| Paakantyi Lands New South Wales | |
|---|---|
  Paakantyi Lands | |
| Coordinates | 31°08′48″S142°22′53″E / 31.14667°S 142.38139°E |
The Paakantyi, or Barkindji or Barkandji, are an Australian Aboriginal tribal group of the Darling River (known to them as the Baaka [1] ) basin in Far West New South Wales, Australia.
The ethnonym Paakantyi means "River people", formed from paaka river and the suffix -ntyi, meaning "belonging to", thus "belonging to the river". [2] They refer to themselves as wiimpatya. [3] The name Paakantyi therefore simply means the River People. [4] [5]
Traditionally they speak the Paakantyi language of the Pama–Nyungan family, and one of the three major Aboriginal languages for the people of present-day Broken Hill region.
The major work on the Paakantyi language has been that of the late linguist Luise Hercus. [6]
The Paakantyi dwelt along the Darling River, from Wilcannia downstream almost to Avoca. Inland from either side of the Darling, their territory extended to a distance of roughly 20–30 miles. According to Norman Tindale, they inhabited an area of some 7,500 square miles (19,000 km2). [7] They lived also in the back country from the river, around the Paroo River and Broken Hill. [6] [8] They were close neighbours of the Maraura, further down the Great Darling Anabranch. [9]
The landscape is characterized by brick-red sandhills and grey clay flats. [10]
The Barkindji today derive from several dialects, all speaking variations of the same language or Barlku. Historically these dialects were distinct groups, but with colonisation these groups are more singularly recognised as Barkindji today, with the language (Paakantyi palku) and intermarriage linking these smaller dialect groups together in far western NSW:
The land was harsh: drought was not rare. When parched conditions set in, the Paakantyi would withdraw into the backcountry around the few perennial springs, and hunt the wildlife that came to drink water there. [10]
In Paakantyi lore, the landscape of and around the river was created by Ngatji, the dreamtime rainbow serpent [11] [a] This figure is still believed to travel underground from waterhole to waterhole, and should not be disturbed. [11] His presence is seen in such phenomena as when whirly breezes stir up the Darling's waterways. [12]
The first colonizer who travelled through their territory, Thomas Mitchell, appears to be referring to the Barkindji when he mentions the Occa tribe in the area of Wilcannia. [b]
One estimate of the population for the period immediately before contact with whites, taking into account the hard climatic conditions, suggested that the 2,000 square miles (5,200 km2) could have sustained no more than 100 people. [10] On the other hand, Simpson Newland, a contemporary familiar with the district where they lived, wrote in illustration of the point that: "we cannot but admit that our happy prosperous lot in these bright colonies is purchased at the cost of the welfare, nay, even the lives of the possessors of the soil", and illustrated the point in the following words:
A few years ago the aboriginals of the Upper Darling were comparatively numerous; now they, in common with other tribes wherever the European has settled, have nearly passed away. This has been brought about by no epidemic, nor the use of intoxicants, or cold, or hunger; none of these have had much to do with it. I can vouch for their being well fed and clothed, and for years spirits were almost entirely kept from them; yet they died off, the old and young, the strong and weakly alike, sometimes with startling suddenness, at others by a wasting sickness of a few days, weeks, or months. [14]
The people the explorer Mitchell encountered and called Occa, are, according to Norman Tindale, probably to be identified with the Paakantyi. Tindale argues that Mitchell misheard the name for their section of the river, Ba:ka. [7]
Sometime around 1850, according to elders' memories, an epidemic attacked the Paakantyi and the neighbouring Naualko, affecting their numbers drastically tribes, killing off an estimated third of each tribe. Panic overtook the two peoples, they took flight, leaving those struck by the illness unburied in the sandhills - the mortality was particularly high around Peri Lake - as they sought refuge at the Paroo river, where the disease was unknown. [15]
Frederic Bonney was one of the earliest settlers in their area, and ran stock there for 15 years. [16]
In the nineteenth century, they were much reduced by disease and they ended up working for the immigrants who had invaded their lands. Pictures were taken by Bonney at Momba Station over 15 years from the mid-1860s down to 1880 which have provided a sympathetic and accurate picture of these people. [17] Bonney wrote sympathetically of the Paakantyi, stating that they were "naturally honest, truthful, and kind-hearted. Their manner is remarkably courteous and to little children, they are very kind. Affectionate and faithful to chosen companions, also showing exceeding respect to aged persons and willingly attending to their wants." [18]
With the disintegration of traditional tribal ways, the Paakantyi have been afflicted by alcoholism, high unemployment, and have a high incidence of inter-group and domestic violence. [19] The Paakantyi were considered to be a "vanishing tribe" by the mid-twentieth century. [20] In recent times their descendants are concentrated in Wilcannia. At a conservative estimate of Wilcannia's approximately 600 residents, 68% are of Paakantyi descent. [21] [2] The town enjoyed a colonial boom, being the third largest inland port in those times, and was occasionally referred to, humorously and ironically, as "Queen City of the West", [22] alluding to the nickname of the powerful river port in the US, Cincinnati. Overgrazing by cattle and sheep, the arrival of rabbits in the early 1890s and the Federation drought led to soil degradation and extensive loss of vegetation. Non-native species of fish introduced into the river system also damaged its ecology. [2] In later periods the extraction of water for cotton farming higher up on the northern reaches of the Darling has drastically reduced water flow through this area for tribes once known as the "people of the river". [21]
In 1997, the Barkindji people filed a lawsuit claiming the national native title tribunal. To support their claim they collected documents from traditional owners and reports written by anthropologists, historians and linguists. [23]
Their native title was officially recognised by the Australian government, in a ruling handed down by federal judge Jayne Jagot, after 18 years of legal battle, in 2015. [24] The area covers 128,000 square kilometres (49,000 sq mi) from the South Australian border, eastwards to Tilpa, south to Wentworth and northwards to Wanaaring. [23]
Source: Tindale 1974
Source: Gibson 2016 , p. 211
The Paroo River, a series of waterholes, connected in wet weather as a running stream of the Darling catchment within the Murray–Darling basin, is located in the South West region of Queensland and Far West region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the home of the Paarkantji people.
The Paakantyi language, also spelt Paakantji, Barkindji, Barkandji, and Baagandji, and is also known as the Darling language, is a nearly extinct Australian Aboriginal language spoken along the Darling River in New South Wales from the present-day Queensland border to Bourke, then along the river to Wentworth. It includes much of the backcountry around the Paroo River, plus an area along Coopers Creek into Queensland and also through the Broken Hill district.
The Pantyikali (Bandjigali) dialect, also called Baarundji or Weyneubulcoo , is a dialect of the Paakantyi language. Pantyikali is spoken in New South Wales, Australia, northwest, north, and west of White Cliffs. It is not extinct, with four speakers reported in 2005.
The Wilyakali or Wiljaali are an Aboriginal Australian people of around the Darling River basin in Far West of New South Wales, as well as west of the state border, into South Australia. Their traditional lands centred on the towns of Broken Hill and Silverton and surrounding country.
Momba Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a sheep station in New South Wales. The property is situated approximately 42 kilometres (26 mi) south east of White Cliffs and 66 kilometres (41 mi) north east of Wilcannia.
Frederic Bonney (1842–1921) was a British landowner and photographer. He took photographs at Momba Station in New South Wales in the 1870s and he was known for these and his anthropology. He was born and died in Rugeley, Staffordshire.
The Dadi Dadi or Tatitati are an Australian Aboriginal people whose traditional lands are located along the southern banks of the Murray River in Victoria Australia.
The Maraura or Marrawarra people are an Aboriginal group whose traditional lands are located in Far West New South Wales and South Australia, Australia.
The Barindji, also written Parrintyi, are an indigenous Australian people of the state of New South Wales. They are to be distinguished from the Paaruntyi, who spoke a similar language but whom they called the spitting people.
The Ngurunta or Runda are believed to have been an indigenous Australian people of the state of South Australia located immediately west of Lake Frome.
The Naualko (Nhaawuparlku) were an indigenous Australian people of New South Wales.
The Arabana, also known as the Ngarabana, are an Aboriginal Australian people of South Australia.
The Wanjiwalku were an indigenous Australian people of the state of New South Wales.
The Paaruntyi are an indigenous Australian people of the state of New South Wales. They are not to be confused with the Parrintyi.
Peery Lake is a fresh water lake on the Paroo River, north of Wilcannia, New South Wales, Far West New South Wales.
Donalroe Parish in Cobar Shire is a civil parish of Rankin County,; a Cadastral division of New South Wales.
Budda Parish in Cobar Shire is a civil parish of Rankin County,; a Cadastral division of New South Wales.
Tankarrok Parish in Cobar Shire is a civil parish of Rankin County,; a Cadastral division of New South Wales.
Buckinbe Parish in Cobar Shire is a civil parish of Rankin County,; a Cadastral division of New South Wales.
Annie "Grannie" Moysey was an Aboriginal matriarch. She passed down the traditions of her tribal affiliation and was a revered figure among her people and in Wilcannia.