Author | Pu Songling |
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Original title | 聊齋誌異 |
Country | China |
Language | Classical Chinese |
Genre | Zhiguai chuanqi |
Publication date | 1766 |
Liaozhai zhiyi | |||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 聊齋誌異 | ||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 聊斋志异 | ||||||||||||
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Liaozhai zhiyi,sometimes shortened to Liaozhai,known in English as Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio,Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio,Strange Tales from Make-Do Studio,or literally Strange Tales from a Studio of Leisure,is a collection of Classical Chinese stories by Qing dynasty writer Pu Songling,comprising close to 500 stories or "marvel tales" [1] in the zhiguai and chuanqi styles,which according to some critics,served to implicitly criticise societal problems. Written over a period of forty years from the late 1600s and ending in the early 1700s,it circulated in manuscripts that were copied and recopied among the author's friends but did not appear in print until 1766. Since then,many of the critically lauded stories have been adapted for other media such as film and television.
Pu assembled the nearly five hundred short and lengthy tales over a period of forty years between the early 1670s and the early 1700s. [2] As was the convention of his time,Pu titled his work using the sobriquet Liaozhai (聊齋),translated into English as the "Studio of Conversation" or "Studio of Leisure". [3]
The scholar Zhang Peiheng (章培恒) writes that the original Liaozhai comprised eight volumes,the earliest completed around 1681 and the latest completed between 1707 and 1714. [4] The compilation was first circulated in scribal copies but it was not published until after the author's death in 1715. Around 1693,Shandong financial commissioner Yu Chenglong reportedly offered Pu a thousand taels in exchange for his Liaozhai manuscript,but Pu declined his offer. [5]
The final manuscript was "carefully preserved" by the Pu family after his death,with many different individuals,including the local magistrate,requesting to make copies of it. The earliest surviving print version of Liaozhai was printed in 1766 in Hangzhou by publisher Zhao Qigao (趙起杲), [6] who claimed that Pu originally intended for his anthology to be titled Tales of Ghosts and Foxes (鬼狐傳). [7] Although Zhao also alleged that his publication was based on the "original manuscript" as was copied by a friend, [8] it did not contain all the stories found in the original manuscript; [5] in the preface to his publication,he writes,"I have expunged simple and brief notes which are dull and commonplace,forty-eight in all." [9] Moreover,Zhao censored stories that had "brief references to sensitive topics". [9] Nonetheless,the Zhao edition was well-received and was first republished by scholar Li Shixian (李時憲) in 1767. [10]
At some point after 1871,Pu Jieren (普价人),a seventh-generation descendant of Pu Songling,had the original manuscript,which was reportedly made up of twenty volumes,rebound in eight volumes. They were then kept in two boxes,one of which disappeared "under circumstances which are still obscure". [11] In 1950,the Pu family donated the surviving four volumes,which contained some 237 short stories,to the Liaoning Provincial Library. [11]
Unlike much Chinese and Western horror fiction,the "scary stories" in Liaozhai are not intended to be frightening,but to blur the borders between the supernatural and everyday reality,using physical and psychological detail to make the move between these realms seem natural. [12] These tales,which are "works rich in romanticism",explore the philosophical concept of qing (情),the passionate and emotional entanglement of the world,be it human or supernatural. [13]
Liaozhai zhiyi is the most acclaimed Chinese "supernatural tales" collection since the three major Ming dynasty hua (話) collections,which are the Jiandeng Xinhua (剪燈新話) by Qu You,the Jiandeng Yuhua (剪燈餘話) by Li Changqi,and the Mideng Yinhua (覓燈因話) by Shao Jingzhan;these three had a far-reaching impact across East Asia. [14]
Early commentary on Liaozhai regarded it as a "superior but typical example" of the zhiguai genre. [15] Subsequent critics and writers disagreed with such a view,instead focusing on the allegorical nature of the stories instead; [16] for instance,Yu Ji,who was Zhao Qigao's secretary,wrote in his preface to Zhao's edition of Liaozhai:"... saying that it differs little from collections of rare phenomena or strange tales is a very shallow view and one that greatly contradicts the author's intent." [17] Pu's grandson,Pu Lide (蒲立德),viewed the work as "an act of serious self-expression". [18]
Still later critics in the nineteenth century focused on the "literary style and narrative technique" of Liaozhai. Qing dynasty critic Dan Minglun (但明倫) writes in the preface to his 1842 interlinear commentary of Liaozhai:"From Liaozhai,I also gained insight into literary methods." [19] Around the same period,Liaozhai also attracted critical attention from Western writers,for example,Samuel Wells Williams mentioned Liaozhai in his writings as "a perfect work with pure language and elegant style" and its "beautiful writing style" has also received praises from the likes of William Frederick Mayers and Karl Gützlaff. [20]
Since the 20th century,its literary status was further elevated. Guo Moruo said of Liaozhai that "The writing of ghosts and demons is superior to all others;the satire on corruption and tyranny is penetrating to the marrow." [21] Yuken Fujita of Keio University wrote in 1954 that "Among the many literary works that are descended from ancient Chinese fiction [i.e. Bowuzhi , Soushen Ji , Shishuo Xinyu , Lieyi Zhuan , Shi Yi Ji ,etc.],it [Liaozhai] has already established a reputation as the most outstanding short story collection." [22] Hiromasa Imai describes Liaozhai as "the pinnacle of ghost literature." [23] Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio was also listed by Jorge Luis Borges as one of his favorite books. [24]
Following Liaozhai zhiyi's critical and commercial success,other well-received "wonder tale" and "fantasy" story collections also soon appeared,creating a publishing craze for such literature in China well into the 19th century. Some notable major collections include Yuan Mei's Zibuyu (What the Master Would Not Discuss,1788),Shen Qifeng's Xie Duo (1791),Ji Yun's Yuewei caotang biji (Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations,1789-1798 &1800) and Wang Tao's Songyin manlu (1875).
John Minford and Tong Man describe Herbert Giles's translation as "prudish", [25] because he chose not to translate "anything connected with sex, procreation, blood, sometimes indeed the human body in any of its aspects" and often made "extraordinary lengths to cover up his traces, showing considerable craft and cunning." [26] In the Giles translation fox spirits wish to chat and share tea with people rather than trying to seduce and engage in sexual intercourse, and romantic partners at most exchange kisses. They wrote that "Giles was a creature of his time" since he was required to follow Victorian Era morality, and urged readers to "not get Giles' bowdlerising of Liao-chai out of proportion." [26] They added that "the widely distributed Commercial Press (HK) edition of the stories makes many of the same prudish cuts as Giles." [27]
Minford and Tong Man write that people have continued reading Giles's translations even though they "have been at best quietly tolerated, more often derided, and dismissed as orientalist bowdlerisations..." [25] Lydia Chiang describes Minford and Tong Man's essay as a "post-Saidian re-evaluation" that compares the Giles translation to traditional and modern Chinese representations of the story. [28]
Martin Buber made the first German translation of the work, included within his Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten. [29] Buber had assistance from a person named Wang Jingdao. Buber stated in the preface of his translation that his translation had portions previously untranslated in Giles work because Giles, according to the "English custom", had "omitted or paraphrased all passages which seemed to him indecorous". [28] The Chinesische Geister- und Liebesgeschichten was translated into English by Alex Page, published in 1991 by the Humanities Press. [29]
Vasily Mikhaylovich Alekseyev published an acclaimed translation of Pu Songling's stories in Russian in two volumes, Fox's Wiles (1922) and The Wizard Monks (1923). It has been cited as the most accomplished translation of the book into a foreign language. [30] The book was translated into Manchu as Sonjofi ubaliyambuha Liyoo jai jy i bithe. [31] Lodovico Nicola di Giura (1868–1947) produced a complete Italian translation of the 1766 edition. [32]
In the 19th century, colorful and fully illustrated collector's editions of Liaozhai zhiyi also circulated onto the literary scenes. These exquisitely mounted illustrated Liaozhai are now collected by major libraries and museums around the world, such as the National Library of China and Library of Congress.
Pu Songling was a Chinese writer during the Qing dynasty, best known as the author of Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio.
"The Painted Skin" is a short story by the Chinese writer Pu Songling collected in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio in 1740. Literary critics have recognised it as one of the best and best-known entries in Strange Tales; in particular, its textual detail and in-depth characterisation are lauded. "The Painted Skin" has also received numerous adaptations in popular media, especially in film. The story's original title has become a common phrase in Chinese vocabulary, "a synonym for duplicity that wears an outwardly human face but is inwardly demonic".
"Huang Jiulang" is a short story by Pu Songling first published in the third volume of Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio. The story features He Shican, a homosexual studio owner who becomes smitten with Huang Jiulang, a fox spirit, and their subsequent lives as a reborn government official and the lover of another gay official, respectively. "Huang Jiulang" is notable for being a full-length narrative on homosexuality in China; one of its English translated titles, "Cut Sleeve", alludes to Emperor Ai of Han's same-sex relationship with Dong Xian.
"The Fornicating Dog" is a short story by Chinese author Pu Songling first published in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740). The story pertains to a Chinese merchant's spouse, a zoophile who develops sexual relations with the family's pet dog; Pu himself was critical of such phenomena as sexual fixation on animals. It was dropped from early editions, both Chinese and translated, of Liaozhai, notwithstanding Pu's original manuscript, and was translated into English by John Minford in 2006.
"A Prank" is a short story by Pu Songling collected in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740) that pertains to a prankster whose act goes awry. It was translated into English by John Minford in 2006.
"Twenty Years a Dream" is a short story written by Chinese author Pu Songling in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740). One of the earlier entries in the collection, it revolves around a bachelor's romantic relations with a female ghost. The story was favourably received by literary critics.
"Dragon Dormant", also known as "The Hibernating Dragon", is a short story by Chinese author Pu Songling collected in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. The story is about a character named "Commissioner Qu" and his encounter with a supernatural creature in his study.
"A Strange Matter Concerning Pigeons", also translated variously as "A Strange Tale of Pigeons" or "A Strangeness of Pigeons", is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740). It revolves around Zhang Youliang, an avid pigeon-keeper who befriends a fellow collector and is entrusted to care for a few of his pigeons. The story has been translated into both English and French, and adapted into an art installation.
"Stealing Peaches", also variously translated as "The Peach Theft", "Theft of the Peach", "Stolen Peaches", and "Stealing a Peach", is a short story by Pu Songling, first published in Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1740). It is told in first person by Pu himself, and revolves around a magic trick similar to the Indian rope trick; Pu claims to have witnessed it personally as a child.
"Three Lives" is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio which follows the past lives of a scholar. It has been adapted into a play and translated into English.
"Growing Pears", also variously translated as "Planting a Pear Tree", "Sowing Pears", and "The Wonderful Pear Tree", is a short story by Pu Songling, first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. Set in ancient China, the story revolves around a miserly pear seller and a Taoist priest.
"The Raksha Country and the Sea Market" is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. Told in two parts, the story follows the adventures of scholar-merchant Ma Ji, and is one of the first Strange Tales entries to be translated into English. Some critics have argued that "The Raksha Country" serves as social commentary on topics including hypocrisy, conventional standards of beauty, and nationalism. The story was likely inspired by both ancient Hindu mythology and early Chinese literature; it has been adapted for the stage.
"The Monster in the Buckwheat" is a short story by Pu Songling, first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio (1740). It concerns an elderly farmer's repeat encounters with a demon.
"The Fighting Cricket" is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. Set in a society whose emperor has an obsession with fighting crickets, the story follows a boy who metamorphoses into one such cricket to save his father.
"The Wutong Spirits" is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. It follows locals in Southern China who are terrorised by one of the Wutong Shen, a group of five malevolent spirits. The antagonist reappears in the following Strange Tales story titled "Another Wutong Spirit".
"Wang Liulang", also translated as "Sixth Brother Wang", is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. The story follows a Chinese fisherman's friendship with the title character, a water spirit who has to drown a human being in the river in which he is imprisoned, in order to be reincarnated.
"The Shuimang Herb", also translated as "The Shuimang Plant", is a short story by Pu Songling first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio.
"Old Man Zhu" is a short story by Pu Songling, first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio (1740). It revolves around the titular gentleman who returns from the dead to fetch his wife.
"Fourth Sister Hu" is a short story by Pu Songling, first published in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio (1740). It revolves around a Chinese scholar who encounters a pair of fox spirits.
"Judge Lu" is a short story written by Pu Songling (1640–1715) and first published in 1766 in Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio. It revolves around a scholar and his friendship with a judge from the underworld, who performs a heart transplant on him and a head transplant on his wife. The story was translated into English by Herbert Giles in 1880.