Overmyer Network

Last updated

United Network
United Network Logo.png
United Network logo, 1967
Type Television network
Country United States
Affiliates106, including flagships WPIX-TV and KHJ-TV
Headquarters New York, New York
Ownership
OwnerUnited Network, Inc.
Key people
  • Oliver Treyz (president)
  • Lewis Marcy (executive VP)
  • Jack McGlothlin (chairman of the board)
History
FoundedJuly 12, 1966 (1966-07-12)
LaunchedMay 1, 1967 (1967-05-01)
Founder Daniel H. Overmyer
ClosedJune 1, 1967 (1967-06-01) (1 month)
Former namesOvermyer Network (pre-launch, 1966–1967)

The United Network, known prior to launch as the Overmyer Network, was a short lived attempt at a fourth television network in the United States that operated through the month of May 1967. Founded by Daniel H. Overmyer, a Toledo, Ohio, warehouse chain operator and television station owner, majority control of the network was sold by Overmyer to a 14-person syndicate weeks before it launched, resulting in the name change to the United Network.

Contents

Despite lofty plans outlined by network president Oliver Treyz, United's lone offering was The Las Vegas Show , a late-night talk show hosted by comedian Bill Dana. This program was successfully cleared in a majority of the nation's television markets; many United affiliates had existing primary affiliations with a Big Three network. Significant financial losses, poor timing, and a lack of overall advertising support prompted the network to shut down after only one month of operations.

Formation

A second-generation warehouse owner, Daniel H. Overmyer had entered prominence in the field, owning and operating up to 260 buildings in 55 cities nationwide by 1965. [1] By 1966, Overmyer successfully built and signed on WDHO-TV in Toledo, Ohio, [2] owned the Toledo Monitor, a weekly tabloid paper, [3] and founded Progress National Bank; [4] he also secured construction permits for six additional ultra high frequency (UHF) stations across the country, joining existing UHF station WDHO. [5] [6]

The creation of the Overmyer Network was announced on July 12, 1966, with former ABC president Oliver Treyz hired as network president. In addition to Overmyer's planned UHF outlets serving as owned-and-operated stations, New York City station WPIX-TV, owned by Tribune Broadcasting, was signed up as the planned flagship. [7] Los Angeles station KHJ-TV, owned by RKO General, was announced as the lead station for the West Coast; [8] had KHJ-TV not signed, KBSA (channel 46), a station that had yet to sign on the air, [lower-alpha 1] would have been designated as West Coast flagship. [10] The Overmyer Network, abbreviated "ON" with the slogan, "Turn ON", [4] was regarded as the first credible attempt at forming a fourth national network to join ABC, NBC and CBS since ABC's formal reorganization in 1953. [11]

October 1966 trade advertisement for the Overmyer Network, promoting an April 3, 1967, launch. 1966 Overmyer Network ad.jpg
October 1966 trade advertisement for the Overmyer Network, promoting an April 3, 1967, launch.

Treyz envisioned the Overmyer Network supplying up to eight straight hours of evening programming to affiliates, including a prime time block devoted to different genres every night, [4] two hours of newscasts supplied by United Press International (UPI), and a late-night talk show originating from Las Vegas, Nevada. [7] Cultural and sports programming including Tales from the Great Book (an animated Bible series) and regional games of the Continental Football League were also planned, [13] as was professional soccer. [8] [14] Lewron Television, a Baltimore, Maryland–based production company that provided mobile television facilities for ABC, CBS and NBC, was contracted to supply their facilities for the late-night show. [15] By July 1966, 35 stations agreed to affiliate with the new network; [16] this grew by October to 100 stations, 75 of which already agreed to carry the late-night show. [8] The number of planned affiliates increased to 123 by December, including 24 of the largest 25 markets. [17] Many of these new affiliates were existing CBS affiliates; after Overmyer Network made the late-night show a priority, CBS declined to launch a late-night show of their own. [11]

Ownership and name change

Overmyer encountered numerous financial difficulties in late 1966, attributed largely to an overexpansion of his warehouse company. Construction of his warehouses was briefly halted after the lead contractor encountered financial distress, owing $18 million to shareholders; [18] in response, Overmyer agreed to guarantee the contractor's $5–6 million debt. [19] Overmyer also employed a large financial development staff for his warehouse arm that traveled across the country, resulting in substantial travel expenses and monthly airfare totaling $80,000 a month. [18] Consequently, construction of the other UHF stations was delayed, with only the San Francisco (KEMO-TV) and Cincinnati (WSCO-TV) permits having any tangible progress to speak of. [20] [21] Overmyer sold off 80 percent majority control of these unfinished construction permits to American Viscose Corporation in exchange for a $3 million loan. [22] [23]

Overmyer announced the sale of 80 percent majority control in the network on March 5, 1967, to a 14-person syndicate led by three stockholders in the Mutual Broadcasting System: Jack McGlothlin, a Texas oil operator; Willard Garvey, a grain dealer, an oil investor and land developer; and James Nichols, a Texas advertising and public-relations executive. No money changed hands. [24] [25] [26] By February 15, 1967, Overmyer encountered second thoughts over the feasibility of the network and realized the original projected April 3 launch date promised months earlier in trade advertising [12] would not be met. [27] Overmyer proposed to the Mutual board a merger with the Overmyer Network as a way to help finance production of the new late-night show until advertising revenue became more available. [28] While the Mutual board rejected the idea, McGlothlin, Garvey and Nichols, were receptive and formed the syndicate. As part of the deal, the Overmyer Network was renamed the United Network and now had a launch date of May 1, 1967. [26] The new date came after negotiations with Lewron that included a $60,000 rider inserted in their contract and the right for United to terminate with seven days' notice. [27] Broadcasting called the transaction "a rescue mission ... [that] has saved the fourth television network from death in the womb." [26] Overmyer also relinquished any managerial role or board seats with the network. [29]

Launch

Rechristened the United Network, the new network signed on the air on May 1, 1967, with The Las Vegas Show on 106 stations. [30] Hosted by comedian Bill Dana from the Hotel Hacienda, the show featured regulars Ann Elder, Pete Barbutti, Danny Meahan, Jo Anne Worley, Cully Richards and Jack Sheldon, and aspired for a younger audience than NBC's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . The Las Vegas Show also debuted two weeks after ABC launched The Joey Bishop Show . [31] Dana had a 13-week contract with United to host the show and was reportedly paid $8,000 per week. [32] [33] The primary focus on Las Vegas, coupled with changes to the network's distribution, [29] delayed the UPI newsfeed to a September 11, 1967, launch. [34] UPI merged their television news service with ITN earlier in the year to form UPITN, and United was to have been one of UPITN's first clients. [29]

With Las Vegas derisively dubbed "Ollie's Follies" by industry insiders, United was described by Variety as a syndication service similar to Sports Network, but utilizing AT&T Bell System transmission lines—the main carrier for television network transmissions—to send programming on a regular schedule. [35] United's affiliate base was regarded as "irregular" by Variety [36] and retrospectively seen as "erratic". [37] As the network was made up mostly of existing Big Three affiliates, The Las Vegas Show aired in tape delay in most markets; some NBC affiliates delayed the show to the late afternoon [38] or aired it after Tonight. [39] The show's airtime on WPIX varied during the week, [40] [41] which was also the case for WGN-TV in Chicago. [42] [36] The network also lacked clearance in some large cities, including San Francisco, which was waiting for KEMO-TV to sign on. [43]

While initially debuting to strong ratings in New York and Los Angeles, Las Vegas experienced significant declines through the month of May 1967. [44] By the third week, Las Vegas was ranked dead last in New York [45] and reportedly fell to a fraction of a point nationally. [46] [44] Dana later said some audience surveys showed Las Vegas had an average viewership of around 2.6 million, [47] a respectable number given the varied airtimes among the stations and competition against Tonight, Joey Bishop and The Merv Griffin Show . [48]

Financial distress

Despite the hype, the United Network quickly started to bleed money. AT&T's transmission lines proved to be too expensive: advance fees for the lines amounted to $400,000 per month [48] and $7 million annually (equivalent to $64 million in 2023), with United paying for all eight hours despite using only two of those allotted hours. [35] Under existing toll tariff rules, United was prohibited from subleasing these unused hours to another program service or for educational television, which drew the ire of New York Times columnist Jack Gould. [49] After the network launched, Overmyer sold his nominal 20 percent stake back to the syndicate for $240,000 cash and a $115,000 promissory note. [29] Two weeks into the network's operations, several members of the syndicate declined to have any further involvement with United, further burdening the remaining stockholders. [48] H. L. Hunt and Howard Hughes were both approached as investors, but both rejected their respective offers, [29] and another merger proposal with Mutual Broadcasting was reportedly rejected. [50]

United also launched at the end of the traditional television season, [46] which was also the last quarter for traditional advertising budget cycles, limiting the ability for blue-chip companies to become clients for the network, although companies like Colgate-Palmolive, General Mills and General Foods did emerge as advertisers. [47] During the last days of operation, network president Oliver Treyz made an on-air appeal to potential sponsors, pointing out that air time on The Las Vegas Show was a mere $6,000 a minute, barely a third of what NBC was charging for The Tonight Show. [46] [29] Syndicated columnist Jack O'Brian reported these $6,000 rates were reduced further by up to two-thirds. [51] Lewron was also not paid on May 22 and May 29 and issued a telegram threatening to deny United usage of their facilities. [27] Other columnists began to suggest United "is in financial trouble", [52] had a "shaky" future, [50] or was "dying", [53] with O'Brian calling Las Vegas both "new and ailing". [51]

Closure

At least I set a record. I'm the first man in history to sink an entire network.

Bill Dana,host of The Las Vegas Show, after the shutdown of the United Network [47]

United's executive board voted to cease operations on Thursday, June 1, 1967, forcing affiliates to find replacement programming that same evening, some with only a few hours notice. [29] [lower-alpha 2] One station, WREC-TV in Memphis, Tennessee, which carried Las Vegas at midnight, opted to sign-off at that time. [54] Las Vegas was cancelled after 23 episodes; [46] production staff was notified after the previous night's taping that the show "would stop taping for awhile". [44] Financial losses for the network's investors totaled $2.2 million (equivalent to $20.1 million in 2023) [48] from a starting capital of $10 million. [55] Las Vegas executive producer David Sontag said United needed up to $8 million more in order to sustain further production of the program. [32]

A notice was sent to the network's 107 affiliate stations on June 1, 1967, which stated: [32] [56]

The executive committee of our board of directors, instructed me to inform you that with deep regret we are obliged to advise you that the United Network ceased its interconnected program operations as of May 31, 1967.

Please be advised that the United Network staff has done everything possible in connection without [ sic ] efforts to plan and launch the Las Vegas program and other United Network endeavors.

Station co-operation has been magnificent. We are indeed indebted to you for all your help. Regretfully, Oliver Treyz.

United filed for bankruptcy on June 22, 1967, having accrued a debt of $690,000. Creditors included Chase Manhattan Bank, Texas Bank and Trust, Overmyer Network and Productions, and Bill Dana. [57] Treyz left at the end of June. [48] Managing director James Nichols expressed hope to resume United's operations within two months, saying the network did not fold but dropped all programming while undergoing a reorganization. [30] [58] Nichols retained Robert Pauley, formerly of ABC Radio, to serve as United's future president. [59] Minority shareholder Willard Garvey planned to incorporate a new company named Detinu, Inc. (United spelled backward), to "precede development of a fourth nationwide television network". [60]

By September 1967, Nichols announced United would relaunch with seven hours of news and public affairs per week, [61] transmitted between 2 a.m. and noon when AT&T fees were lowest. [62] [63] Pauley "severed ties" with United's investor team the following month [64] and established Independent Broadcasting Co., which like United would provide news and public affairs, including content from Pathé News, to affiliates. [65] This network also failed to materialize and Pauley was eventually hired as president of Mutual Broadcasting. [66] [lower-alpha 3] Pete Barbutti told the Omaha World-Herald in a January 1968 interview any plans to revive United or Las Vegas were "quite unlikely" as ownership decided to write-off the network for tax purposes. [68]

Lewron Television sued both the network and Overmyer for $117,000 in unpaid rental bills, half of what had been owed to them under their contract; [69] Overmyer was included because of his past status as a minority owner. [70] While Overmyer was initially found liable of up to $53,683 in a summary judgment, [69] this was later reversed on appeal. [71] The lawsuit against United was decided on May 8, 1972, with the network owing the firm $13,326.86. [27]

Legacy

WPIX president Fred Thrower called United "a valiant attempt" and said "it's a shame it didn't work... to ask for a success in five weeks was too much. If the backers of the network didn't intend to give it sustenance until it found its place they shouldn't play in this league with peanuts." [32] Bill Dana expressed frustration over United's management and finances, telling an Associated Press reporter, "this appears to be the definite case of 'the operation was a success, but the patient died'. I can only ascribe the failure of the enterprise to the consummate naivete on the part of the backers. The whole thing went against all principles of sound fiscal policy. Even if you open a candy store, you should have enough capitalization to last more than three or four weeks." [47] Overmyer said after the shutdown, "I am sorry. I still think a fourth network is necessary and maybe a fifth as time goes by." [56]

Jack Gould mused in his Times column at the end of 1967 that United's failure was "further evidence that expansion of commercial TV is little more than a pipe dream". [72] In a February 1969 column on recent attempts at a fourth television network (including DuMont, NTA and a Pat Weaver effort), Newspaper Enterprise Association media critic Joan Crosby deemed United "the latest, and most noteworthy fiasco ... that barely lasted long enough for the first commercial". Industry spokesmen described United to Crosby as "a promotion stunt" and "a fraud". [55] Homer Brickey of the Toledo Blade later called the network "a victim of the Overmyer cash crunch" and claimed Treyz "slid into oblivion and reportedly became a bum on the streets of New York City." [4] Historian Hal Erickson wrote that "... the United Network came to an end—making The Las Vegas Show the first series in history to leave the air because its network was cancelled." [73]

Affiliate stations

A two-page advertisement published on the April 3, 1967, issue of Broadcasting magazine listed all the planned affiliates for the United Network. [74] Prior to that, the December 5, 1966, issue of Broadcasting listed planned all the affiliates for the Overmyer Network, 123 in total. [17] In some markets, a different station was the affiliate due to the planned station not yet signing on. Overmyer's KEMO-TV (channel 20) was listed as an affiliate in both lists, but it was not on air until April 1, 1968; [75] as a result, The Las Vegas Show did not air in San Francisco. [43]

A blue background indicates a station only included in the April 3, 1967, list.

United Network affiliates
StationChannelPrimary affiliationCity of licenseRefsNotes
WHNT-TV 19CBS Huntsville, AL
WKRG-TV 5CBS Mobile, AL
WCOV-TV 20CBS Montgomery, AL [76] [lower-alpha 4]
KPHO-TV 5Independent Phoenix, AZ
KZAZ-TV 11Independent Tucson, AZ
KBAK-TV 29CBS Bakersfield, CA
KHJ-TV 9Independent Los Angeles, CA
KLOC-TV 19Independent Modesto, CA
KFMB-TV 8CBS San Diego, CA [lower-alpha 5]
KICU-TV 43Independent Visalia, CA
KKTV 11CBS Colorado Springs, CO
KWGN-TV 2Independent Denver, CO
KREX-TV [lower-alpha 6] 5CBS Grand Junction, CO
WTIC-TV 3CBS Hartford, CT
WTTG 5Independent Washington, D.C.
WTVX 34CBS Fort Pierce, FL
WJXT 4CBS Jacksonville, FL
WTVJ 4CBS Miami, FL
WDBO-TV 6CBS Orlando, FL
WLCY-TV 10ABC TampaSt. Petersburg, FL [lower-alpha 7]
WAGA-TV 5CBS Atlanta, GA [lower-alpha 8]
WRBL 3CBS Columbus, GA
WCIA 3CBS Champaign, IL
WGN-TV 9Independent Chicago, IL
WMBD-TV 31CBS Peoria, IL
WREX-TV 13ABC Rockford, IL
WHBF-TV 4CBS Rock Island, IL
WLWI 13ABC Indianapolis, IN [lower-alpha 9]
WNDU-TV 16NBC South Bend, IN
WTHI-TV 10CBS Terre Haute, IN
KTVC 6CBS Ensign, KS
KLOE-TV 10CBS Goodland, KS
KAYS-TV 7CBS Hays, KS
KTVH 12CBS HutchinsonWichita, KS
KNOE-TV 8CBS Monroe, LA
WVUE-TV 12ABC New Orleans, LA [77] [lower-alpha 10]
KSLA 12CBS Shreveport, LA
WABI-TV 5CBS Bangor, ME
WMTW 8ABC Poland SpringPortland, ME
WAGM-TV 8CBS Presque Isle, ME
WMET-TV 24Independent Baltimore, MD
WHDH-TV 5CBS Boston, MA
WKBD-TV 50Independent Detroit, MI [79] [lower-alpha 11]
WKZO-TV 3CBS Kalamazoo, MI
WJIM-TV 6CBS Lansing, MI [lower-alpha 12]
WKNX-TV 25CBS Saginaw, MI
KDAL-TV 3CBS Duluth, MN
WCCO-TV 4CBS MinneapolisSt. Paul, MN
WABG-TV 6ABC Greenwood, MS
KODE-TV 12CBS Joplin, MO
KCMO-TV 5CBS Kansas City, MO
KSD-TV 5NBC St. Louis, MO [82] [lower-alpha 13]
KMTV 3NBC Omaha, NE [39] [lower-alpha 14]
KLAS-TV 8CBS Las Vegas, NV
KOLO-TV 8CBS Reno, NV
KOB-TV 4NBC Albuquerque, NM [lower-alpha 15]
WBEN-TV 4CBS Buffalo, NY
WPIX 11Independent New York City, NY [lower-alpha 16]
WHEC-TV 10CBS Rochester, NY
WHEN-TV 5CBS Syracuse, NY
WCCB 18Independent Charlotte, NC [83] [lower-alpha 17]
WFMY-TV 2CBS Greensboro, NC
WNCT-TV 9CBS Greenville, NC
KXJB-TV 4CBS FargoValley City, ND
KXMB-TV 12CBS Bismarck, ND
KXMC-TV 13CBS Minot, ND
KDIX-TV 2CBS Dickinson, ND
WAKR-TV 23ABC Akron, OH
WCPO-TV 9CBS Cincinnati, OH
WEWS-TV 5ABC Cleveland, OH [lower-alpha 18]
WDHO-TV 24Independent [lower-alpha 19] Toledo, OH
KWTV 9CBS Oklahoma City, OK
KTVM 5CBS Medford, OR
KOIN-TV 6CBS Portland, OR
WSEE-TV 35CBS Erie, PA
WHP-TV 21CBS Harrisburg, PA
WLYH-TV 15CBS Lebanon, PA
WPHL-TV 17Independent Philadelphia, PA
WIIC-TV 11NBC Pittsburgh, PA [lower-alpha 20]
WCSC-TV 5CBS Charleston, SC
WOLO-TV 25ABC Columbia, SC
WSPA-TV 7CBS Spartanburg, SC
KXAB-TV 9NBC Aberdeen, SD
WDEF-TV 12CBS Chattanooga, TN
WBBJ-TV 7CBS Jackson, TN
WREC-TV 3CBS Memphis, TN
WLAC-TV 5CBS Nashville, TN [86] [lower-alpha 21]
KFDM-TV 6CBS Beaumont, TX
KZTV 10CBS Corpus Christi, TX [lower-alpha 22]
KRLD-TV 4CBS DallasFort Worth, TX
KROD-TV 4CBS El Paso, TX
KPRC-TV 2CBS Houston, TX
KTRE 9ABC Lufkin, TX
KOSA-TV 7CBS Odessa, TX
KCTV 8CBS San Angelo, TX
KENS-TV 5CBS San Antonio, TX
KAUZ-TV 6CBS Wichita Falls, TX
KSL-TV 5CBS Salt Lake City, UT
WTAR-TV 3CBS Norfolk, VA
WTVR-TV 6CBS Richmond, VA
WDBJ 7CBS Roanoke, VA
KVOS-TV 12CBS Bellingham, WA
KXLY-TV 4CBS Spokane, WA
KTNT-TV 11Independent TacomaSeattle, WA
WBAY-TV 2CBS Green Bay, WI
WISN-TV 12CBS Milwaukee, WI
WSAU-TV 7CBS Wausau, WI
WAPA-TV 4Independent San Juan, PR
WSVI 8ABC Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI

Some listed affiliates [17] [74] did not carry the show:

The following stations were listed as affiliates in the December 5, 1966, list and had no market replacement: [17]

Notes

  1. KBSA did not sign on the air until August 16, 1972. [9]
  2. Producers for The Las Vegas Show told the Associated Press two additional installments had been taped in advance prior to the shutdown, but it is unlikely those shows ever aired. [46]
  3. Pauley's concept of a syndicator of television news and public affairs would eventually be realized with Television News Inc. in 1973, backed by Joseph Coors of the Coors Brewing Company and with Pauley as the founding chief executive officer. [67]
  4. WKAB-TV (channel 32, ABC) was announced as the Montgomery, Alabama, affiliate in both the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists. [17] [74]
  5. KOGO-TV was announced as the San Diego affiliate in the December 5, 1966, list. [17]
  6. Including satellites KREY (Montrose) and KREZ (Durango).
  7. WTVT was announced as the Tampa–St. Petersburg affiliate in the December 5, 1966, list. [17]
  8. Overmyer's WBMO-TV (channel 36) was listed as the Atlanta affiliate in the December 5, 1966, list. [17]
  9. WTTV was announced as the Indianapolis affiliate in the December 5, 1966, list. [17]
  10. While WVUE was announced as the New Orleans affiliate in the December 5, 1966, list, [17] WWOM-TV (channel 26, independent) was announced as such in the April 3, 1967, list; [74] WWOM-TV was not on air until October 14 of that year. [78]
  11. WJBK-TV (channel 2, CBS) was announced as the Detroit, Michigan, affiliate in the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists. [17] [74]
  12. Could not carry all of the show because of Daylight Saving Time–related issues. [80] The state legislature had just moved to exempt Michigan from DST. [81]
  13. KPLR-TV (channel 11, independent) was announced as the St. Louis affiliate in both the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists. [17] [74]
  14. Not on the April 3, 1967, list.
  15. Aired the program in late afternoons. [38]
  16. Flagship station.
  17. WBTV (channel 3, CBS) was announced as the Charlotte, North Carolina, affiliate in both the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists. [17] [74]
  18. Carried Las Vegas on Friday nights after Joey Bishop, Saturday nights and Sunday afternoons. [84]
  19. Station had no primary affiliation but aired NBC and CBS network shows not otherwise cleared in Toledo.
  20. The December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists contain Overmyer's WECO-TV (channel 53) instead, but it was not on air by the time the show was to air. [85]
  21. WSIX-TV (channel 8, ABC) was announced as the Nashville affiliate in both the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, lists. [17] [74]
  22. Both the December 5, 1966, and April 3, 1967, affiliate lists include KVER in Laredo, [17] [74] a station on channel 13 planned to rebroadcast KZTV.

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KMEG is a television station in Sioux City, Iowa, United States, affiliated with the digital multicast network Dabl. It is owned by Waitt Broadcasting, which maintains a shared services agreement (SSA) with Sinclair Broadcast Group, owner of Fox/MyNetworkTV/CBS affiliate KPTH, for the provision of certain services. The two stations share studios along I-29 in Dakota Dunes, South Dakota; KMEG's transmitter is located in unincorporated Plymouth County, Iowa, east of James and US 75 along the Woodbury County line.

The early history of television in the United States, particularly between 1956 and 1986, was dominated by the Big Three television networks: the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), and the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The term fourth television network was used within the industry during this era to refer to a theoretical fourth commercial broadcast (over-the-air) television network that would operate as a direct competitor to the "Big Three".

<i>The Las Vegas Show</i> American late-night talk show (May 1967)

The Las Vegas Show was an American late night television program broadcast during the month of May 1967 on the United Network. Hosted by comedian Bill Dana, The Las Vegas Show was intended to be the flagship of a planned fourth television network, but was the only program the network ever transmitted. As United's affiliates largely scheduled the program to air at different times, the length of the program also varied between 90 or 120 minutes. The Las Vegas Show was cancelled solely due to the financial failure of the United Network after one month, with 23 episodes broadcast and two unaired episodes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Daniel H. Overmyer</span> American businessman (1924–2012)

Daniel Harrison Overmyer was an American businessman, warehouse mogul, and television broadcaster. During the height of his career, Overmyer was referred to as "the king of warehousing".

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Bibliography