Wemba-Wemba | |
---|---|
Eastern Central Murray | |
Region | Victoria |
Ethnicity | Wemba-Wemba, Nari-Nari, Barababaraba, Wergaia, Wotjobaluk, Marditjali, ?Jardwadjali |
Extinct | (date missing) [1] |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xww – inclusive codeIndividual codes: rnr – Nari-Nari rbp – Barababaraba weg – Wergaia xwt – Wotjobaluk |
Glottolog | west2443 incl. Madhi–Ladji–Wadi |
AIATSIS [2] | D1 |
ELP | Wemba-Wemba |
Nari Nari [3] |
The Wemba Wemba language is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language once spoken along the Murray River and its tributaries in North Western Victoria and South Central New South Wales.
Nari Nari , a dialect of Wemba Wemba, is as of 2020 [update] part of a language revival project. Other dialects are Barababaraba and Wergaia.
Jardwadjali (with dialects Jagwadjali, Nundadjali, Mardidjali) may be Wemba-Wemba, [4] or may be closer to the Madhi–Ladji–Wadi varieties.
Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p | k | t̪ | c | t | ʈ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n | ɳ | |
Lateral | l | ɭ | ||||
Rhotic | r | ɽ | ||||
Approximant | w | j |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | ɪ, i | ʊ, u | |
Mid | ɛ, e | ə | ɔ, o |
Open | a |
Voiced consonant sounds only occur within prenasalized stops. Prenasal consonants include: /mb/ /nd/ /ndy/ /ng/ and /rnd/. In phonetic form they are pronounced as [mb] [nd] [ɲɟ] [ŋɡ] and [ɳɖ]. [5]
Below is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981). [6]
English | Wemba-Wemba |
---|---|
man | beng |
woman | lerg |
mother | guinggurin |
father | mam |
head | murreng |
eye | mir |
nose | ganyug |
ear | wirimbula |
mouth | dyarb |
tongue | dyaling |
tooth | lia |
hand | manye |
breast | gurm |
stomach | bili |
urine | gir |
faeces | guni |
thigh | gareburdug |
foot | dyine |
bone | merderug |
blood | gurg |
dog | wilgar |
snake | gurnwil |
kangaroo | gure (grey), bara (red) |
possum | wile |
fish | yauwirr |
spider | wirimbeliny |
mosquito | liri |
emu | dyurung-wil |
eaglehawk | banggel |
crow | wa |
sun | nyaui |
star | durd |
stone | la |
water | gaden |
camp | lar |
fire | wanab |
smoke | burd |
meat | benggug |
stand | dyerriga |
sit | nyengga |
see | nyaga |
go | yangga |
get | garga |
hit | daga (barrangguna 'kill') |
I | yandang |
you | ngin |
one | gebin |
two | buledya |
At least four botanical terms in Australian English are thought to have been introduced into local speech from Wemba-Wemba:
As of 2020 [update] , the Nari Nari dialect [9] is one of 20 languages prioritised as part of the Priority Languages Support Project being undertaken by First Languages Australia and funded by the Department of Communications and the Arts. The project aims to "identify and document critically-endangered languages — those languages for which little or no documentation exists, where no recordings have previously been made, but where there are living speakers". [10]
Nhanda, also rendered Nanda, Nhanta and Nhandi, is an Australian Aboriginal language from the Midwest region of Western Australia, between Geraldton and the Murchison River, from the coast to about 20 kilometres (12 mi) inland. The language is now spoken, or semi-spoken, by only a few people.
The Gamilaraay or Kamilaroi language is a Pama–Nyungan language of the Wiradhuric subgroup found mostly in south-eastern Australia. It is the traditional language of the Gamilaraay (Kamilaroi), an Aboriginal Australian people. It has been noted as endangered, but the number of speakers grew from 87 in the 2011 Australian Census to 105 in the 2016 Australian Census. Thousands of Australians identify as Gamilaraay, and the language is taught in some schools.
The Yinggarda language is an Australian Aboriginal language. It is an endangered language, but efforts at language revival are being made.
Djabugay is an endangered Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Djabugay people with 46 native speakers at the 2016 census. The Djabugay language region includes Far North Queensland, particularly around the Kuranda Range and Barron River catchment, and the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Cairns Regional Council.
Bininj Kunwok is an Australian Aboriginal language which includes six dialects: Kunwinjku, Kuninjku, Kundjeyhmi, Manyallaluk Mayali (Mayali), Kundedjnjenghmi, and two varieties of Kune. Kunwinjku is the dominant dialect, and also sometimes used to refer to the group. The spellings Bininj Gun-wok and Bininj Kun-Wok have also been used in the past, however Bininj Kunwok is the current standard orthography.
David George Nash is a prominent Australian field linguist, specialising in the Aboriginal languages of Australia. Brought up in Parkes, New South Wales, he received a BA in pure mathematics from the Australian National University followed by an M.A. in Linguistics. He then went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he studied with Ken Hale and received his PhD in linguistics in 1980. Before returning to Australia, he worked on the Lexicon Project at MIT. In 2005 he was Ken Hale Professor at the Linguistic Society of America Summer Institute. He works as a consultant for various Aboriginal organisations. He is also a Visiting Fellow of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies.
Ngarrindjeri, also written Narrinyeri, Ngarinyeri and other variants, is the language of the Ngarrindjeri and related peoples of southern South Australia. Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi.
The Nari-Nari are an Indigenous Australian group in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. The Nari-Nari are believed by historians to have formed in the Balranald area on the lower Murrumbidgee River, from the amalgamation of a number of groups in neighbouring areas such as the Wiradjuri and the Watiwati. The Nari-Nari share a western border with the Muthi Muthi tribe.
Ngarla is a Pama–Nyungan language of coastal Western Australia. It is possibly mutually intelligible with Panyjima and Martuthunira, but the three are considered distinct languages.
The Kulin languages are a group of closely related languages of the Kulin people, part of the Kulinic branch of Pama–Nyungan.
Taribelang, also known as Bunda, Gureng-Gureng is a language of Queensland. Although no longer spoken as a native language by the Taribelang or Bunda people, it is spoken as a 2nd or 3rd language by under 100. There exists some confusion between Austlang's (AIATSIS) E33: Taribelang and E36: Goeng Goeng languages.
Dhauwurd Wurrung is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the Gunditjmara people of the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Keerray Woorroong is regarded by some as a separate language, by others as a dialect. The dialect continuum consisted of various lects such as Kuurn Kopan Noot, Big Wurrung, Gai Wurrung, and others. There was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different linguists and researchers. The group of languages is also referred to as Gunditjmara language and the Warrnambool language.
The Lamalama language, also known by the clan name Mbarrumbathama (Austlang) or Mba Rumbathama, formerly known as Lamu-Lamu or Lama-Lama, is a Paman language of Queensland, Australia. Lamalama is one of four languages once spoken by the Lamalama people, the others being Morrobolam (Umbuygamu), Mbariman-Gudinhma, and Umpithamu.
Biri, also known as Biria, Birri Gubba, Birigaba, Wiri, Perembba and other variants, is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Mackay area of Queensland spoken by the Birri Gubba people. There are at least eight languages regarded as dialects of Biri, and two which are related but whose status is not yet fully determined. All are covered in this article.
The Tulua language, also written Toolooa and Dulua, and also known as Narung, is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language of Queensland in Australia
The Nhanhagardi language, also written Nana karti, Nanakarti, Nanakarri, Nanakari, and Nanakati, and also known as Wilunyu, Wiri, Minangu, Barimaia and Jaburu, is an Aboriginal Australian language of the Champion Bay area of Western Australia.
The Dadi Dadi or Tatitati are an Australian Aboriginal people whose traditional lands are located along the southern banks of the Murray River in Victoria Australia.
The Kokatha language, also written Kukatha, Kokata, Gugada, and other variants, and also referred to as Madutara, Maduwonga, Nganitjidi, Wanggamadu, and Yallingarra and variant spellings of these, is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Western Desert group traditionally spoken by the Kokatha people, whose traditional lands are in the western part of the state of South Australia, north of the Wirangu people.