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Many Australian Aboriginal cultures have or traditionally had a manually coded language, a signed counterpart of their oral language. This appears to be connected with various speech taboos between certain kin or at particular times, such as during a mourning period for women or during initiation ceremonies for men, as was also the case with Caucasian Sign Language but not Plains Indian Sign Language, which did not involve speech taboo, or deaf sign languages, which are not encodings of oral language. There is some similarity between neighbouring groups and some contact pidgin similar to Plains Indian Sign Language in the American Great Plains.
Kuku-Thaypan is an extinct Paman language spoken on the southwestern part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia, by the Kuku-Thaypan people. The language was sometimes called Alaya or Awu Alaya. Koko-Rarmul may have been a dialect, though Bowern (2012) lists Gugu-Rarmul and Kuku-Thaypan as separate languages. The last native speaker, Tommy George, died on 29 July 2016 in Cooktown Hospital.
Ngkoth is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Winduwinda. It is unknown when it became extinct.
Urradhi is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, and is apparently extinct. It was spoken by the Urradhi people. Urradhi proper is the south-western dialect of the language. The name is composed of urra "this" and the proprietive dhi "having". The south-eastern dialect of the same language, Wudhadhi, is made of the same elements, wudha being "this". These are part of a group of closely related and highly mutually intelligible dialects, these being Angkamuthi to the north of Urradhi, Atampaya inland from these, Utudhanamu inland north from Atampaya, Yantaykenu further north, being the language of the Bamaga area, Yadhaykenu on the east coast north of Wudhadhi, and Yaraytyana further north again. This group has no common language name, though Urradhi is commonly used as a cover name. Speakers use the term Injinoo Ikya to refer to their language.
Luthigh is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Luthigh people. It is unknown when it became extinct. It constitutes a single language with Mpalitjanh. According to Sharp (1939), the neighboring Unjadi language differed only marginally from that spoken by the Okara [Luthigh].
Yinwum is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Yinwum people. It is unknown when it became extinct. Historically, it underwent some unusual phonological changes that are difficult to classify and understand in phonetic terms.
Linngithigh (Liningitij) is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Linngithigh people. It is very similar phonologically to the closely related Alngith.
Anguthimri is an extinct Paman language formerly spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia, by the Anguthimri people who lived in the area from the mouth of the Mission River north to Pennefather River and west to Duyfken Point. It is unknown when it became extinct.
The Paman languages are an Australian language family spoken on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. First noted by Kenneth Hale, Paman is noteworthy for the profound phonological changes which have affected some of its descendants.
Mpalityan (Mpalitjanh) is an Australian language once spoken in the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland. It and Luthigh are dialects of a single language.
Awngthim is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in Cape York in Queensland, Australia by the Winduwinda people. The Awngthim language region includes the areas around Weipa and the Cook Shire.
Ndra'ngith (Ntra'angith) is an extinct Australian language once spoken in the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland. Donohue (1991) identifies Ndra'ngith as the same dialect as Ntrwa'ngayth, but Sutton (2001) presents it as being distinct. Sutton also distinguishes it from the similar-sounding Ndrangith language and Ndwa'ngith language.
Aritinngithigh is an Australian Aboriginal language once spoken in Cape York in Queensland.
Kukatj, also rendered Gugadj, is an extinct Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. The name Kalibamu has also been assigned to it, although this may be a separate dialect. It is spoken by the Kukatj people. A single speaker was last recorded in 1975.
Umpithamu, also spelt Umbindhamu, is an Australian Aboriginal language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia.
Mbariman-Gudhinma, one of several languages labelled Gugu Warra 'unintelligible speech' as opposed to Gugu Mini 'intelligible speech', is an extinct dialect cluster of Aboriginal Australian languages of the Cape York Peninsula in northern Queensland, Australia. Another one in the group is Wurangung, also known as Yadaneru or Jeteneru.
Gurdjar (Kurtjar) is a Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia. There are two dialects, Gurdjar proper, and Rip. According to the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, the language is classified as extinct.
Wamin, also known as Agwamin or Ewamian, is an Australian Aboriginal language of North Queensland spoken by the Ewamian people. Wamin was traditionally spoken in the Etheridge region, in the areas around Einasliegh, Georgetown, and Mount Surprise.
Mbiywom (Mbeiwum) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken by the Mbiywom people around the areas of Cape York and Cook Shire in Far North Queensland.
The Winduwinda were an indigenous Australian people of Queensland.
References
- ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (2021). "Cultural diversity: Census" . Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- 1 2 Wurm, S. A. and S. Hattori (eds.). 1981. Language atlas of the Pacific area. Canberra: The Australian Academy of the Humanities in collaboration with the Japan Academy.
- ↑ Y32 Alngith at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ↑ Kenneth Hale, 1976, Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages, pp.12-13
- ↑
This Wikipedia article incorporates text from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages published by the State Library of Queensland under CC BY licence , accessed on 18 January 2023. - ↑ Kenneth Hale, 1976, Phonological Developments in Particular Northern Paman Languages, pp.14
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