blackwater streams, [4] and is also the main reason for its popularity among freshwater fish hobbyists, with neon tetras being one of the most widely kept tropical fish in the world. [5]

Contents

Range and habitat

The neon tetra is found in the western and northern Amazon basin in southeastern Colombia, eastern Peru, and western Brazil. [2] [3] It lives in waters with a temperature between 20 and 28 °C (68–82 °F) and pH 4–7.5. [2] [3] It has a preference for acidic blackwater streams, but also occurs in transparent clearwater streams. [3] It is not found in the whitewater rivers. [3] UN FAO considers P. innesi an introduced species in Singapore [6] and the United States. [7] FAO considers its introduction to Singapore to be ecologically and socioeconomically beneficial, but it is not established there. [6]

Description

The neon tetra has a light-blue back over a silver-white abdomen. The fish is characterized by an iridescent blue horizontal stripe along each side of the fish from its nose to the base of the adipose fin, and an iridescent red stripe that begins at the middle of the body and extends posteriorly to the base of the caudal fin. The fish is partially transparent (including fins) except for these markings. Sexual dimorphism is slight, with the female having a slightly larger belly, and a bent iridescent stripe rather than the male's straight stripe. During the night, the blue and red become gray or black as the fish rests. It reactivates once it becomes active in the morning. [8] This peculiar change is due to the neon tetras capacity to change the color of its iridescent stripe in response to lighting conditions. In a light-adapted state it is blue-green, likewise in a dark-adapted state its color changes to indigo. This change is produced by guanine crystals in their cells that reflect light. It grows to approximately 4 cm (1.5 in) in overall length. [9]

Economics

The neon tetra was first imported from South America and was described by renowned ichthyologist George S. Myers in 1936, and named after William T. Innes. [10] P. innesi is one of the most popular aquarium fish, with about 2 million sold in the US each month. [11] Most neon tetras available in the United States are imported from Southeast Asia, where they are farm-raised, or to a lesser extent from Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, where they are collected from the wild. [12] During a single month, an average of 1.8 million neon tetras with an estimated value of $175,000 are imported into the United States for the aquarium trade. [13] With the exception of home aquarists and a few commercial farms that breed neon tetras experimentally, captive breeding on a commercial scale is nonexistent in the USA. [14]

In the aquarium

A shoal of neon tetras in a home aquarium Neontetra tmy.JPG
A shoal of neon tetras in a home aquarium

In the wild they inhabit very soft, acidic waters (pH 4.0 to 4.8) [15] Ideal pH for aquarium is 7.0, but a range of 6.0 to 8.0 is tolerable. [16] They can have a lifespan of as long as ten years, [17] but normally just two to three years in an aquarium. [18]

Neon tetras are considered easy to keep in an aquarium of at least 10 US gallons (38 L; 8.3 imp gal) with a temperature range of between 72–76 °F (22–24 °C), a water pH of between 6.0 and 7.0, GH of below 10 dGH and KH of 1-2 dKH, and under 20 ppm of nitrate. [19]

They are shoaling fish and must be kept in groups of at least six, but will be more active in groups of eight to 12 or more. [20] Neon tetras are best kept in a densely planted tank to resemble their native Amazon environments.

Nutrition

Neon tetras are omnivores and will accept most flake foods, if sufficiently small, but should also have some small foods such as brine shrimp, daphnia, freeze-dried bloodworms, tubifex, which can be stuck to the side of the aquarium, and micropellet food to supplement their diets. A tropical sinking pellet is ideal, as most brands of these include natural color enhancers that bring out the color in neon tetras. Some frozen foods, including frozen blood worms, add variety to their diets. [21]

Breeding

Neon tetra NeonTetra.JPG
Neon tetra

The male is slender, and the blue line is straighter. The female is rounder, producing a bent blue line. Some aquarists say the females look plumper when viewed from above. However, the straightness of the line and the plumpness of the female might occasionally be due to the eggs she is carrying. A neon tetra can appear slightly plump in the belly due to having overeaten.

Neon tetras need dim lighting, a DH less than one, about 5.5 pH, and a temperature of 75 °F (24 °C) to breed. There also needs to be a lot of tannins in the water. Neon tetras are old enough to breed at 12 weeks. [22]

Breeding neon tetras is considered to be difficult in home aquariums. [23] However, it is becoming more common, with less than 5% of specimens currently sold in America caught in the wild, and more than 1.5 million specimens imported to America each month from fish farms. [24]

Disease

Neon tetras are occasionally afflicted by the so-called "neon tetra disease" (NTD) or pleistophora disease, a sporozoan disease caused by Pleistophora hyphessobryconis . Despite being a well-known condition, it is generally incurable and often fatal to the fish. However this disease is also generally preventable. [25] The disease cycle begins when microsporidian parasite spores enter the fish after it consumes infected material, such as the bodies of a dead fish, or live food such as tubifex, which may serve as intermediate hosts. The disease is most likely passed by newly acquired fish that have not been quarantined.

Symptoms include restlessness, loss of coloration, lumps on the body as cysts develop, difficulty swimming, curved spines as the disease progresses, and secondary infections, such as fin rot and bloating. [26]

A so-called "false neon disease", which is bacterial, shows very similar symptoms. It is impossible for the home aquarist to determine for certain the difference between NTD and false NTD on the basis of visible symptoms alone, without laboratory backup. This disease has also been confused with columnaris (mouth rot, mouth fungus, 'flex').

Generally the best 'treatment' is the immediate removal of diseased fish to preserve the remaining fish, although some occasional successful treatments have been performed that include fish baths and a "medication cocktail". The use of a diatom filter, which can reduce the number of free parasites in the water, may help. As with Pleistophora neon tetra disease, prevention is most important and this disease is rare when good preventive measures are performed. [25]

The cardinal tetra (above) has more red on the underside than the neon tetra (below). Cardinal tetra & neon tetra.jpg
The cardinal tetra (above) has more red on the underside than the neon tetra (below).

The green neon tetra (P. simulans) and black neon tetra (Hyphessobrycon herbertaxelrodi) are distinct species—the latter belongs to a different genus—and not color varieties. The cardinal tetra (P. axelrodi) is also a similar species, but its greater extent of red coloring distinguishes it from the neon tetra. [27] The name Hyphessobrycon innesi is an obsolete synonym for P. innesi.

See also

Related Research Articles

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The cardinal tetra is a freshwater fish of the family Characidae of order Characiformes. It is native to the upper Orinoco and Negro Rivers in South America. Growing to about 3 cm (1.2 in) total length, the cardinal tetra has the striking iridescent blue line characteristic of the genus Paracheirodon laterally bisecting the fish, with the body below this line being vivid red in color, hence the name "cardinal tetra". The cardinal tetra's appearance is similar to that of the closely related neon tetra, with which it is often confused; the neon's red coloration extends only about halfway to the nose, and the neon's blue stripe is a less vibrant blue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tetra</span> Common name for several species of fish

Tetra is the common name of many small freshwater characiform fishes. Tetras come from Africa, Central America, and South America, belonging to the biological family Characidae and to its former subfamilies Alestidae and Lebiasinidae. The Characidae are distinguished from other fish by the presence of a small adipose fin between the dorsal and caudal fins. Many of these, such as the neon tetra, are brightly colored and easy to keep in captivity. Consequently, they are extremely popular for home aquaria.

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George Sprague Myers was an American ichthyologist who spent most of his career at Stanford University. He served as the editor of Stanford Ichthyological Bulletin as well as president of the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Myers was also head of the Division of Fishes at the United States National Museum, and held a position as an ichthyologist for the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. He was also an advisor in fisheries and ichthyology to the Brazilian Government.

William Thornton Innes III, L.H.D. was an American aquarist, author, photographer, printer and publisher. Innes was the author of numerous influential books and hundreds of articles about aquarium fish, aquatic plants and aquarium maintenance during the formative years of the aquarium hobby in America. Born in Philadelphia, he was the founder, publisher and editor of The Aquarium, the first successful national magazine on the subject of keeping freshwater tropical fishes. The magazine ran monthly for thirty-five years from May 1932 through January 1967.

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References

  1. ↑ "Paracheirodon innesi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Paracheirodon innesi" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Paracheirodon innesi". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  4. ↑ Ikeda, Takehide; Shiro, Kohshima (2009). "Why is the neon tetra so bright? Coloration for mirror-image projection to confuse predators? "Mirror-image decoy" hypothesis". Environmental Biology of Fishes . 86 (3): 427–441. doi:10.1007/s10641-009-9543-y. S2CID   23842656.
  5. ↑ Alderton, David (2002). Freshwater Aquariums. BowTie Press. p. 62. ISBN   1-931993-11-4.
  6. 1 2 "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  7. ↑ "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  8. ↑ "Do Neon Tetras Lose Color at Night?". AquariumNexus. 22 June 2020.
  9. ↑ "Neon Tetra Fish – The Care, Feeding and Breeding of Neon Tetras". Aquarium Tidings. 21 June 2014.
  10. ↑ "Cardinal And Neon Tetras". Pet Central. 22 July 2014.
  11. ↑ "Neon Tetra Complete Care Guide 2020". Fishkeeping World. 24 January 2022.
  12. ↑ Chapman, Frank A.; Colle, Douglas E.; Rottmann, Roger W.; Shireman, Jerome V. (1998). "Controlled Spawning of the Neon Tetra". The Progressive Fish-Culturist. 60: 32. doi:10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0032:CSOTNT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN   1548-8640.
  13. ↑ Chapman, F. A.; et al. (1997). "United States of America trade in ornamental fish". Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 28 (1): 1‒10. Bibcode:1997JWAS...28....1C. doi:10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00955.x.
  14. ↑ "UF Scientists Figure Out How To Breed Neon Tetras Profitably". University of Florida.
  15. ↑ Fish Physiology. Academic Press. 1983-12-01. ISBN   978-0-08-058530-7.
  16. ↑ Burkhart, Alice; Crow, Richard; Keeley, Dave (2002). Pocket Guide to the Care and Maintenance of Aquarium Fish. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN   978-1-85648-632-3.
  17. ↑ Hargrove, Maddy; Hargrove, Mic (2011-03-03). Freshwater Aquariums For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN   978-1-118-05097-2.
  18. ↑ Agutter, Alastair R. (2017-09-05). Tropical Fish Keeping Journal: Book Edition Four. Alastair R Agutter. ISBN   978-1-9761-4058-7.
  19. ↑ "Neon Tetra Care Guide: How To Create The Optimal Environment". ModestFish. 5 January 2022.
  20. ↑ "Neon Tetras: The Ultimate Care, Diet, Breeding, & Info Guide". buildyouraquarium. 27 February 2023.
  21. ↑ "Neon Tetra Fish Species Profile". the spruce pets.
  22. ↑ "How to breed Neon tetras". Practical Fishkeeping. 13 June 2016.
  23. ↑ "Breeding Neon Tetras" . Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  24. ↑ "Brightest Little Fish Has an Amazing History". The Spruce Pets. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  25. 1 2 "Neon Tetra & FNT Disease; Sporozoan Fish Infection". Aquarium-Pond-Answers.com. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  26. ↑ "Neon Tetra Disease Treatment & Prevention". Tankquarium. 22 June 2021.
  27. ↑ Alderton, David (2019). Encyclopedia of Aquarium and Pond Fish (978-0-2413-6424-6 ed.). UK: Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 99.

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