List of nine sons
The oldest known attestation of the children of the dragon list is found in the Miscellaneous records from the bean garden (菽園雜記) by Lu Rong (1436–1494); however, he noted that the list enumerates mere synonyms of various antiques, not children of a dragon. [1]
Several Ming Dynasty texts list what were claimed as the Nine Offspring of the Dragon (Chinese :龍生九子), and subsequently these feature prominently in popular Chinese stories and writings. There are four principal versions of the list: [2]
- Lu Rong's (陸容, 1436–1494) list, which includes 14 creatures
- Li Dongyang's (李東陽, 1447–1516) list, which includes 9 creatures
- Yang Shen's (楊慎, 1488–1559) list, which also includes 9 creatures — this version is the most widely found one
- Fang Yizhi's (方以智, 1611－1671) list, which combines elements of the previous lists
Below are all the creatures mentioned in these lists:
| Image | Placing | Shape | Names | Fond of | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lu Rong | Li Dongyang | Yang Shen | Fang Yizhi | ||||
 | under steles | turtle | 屭贔 | 霸下 | 贔屭 | 𧈢𧏡 | heavy weights |
 | tops of steles | dragon | 螭虎 | 贔屭 | literary talent | ||
 | under bridges | lizard | 饕餮 | 𧈢𧏡 [i] | 蜥蜴 | water | |
 | bronze vessels | beast | 饕餮 | 饕餮 | food | ||
 | sword handles | demon | 蟋蜴 | 睚眦 | 睚眦 | 睚眦 | murder |
 | roof corners | dragon | 螭𧉚 | 螭吻 [ii] | 鴟吻 | gazing | |
 | roof ridges | fish | 鰲魚 | 蚩吻 | swallowing fire | ||
 | roof ridges | dragon | 𧖣𧊲 [iii] | wind and rain | |||
 | door knockers | lion | 獸𧉚 | absorbing evil | |||
| door knockers | spiral shell | 椒圖 [iv] | 椒圖 | 椒圖 | shutting its mouth | ||
| tower tops | small dragon | 虭蛥 | 虭蛥 | peril | |||
| roof corners | phoenix | 嘲風 | 嘲風 | peril | |||
 | incense burners | lion | 金猊 | 金猊 | 狻猊 | smoke | |
 | Buddha thrones | lion | 狻猊 | sitting | |||
 | bell tops | small dragon | 徙牢 | 蒲牢 | 蒲牢 | 蒲牢 | roaring |
 | prison gates | tiger | 憲章 | 狴犴 | 狴犴 | 狴犴 | confronting |
| patrolling routes | mermaid | 金吾 | 金吾 | being aware | |||
| lutes | yellow dragon | 囚牛 | 囚牛 | music | |||
- ↑ This term contains rare characters 𧈢 (⿰虫八) and 𧏡 (⿰虫夏), and may be mistakenly spelled as 蚣蝮, 趴蝮, or 蚣𧏡. It is thought to be a phonetic respelling of 霸下 (read as bàxià in Mandarin, ba-hah in Cantonese, and pà-hǎ in Hokkien).
- ↑ In modern popular usage, this term may be applied to all decorations found on roofs, including fish-shaped and dragon-shaped.
- ↑ This word contains rare characters 𧖣 (⿰虫蠻) and 𧊲 (⿰虫全), and its exact pronunciation is unknown.
- ↑ In modern popular usage, this term is often used for the lion-shaped door knockers instead of spiral shell-shaped knockers.
As seen in the table, some names are assigned to different creatures by different authors. Aside from these names, there are other variants in use, such as 負屭 for the dragons depicted on the tops of steles, or 龜趺 for the turtle found beneath the steles. The word "dragon head" ( 螭首 ) may be applied to some of the mentioned structures.
Some of these creatures are based on earlier mythological beasts, such as pulao or bixi, but most of them have no other mythological background and are merely used as names for decorative structures.
There are other creatures that have features of the dragon, but are not listed among the "nine sons of the dragon", including Kirin, Longma, Pixiu, and Denglong
