Oligacanthorhynchus

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Oligacanthorhynchus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Acanthocephala
Class: Archiacanthocephala
Order: Oligacanthorhynchida
Family: Oligacanthorhynchidae
Genus: Oligacanthorhynchus
Travassos, 1915

Oligacanthorhynchus is a genus of parasitic worms belonging to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

Phylogenetic analysis has been conducted on one of the species in the genus, O.tortuosa.

Archiacanthocephala
Archiacanthocephala
Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala based on a 28S rRNA gene comparison from Gomes et. al (2019) and a 18S rDNA gene comparison from Amin and colleagues (2020). [2] [3] Amin and colleagues (2022) used the 18S rDNA gene and ITS1-5.8-ITS2 region of ribosomal RNA comparisons to add P. canicola phylogenetically to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. [4]

Description

The trunk is cylindrical and smooth or irregularly ringed. The proboscis is generally globular being somewhat longer than it is wide and has stout hooks in left handed spiral rows, with their point obliquely cut and their root produced forwards. The proboscis receptacle consists of a thick inner wall i inserted into inside of proboscis which is shrinks along the ventral side, and a thinner outer wall inserted at base of neck. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular anastomoses in the hypodermis form the lacunar system. Protonephridia are present. The lemnisci are filiform with a central canal and numerous nuclei. In the far posterior of the male, there are testes and eight cement glands used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation. [5] [6] [7] The eggs are almost spherical with shells that are radially striated. Hosts include birds with snakes being the intermediate hosts. [7]

Species

There are 33 known species in the genus Oligacanthorhynchus. [a]

O. carinii was found infesting the southern three-banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus) in Paraguay. [8]

The eggs are 58 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.45. [9]

O. ricinoides was found inside the body cavity of 0.68% of the African five-lined skink (Trachylepis quinquetaeniata reported as Mabuya quinquetaeniata) sampled in the Qena Governorate, Egypt. The worm is cylindrical and white. The wall of the body consists of a thin cuticle over a syncytical hypodermis. The proboscis is cylindrical and contains recurved sclerotized hooks. The trunk measures 1.9–3.1 mm long by 0.56–0.77 mm wide in the female and 1.9–2.99 mm. in length and 0.58–0.98 mm in width in the much smaller male. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular anastomoses in the hypodermis form the lacunar system. The proboscis receptacle is inserted in the inner side of proboscis. The lemnisci are filiform with a central canal and numerous nuclei. The testes are located in the mid-region of the body and each measure 0.14–0.15 mm long by 0.10–0.11 mm wide. [7]

Hosts

Life cycle of Acanthocephala. Acanthocephala LifeCycle lg.jpg
Life cycle of Acanthocephala.

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. The intermediate host of Oligacanthorhynchus include ?. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor are passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There are no known paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Oligacanthorhynchus. [12]

Oligacanthorhynchus has been found parasitizing mammals. There are no reported cases of Oligacanthorhynchus infesting humans in the English language medical literature. [11]

Notes

  1. ↑ A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.
  2. ↑ There are no known aberrant human infections for Oligacanthorhynchus species. [11]

References

  1. ↑ "Oligacanthorhynchus Travassos, 1915". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  2. ↑ Gomes, Ana Paula N.; Amin, Omar M.; Olifiers, Natalie; Bianchi, Rita de Cassia; Souza, Joyce G. R.; Barbosa, Helene S.; Maldonado, Arnaldo (2019). "A New Species of Pachysentis Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) in the Brown-Nosed Coati Nasua nasua (Carnivora: Procyonidae) from Brazil, with Notes on the Genus and a Key to Species". Acta Parasitologica. 64 (3): 587–595. doi:10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6. PMC   6814649 . PMID   31286360.
  3. ↑ Amin, O.M.; Sharifdini, M.; Heckmann, R.A.; Zarean, M. (2020). "New perspectives on Nephridiacanthus major (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) collected from hedgehogs in Iran". Journal of Helminthology. 94: e133. doi:10.1017/S0022149X20000073. PMID   32114988. S2CID   211725160.
  4. ↑ Amin, Omar M.; Chaudhary, Anshu; Heckmann, Richard A.; Swenson, Julie; Singh, Hridaya S. (2022-03-01). "Redescription and Molecular Characterization of Pachysentis canicola Meyer, 1931 (Acanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae) from the Maned Wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) in Texas". Acta Parasitologica. 67 (1): 275–287. doi:10.1007/s11686-021-00458-5. PMID   34345996. S2CID   236914933. Archived from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2022.
  5. ↑ Bush, Albert O.; Fernández, Jacqueline C.; Esch, Gerald W.; Seed, J. Richard (2001). Parasitism : the diversity and ecology of animal parasites. Cambridge, UK New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 203. ISBN   0-521-66278-8. OCLC   44131774.
  6. ↑ Kükenthal, W (2014). Gastrotricha and Gnathifera. Göttingen, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. p. 322. ISBN   978-3110274271.
  7. 1 2 3 Rabie, S. A., AbdEl-Latif, M. E. D. Z., Mohamed, N. I., & El-Hussin, O. F. A. Description of Some Acanthocephalan Species from Some Reptiles in Qena Governorate. url=http://www.aun.edu.eg/uploaded_full_txt/27206_full_txt.pdf
  8. ↑ Smales, Lesley R. (2007). "Oligacanthorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) from Mammals from Paraguay with the Description of a New Species of Neoncicola". Comparative Parasitology. 74 (2): 237–243. doi:10.1654/4271.1. S2CID   85226506.
  9. ↑ Pfenning, A. C. (2017). Egg morphology, dispersal, and transmission in acanthocephalan parasites: integrating phylogenetic and ecological approaches.Url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=csh_etd
  10. ↑ CDC’s Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria (April 11, 2019). "Acanthocephaliasis". www.cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control. Archived from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  11. 1 2 Mathison, BA; et al. (2021). "Human Acanthocephaliasis: a Thorn in the Side of Parasite Diagnostics". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (11): e02691-20. doi:10.1128/JCM.02691-20. PMC   8525584 . PMID   34076470.
  12. ↑ Schmidt, G.D. (1985). "Development and life cycles". In Crompton, D.W.T.; Nickol, B.B. (eds.). Biology of the Acanthocephala (PDF). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 273–305. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.


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