| Barngarla | |
|---|---|
| Parnkalla | |
| Region | South Australia |
| Ethnicity | Barngarla |
| Extinct | by 1960 [1] |
| Revival | from 2012 |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bjb |
| Glottolog | bang1339 |
| AIATSIS [1] | L6 |
| ELP | Barngarla |
 | |
Barngarla, formerly known as Parnkalla, is an Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. It was formerly extinct, but has undergone a process of revival since 2012.
Barngarla is written phonetically using an alphabet of 27 letters, consisting of both single characters and digraphs from the English alphabet. [2] [3]
| Letter | IPA | Pronunciation Guide |
|---|---|---|
| a | /a/ | As in the English words "papa", "visa" |
| aa | /aː/ | As in the English words "father" |
| ai | /ai/ | As in the English words "pie", "sky" |
| aw | /aw/ | As in the English words "power", "town" |
| b | /b/ | A normal English "b" |
| d | /d/ | A normal English "d" |
| dh | /d̪/ | A "d" pronounced with the tongue between the teeth, as in between the sound of the English words "this" and "dust" |
| dy | /ɟ/ | As in the English word "judge", except with the tongue against the roof of the mouth |
| g | /ɡ/ | A normal English "g" |
| i | /i/ | As in the English words "bit", "sit", "pit" |
| ii | /iː/ | As in the English words "tea", "key", "ski" |
| l | /l/ | A normal English "l" |
| lh | /l̪/ | A normal English "l" but with the tongue between the teeth |
| ly | /ʎ/ | As in the English words "million", "will-you", with the tongue against the roof of the mouth |
| m | /m/ | A normal English "m" |
| n | /n/ | A normal English "n" |
| ng | /ŋ/ | As in the English words "ringing", "singing", "Long Island" |
| nh | /n̪/ | As in the English word "tenth", with the tongue between the teeth |
| ny | /ɲ/ | As in the English word "onion", with the tongue against the roof of the mouth |
| oo | /u/ | As in the English words "put", "butcher" |
| r | /ɾ/ | The tap/flap of Japanese "r", which is also heard in the American pronunciation of the "t" in "water". |
| rd | /ɖ/ | A "d" pronounced with the tongue tip curled back behind the teeth |
| rh | /ɻ/ | As in the English word "roaring" |
| rl | /ɭ/ | An "l" pronounced with the tongue tip curled back behind the teeth |
| rn | /ɳ/ | An "n" pronounced with the tongue tip curled back behind the teeth |
| rr | / r / | Alternatively, when spoken slowly or for emphasis, rr is pronounced as a rolled "r" trill as in Italian or Spanish. |
| w | /w/ | A normal English "w" |
| y | /j/ | A normal English "y" |
Despite being considered letters of Barngarla, "ai" and "aw”, do not denote distinct phonemes. On the contrary, they are in fact nothing more than the sum of their parts. The sound of "ai" is literally just the sound of "a" followed by the sound of "i"; similarly with "aw".
One important thing to note is that when there is a sequence of two dental phonemes ("dh", "nh"), the "h" is only written once rather than twice. That is, the sequence /d̪n̪/ is written "dnh" and not "dhnh". Similarly with palatal phonemes ("dy", "ny", "ly") with the "y", ("dny" instead of "dyny"), and with retroflex phonemes ("rd", "rl", "rn") with the "r", ("rdn" instead of "rdrn").
Barngarla has the following consonant phonemes: [3]
| Peripheral | Laminal | Coronal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | ||
| Plosive | b | ɡ | d̪ | ɟ | d | ɖ | |
| Nasal | m ~ bm | ŋ | n̪ ~ d̪n̪ | ɲ ~ ɟɲ | n ~ dn | ɳ ~ ɖɳ | |
| Lateral | l̪ ~ d̪l̪ | ʎ ~ ɟʎ | l ~ dl | ɭ ~ ɖɭ | |||
| Rhotic | trill | r | |||||
| tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ɻ | ||||
Barngarla has the following vowel phonemes: [3]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u |
| Open | a aː | |
Barngarla has four grammatical numbers: singular, dual, plural and superplural. [4] : 227–228 For example:
Barngarla is characterised by a matrilineal and patrilineal distinction. For example, the matrilineal ergative case first person dual pronoun ngadlaga ("we two") would be used by a mother and her child, or by a man and his sister’s child, while the patrilineal form ngarrrinyi would be used by a father and his child, or by a woman with her brother’s child. [5] : 7
In traditional Barngarla, birth order was so important that each child within the family was named according to the order in which s/he was born. Barngarla has nine male birth order names and nine female birth order names, as following: [2] : 42
To determine the suitable name for the newborn Barngarla child, the parents first found out the number of the newborn within the family, and only then selected the male/female name, according to the gender of the newborn. So, for example, if a baby girl was born after three boys, her name would have been Moonaga (4th born, female) as she was the fourth child within the family.[ citation needed ]
The last native speaker of the language died in 1964. However, the language has been revived thanks to the work of a German Lutheran pastor Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann, who worked at a mission in 1844 and recorded 3,500 (or 2000? [6] ) words to form a Barngarla dictionary, [7] entitled A Vocabulary of the Parnkalla [Barngarla] Language, Spoken by the Natives Inhabiting the Western Shores of Spencer’s Gulf. [8]
In 2012 [8] the chair of linguistics and endangered languages at the University of Adelaide, Ghil'ad Zuckermann, started working with the Barngarla community to revive and reclaim the Barngarla language, based on Schürmann's work. [9] [10] Language revival workshops are held in Port Augusta, Whyalla, and Port Lincoln several times each year, with funding from the federal government's Indigenous Languages Support program. [8]
In October 2016, a mobile app featuring a dictionary of over 3,000 Barngarla words was publicly released. [11]
Wardlada Mardinidhi / Barngarla Bush Medicines, a 24-page book, was published in July 2023. It is the third book co-written by Zuckermann and members of the Richards family of Port Lincoln, this time represented by Evelyn Walker. It records the names a number of native plants from around Port Lincoln in Barngarla, Latin, and English, and describes their use as bush medicine. Walker hopes that the book will form part of a program to help youth and others affected by the Stolen Generations to reconnect with their culture and language, improving their mental health. [6]
Lincoln National Park is a protected area in the Australian state of South Australia located about 249 kilometres (155 mi) west of the state capital of Adelaide and about 9.5 kilometres (5.9 mi) south of the municipal seat of Port Lincoln. It consists of a mainland area on the Jussieu Peninsula on the south eastern tip of Eyre Peninsula and a number of nearby islands. The national park contains significant sites of natural, indigenous and early European heritage.
Port Augusta is a small coastal city in South Australia about 310 kilometres (190 mi) by road from the state capital, Adelaide. Most of the city is on the eastern shores of Spencer Gulf, immediately south of the gulf's head, comprising the city's centre and surrounding suburbs, Stirling North, and seaside homes at Commissariat Point, Blanche Harbor and Miranda. The suburb of Port Augusta West is on the western side of the gulf on the Eyre Peninsula. Together, these localities had a population of 13,515 people in the 2021 census.
The Adnyamathanha are a contemporarily formed grouping of several distinct Aboriginal Australian peoples of the northern Flinders Ranges, South Australia. The ethnonym Adnyamathanha was an alternative name for the Wailpi but the contemporary grouping also includes the Guyani, Jadliaura, Pilatapa and sometimes the Barngarla peoples. The origin of the name is in the words "adnya" ("rock") and "matha".
Wudinna is a town in South Australia. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1861 when Robert George Standley lodged a claim for 10 square miles (26 km2) of land surrounding Weedna Hill. It was proclaimed a town in 1916. It is on the Eyre Highway across the centre of Eyre Peninsula. It is the seat of the Wudinna District Council.
Ngarrindjeri, also written Narrinyeri, Ngarinyeri and other variants, is the language of the Ngarrindjeri and related peoples of southern South Australia. Five dialects have been distinguished by a 2002 study: Warki, Tanganekald, Ramindjeri, Portaulun and Yaraldi.
Nukunu are an Aboriginal Australian people of South Australia, living around the Spencer Gulf area. In the years after British colonisation of South Australia, the area was developed to contain the cities of Port Pirie and Port Augusta.
Thistle Island / Noondala is in the Spencer Gulf, South Australia, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) west of Adelaide, and northwest of the Gambier Islands. The city of Port Lincoln lies to the northwest of the island. Between them, the Gambier Islands and Thistle form a chain across the mouth of the gulf between the southern tips of the Yorke and Eyre Peninsulas, sometimes referred to as the Taylor Islands group.
The Barngarla, formerly known as Parnkalla and also known as Pangkala, are an Indigenous people of South Australia and the traditional owners of much of Eyre Peninsula. Their language, Barngarla is a Yura language and part of a revival effort by the University of Adelaide.
Ghil'ad Zuckermann is an Israeli-born language revivalist and linguist who works in contact linguistics, lexicology and the study of language, culture and identity.
Lipson Cove is a tranquil sandy bay in the Australian state of South Australia on the east coast of Eyre Peninsula overlooking Spencer Gulf. It features in the 2012 book 101 Best Australian Beaches by Andy Short and Brad Farmer.
Boston Island is a 960-hectare (2,400-acre) privately owned island in Boston Bay, Spencer Gulf, South Australia. It has been primarily used for grazing sheep and was also once the location of a proposed township called Kerrillyilla at the southern end of the island. In 2009, the island was rezoned to allow for future residential and tourism development. As of 2009, it is owned by the former mayor of Port Lincoln, Peter Davis. Davis' development plans include up to 1,000 residential allotments, three tourism developments and an inland marina. Prior to rezoning, there had been little interest expressed in the development plan, despite the then mayor's enthusiasm.
Mount Dutton Bay is a coastal locality in the Eyre and Western region of South Australia, situated in the District Council of Lower Eyre Peninsula. The name and boundaries were formalised in October 2003 in respect of the long established local name which is derived from the body of water known as Mount Dutton Bay. The locality incorporates three older residential "shack sites": Mount Dutton Bay West, on Dolphin Drive, Mount Dutton Bay East, on Woolshed Drive, and Shelley Beach/Salt Creek, on Shelly Beach Road. It is part of the cadastral Hundred of Lake Wangary.
The Adelaide Language Festival is a language festival that celebrates linguistic diversity and encourages people to learn about the cognitive and cultural advantages of multilingualism. It consists of keynote presentations, musical performances, Welcome to Country by a local Aboriginal Australian, and intensive sessions in dozens of languages.
The Nauo people, also spelt Nawu and Nhawu, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the south-western Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. The Nauo language became extinct by the twentieth century, but efforts are being made to revive it.
Christian Gottlieb Teichelmann, also spelt Christian Gottlob Teichelmann, was a Lutheran missionary who worked among Australian Aboriginal people in South Australia. He was a pioneer in describing the Kaurna language, after his work begun at the Piltawodli Native Location in Adelaide, with fellow-missionary Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann.
Clamor Wilhelm Schürmann was a Lutheran missionary who emigrated to Australia and did fundamental pioneering work, together with his colleague Christian Gottlieb Teichelmann, on recording some Australian languages in South Australia.
Sleaford Bay is a bay located in the Australian state of South Australia on the southern coast of Eyre Peninsula. It was named by the British navigator, Matthew Flinders in 1802.
The Tod River is the only stream on Eyre Peninsula in South Australia with a reliable water flow. Its main tributary is Pillaworta Creek. The Tod River Reservoir was built across the river between 1918 and 1922.
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond is a scholarly book written by linguist and revivalist Ghil'ad Zuckermann. It was published in 2020 by Oxford University Press. The book introduces revivalistics, a trans-disciplinary field of enquiry exploring "the dynamics and problematics inherent in spoken language reclamation, revitalization, and reinvigoration".
Native tongue title is a revivalistic term that refers to compensation for linguicide. Native tongue title is the enactment of a statute-based, ex gratia financial compensation scheme, to cover efforts to resuscitate a heritage tongue that was killed, or to empower an endangered one.