Pachnocybe

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Pachnocybe
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Pucciniomycetes
Order:
Pachnocybales
Family:
Pachnocybaceae

Oberw. & R.Bauer
Genus:
Pachnocybe

Berk. [1]

The Pachnocybe are a genus of fungi, within the monotypic family of PachnocybaceaeOberw. & R.Bauer, 1989, [2] and within the monotypic order of Pachnocybales, within the class Pucciniomycetes. [3] They are parasitic on plants or saprobic on rotten wood.

Contents

History

The genus of Pachnocybe was created in 1836, when English cryptogamist Miles Joseph Berkeley moved several species from other genera into his new genus. [1] Such as Sporocybe albida became Pachnocybe albida. [4] [5]

The genus name of Pachnocybe was derived from Greek word Pachne meaning hoar-frost and also cybe meaning head. [5]

Hughes in 1958 in his review of classical hyphomycete genera selected Pachnocybe ferruginea as type species of the genus. He also excluded Pachnocybe grisea as a synonym of Cephalotrichum purpureofuscum (in the family Microascaceae). [6]

The genus Pachnocybe was then assigned as fungi imperfecti by Ellis in 1971, [7] then in 1980 Carmichael et al. suggested it had an ascomycetous relationship. [8] Then Oberwinkler and Bandoni in 1982, after studying the morphology of species Pachnocybe ferruginea found strong basidiomycetous relationships. [9] In 1986, Kropp and Corden proposed it should be placed in the Chionosphaeraceae family. [10]

The genus was later placed in order Atractiellales, [11] due to species in the group having gastroid basidia and simple septal pores. [10]

The genus Pachnocybe was placed in family Septobasidiaceae (Septobasidiales order), even though many Septobasidiaceae species were mostly parasitic on scale insects. [12] The family placement was based on weakly supported phylogenetic inference, [13] and the reported presence of 'microscala', (which are membrane complexes, consisting of layers of membranes of endoplasmic reticulum, interconnected by a regular array of rodlets which may also connect to the mitochondria [14] ) (Kleven and McLaughlin, 1989; [15] Bauer and Oberwinkler, 1990). [16]

Description

They were originally described in 1836 and 1863 as having "a solid stem, filiform below, clavate above, dusted with minute spores". [17]

Species in the Pachnocybaceae family have a basidiomata (spore stem) that stilboid (pin-shaped), stipitate (possessing a stipe, stem) and capitate (resembles the head of a pin), smooth, not viscid or gelatinous in form. The fertile head is globose (rounded), hyaline (glass-like) or pale yellowish, with the entire surface composed of packed basidia (spore-producing structures). The dark reddish brown stipe is composed of closely adherent thick walled hyphae (long, branching, filamentous structure). The hyphae have simple septal spores, with no clamp connections and fertile hyphae are frequently branched. The basidia is clavate to cylindrical (in form), aseptate (undivided), with basal clamp connections and an apical cluster of 4-6 minute sterigmata (small supporting structures). The basidiospores are ellipsoidal (in form), hyaline or yellowish with smooth and thick walls. [18]

Pachnocybe ferruginea was thought to be a dikaryotic mycelium that formed brown capitate basidiocarps. However, one form had associated blastic-sympodial conidia, larger basidiocarps, chlamydospores, and had a slower growth rate. Single uninucleate basidiospores of both forms produced dikaryotic mycelium with simple septal pores and holobasidia in which karogamy and meiosis occurred. Thus, P. ferruginea has a primary homothallic life cycle. Spores from conidial isolates gave rise to both basidiocarps and the conidial form demonstrating that the conidial form is the anamorph of P. ferruginea. [10]

They have a primary homothallic life cycle. [10]

List of species

The genus Pachnocybe contain 4 known species; [19]

Former species; [19]

2 other species are noted elsewhere but not listed in Species Fungorum.

Hosts

Pachnocybe ferruginea has been found on domestic wood, such as pine floorboards in a house, [24] on a wine cask and also on timbers inside a mine (Levy and Lloyd, 1960, [25] ) within the UK. [26] It was also found in Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) made utility poles in western Oregon, USA. [10] [27]

Distribution

The order has a scattered distribution, they are recorded mostly in Europe, North America (including Canada, [18] ), some in Africa and rarely in India and the Pacific Ocean. [28] They can be found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. [29]

Species Pachnocybe albida has been found on rotten logs of Buxus , Fraxinus and Quercus . [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Basidium</span> Fungal structure

A basidium is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of reproductive bodies of basidiomycete fungi. These bodies also called tertiary mycelia, which are highly coiled versions of secondary mycelia. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the genus. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores. Occasionally the number may be two or even eight. Each reproductive spore is produced at the tip of a narrow prong or horn called a sterigma (pl. sterigmata), and is forcefully expelled at full growth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ustilaginomycotina</span> Subdivision of fungi

The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi. It consists of the classes Ustilaginomycetes and Exobasidiomycetes, and in 2014 the subdivision was reclassified and the two additional classes Malasseziomycetes and Monilielliomycetes added. The name was first published by Doweld in 2001; Bauer and colleagues later published it in 2006 as an isonym. Ustilagomycotina and Agaricomycotina are considered to be sister groups, and they are in turn sister groups to the subdivision Pucciniomycotina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariales</span> Order of fungi

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Auriculariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyaloriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hyaloriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia and, as such, were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi". All appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Less than 30 species are currently included within the Hyaloriaceae, but the family has not been extensively researched.

<i>Exidia</i> Genus of fungi

Exidia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. The species are saprotrophic, occurring in attached or recently fallen dead wood, and produce gelatinous basidiocarps. The fruit bodies are diverse, pustular, lobed, button-shaped or cup-shaped. Several species, including the type species Exidia glandulosa, have sterile pegs or pimples on their spore-bearing surface. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and around 20 species are currently recognized worldwide. Initial molecular research indicates the genus is artificial.

Limnoperdon is a fungal genus in the monotypic family Limnoperdaceae. The genus is also monotypic, as it contains a single species, the aquatic fungus Limnoperdon incarnatum. The species, described as new to science in 1976, produces fruit bodies that lack specialized structures such as a stem, cap and gills common in mushrooms. Rather, the fruit bodies—described as aquatic or floating puffballs—are small balls of loosely interwoven hyphae. The balls float on the surface of the water above submerged twigs. Experimental observations on the development of the fruit body, based on the growth on the fungus in pure culture, suggest that a thin strand of mycelium tethers the ball above water while it matures. Fruit bodies start out as a tuft of hyphae, then become cup-shaped, and eventually enclose around a single chamber that contains reddish spores. Initially discovered in a marsh in the state of Washington, the fungus has since been collected in Japan, South Africa, and Canada.

<i>Loweomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Loweomyces is a genus of six species of poroid fungi in the family Steccherinaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pucciniomycetes</span> Class of fungi

Pucciniomycetes is a diverse class of fungi in the subphylum Pucciniomycotina of phylum Basidiomycota. The class contains 5 orders, 21 families, 190 genera, and approximately 8,016 species. It has been estimated that this class contains about one third of all teleomorphic basidiomycetes. Pucciniomycetes contains many economically important plant pathogenic fungal rusts; the order Pucciniales is the largest clade in this class, representing approximately 7,000 species.

<i>Sebacina</i> Genus of fungi

Sebacina is a genus of fungi in the family Sebacinaceae. Its species are mycorrhizal, forming a range of associations with trees and other plants. Basidiocarps are produced on soil and litter, sometimes partly encrusting stems of living plants. The fruit bodies are cartilaginous to rubbery-gelatinous and variously effused (corticioid) to coral-shaped (clavarioid). The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

<i>Ceratobasidium</i> Genus of fungi

Ceratobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps are effused and the genus is sometimes grouped among the corticioid fungi, though species also retain features of the heterobasidiomycetes. Anamorphic forms were formerly referred to the genus Ceratorhiza, but this is now considered a synonym of Rhizoctonia. Ceratobasidium species, excluding the type, are also now considered synonymous with Rhizoctonia and some species have been transferred to the latter genus. Species are saprotrophic, but several are also facultative plant pathogens, causing a number of commercially important crop diseases. Some are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceratobasidiaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Ceratobasidiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. All species within the family have basidiocarps that are thin and effused. They have sometimes been included within the corticioid fungi or alternatively within the "heterobasidiomycetes". Species are saprotrophic, but some are also facultative plant pathogens or are associated with orchid mycorrhiza. Genera of economic importance include Ceratobasidium and Rhizoctonia, both of which contain plant pathogenic species causing diseases of commercial crops and turf grass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tulasnellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Tulasnellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family comprises mainly effused (patch-forming) fungi formerly referred to the "jelly fungi" or heterobasidiomycetes. Species are wood- or litter-rotting saprotrophs, but many are also endomycorrhizal associates of orchids and some have also been thought to form ectomycorrhizal associations with trees and other plants.

<i>Exidia thuretiana</i> Species of fungus

Exidia thuretiana is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. The fruit bodies are white and gelatinous with brain-like folds. It is a common, wood-rotting species in Europe, typically growing on dead attached or fallen branches of broadleaf trees, especially beech.

<i>Tulasnella</i> Genus of fungi

Tulasnella is a genus of effused (patch-forming) fungi in the order Cantharellales. Basidiocarps, when visible, are typically smooth, ceraceous (waxy) to subgelatinous, frequently lilaceous to violet-grey, and formed on the underside of fallen branches and logs. They are microscopically distinct in having basidia with grossly swollen sterigmata on which basidiospores are formed. One atypical species, Tulasnella aurantiaca, produces orange to red, gelatinous, pustular anamorphs on wood. Some species form facultative mycorrhizas with orchids and liverworts. Around 80 species of Tulasnella are known worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kriegeriales</span> Order of fungi

The Kriegeriales are an order of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina. Most species are known only from their yeast states and can be found in a variety of habitats, ranging from arctic waters to tropical ferns. Hyphal states produce auricularioid basidia.

Colacogloea is a genus of fungi belonging to the class Microbotryomycetes. Most species in the genus are known only from their yeast states. Where known, basidiocarps have auricularioid basidia and occur as parasites on or in the fruit bodies of other fungi.

The Spiculogloeomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina of the Basidiomycota. The class consists of a single order, the Spiculogloeales, together with an additional, unassigned genus, Meniscomyces. Many species are currently known only from their yeast states. Species in the genus Spiculogloea form hyphal states that produce auricularioid basidia and are parasitic on other fungi.

Naohidea sebacea is a species of fungus in the order Naohideales. The order is currently monotypic, having only one family, one genus, and one species. Basidiocarps of Naohidea sebacea form small, gelatinous pustules on wood-inhabiting species of Botryosphaeriaceae. Microscopically, they produce long, slender, auricularioid basidia and amygdaliform (almond-shaped) basidiospores.

Platygloea is a genus of fungi belonging to the class Pucciniomycetes. Basidiocarps of the type species are disc-shaped, gelatinous, and occur on dead wood, probably as a saprotroph. Microscopically, all species of Platygloea sensu lato have auricularioid basidia. Currently the genus contains a heterogeneous mix of auricularioid fungi not yet accommodated in other genera.

References

  1. 1 2 Smith, James Edward (1836). Hooker, William Jackson; Berkeley, Miles Joseph (eds.). The English Flora of Sir James Edward Smith. Vol. 5, part II: "Class XXIV. Cryptogamia". London, England: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman. p. 2.
  2. ↑ Oberwinkler, F.; Bauer, R. (1989). "The systematics of gasteroid, auricularioid Heterobasidiomycetes". Sydowia. 41: 224–256.
  3. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi: 10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 . hdl: 10481/61998 .
  4. ↑ James Edward Smith and Miles Joseph Berkeley English Flora: Class 24, Cryptogamia, Pt. 2, comprising ..., Volume 5, Issue 2 (1836) , p. 33, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 Henrici, Alick (January 2020). "Pachnocybe' albida - unfairly neglected". Field Mycology. 21 (1): 15–17. doi: 10.1016/j.fldmyc.2020.01.006 . S2CID   214494102.
  6. ↑ Hughes, S.J. (1958). "Revisiones hyphomycetum aliquot cum appendice de nominis rejiciendis". Can.J.Bot. 36 (6): 727–836. doi:10.1139/b58-067.
  7. ↑ Ellis, M.B. (1971). Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. Kew, Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 608.
  8. ↑ Carmichael, J.W.; Kendrick, W.B.; Conners, I.L.; Sigler, L. (1980). Genera of Hyphomycetes. Alberta, Canada: University of Alberta Press.
  9. ↑ Oberwinkler, F.; Bandoni, R.J. (1982). "A taxonomic survey of the gastroid, auricularioid Heterobasidiomycetes". Canad. J. Bot. 60 (9): 1726–1750. doi:10.1139/b82-221.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kropp, Bradley R.; Corden, Malcolm E. (May–June 1986). "Morphology and Taxonomy of Pachnocybe ferruginea". Mycologia. 78 (3): 334–342. doi:10.1080/00275514.1986.12025255.
  11. ↑ Walker, William F. (October 1984). "5S rRNA sequences from Atractiellales, and Basidiomycetous yeasts and fungi imperfecti". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 5 (3): 352–359. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(84)80037-5.
  12. ↑ Henk, Daniel A.; Vilgalys, Rytas (September 2007). "Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support for some relationships within the genus Septobasidium". American Journal of Botany. 94 (9): 1515–1526. doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.9.1515 . PMID   21636518.
  13. ↑ Frieders, E. M. 1997. An integrated approach to understanding the moss parasites and their role in basidiomycete evolution. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
  14. ↑ David J. McLaughlin and Joseph W. Spatafora (Editors) Systematics and Evolution (2013) , p. 46, at Google Books
  15. ↑ Kleven, N.J.; McLaughlin, D.J. (1989). "A light and electron microscopic study of the developmental cycle in the basidiomycete Pachnocybe ferruginea". Canadian Journal of Botany. 67 (5): 1336–1348. doi:10.1139/b89-178.
  16. ↑ Bauer, R.; Oberwinkler, F. (1990). "Meiosis, spindle pole body cycle, and taxonomy of the heterobasidiomycete Pachnocybe ferruginea". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 172 (1–4): 241–261. doi:10.1007/BF00937810. S2CID   20001667.
  17. ↑ Mordecai Cubitt Cooke Handbook of British Fungi, with full descriptions of all the species and illustrations of the genera, Volume 2 (1863) , p. 550, at Google Books
  18. 1 2 P. F. Cannon and P. M. Kirk (Editors) Fungal Families of the World (2006) , p. 253, at Google Books
  19. 1 2 "Pachnocybe - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  20. ↑ M.C. Cooke (Editor) Grevillea: a monthly record of cryptogamic botany and its literature, Volume 3 (1874) , p. 62, at Google Books
  21. ↑ Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Volume 3, Issues 4-5 (1877) , p. 195, at Google Books
  22. ↑ William Gilson Farlow, Arthur Bliss Seymour and A. B. Seymour A Provisional Host-index of the Fungi of the United States, Part 1 (1888) , p. 28, at Google Books
  23. ↑ George Dickie The Botanist's Guide to the Counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Kincardine (1860) , p. 334, at Google Books
  24. ↑ Mason, E.W.; Ellis, M.B. (1953). "British species of Periconia". Mycological Papers. 56: 1–127.
  25. ↑ Levy, J.F.; Lloyd, F.J. (1960). "A study of the fungi present in timbers in Tywarnhale Mine (Cornwall)". Journal of the Institute of Wood Science.
  26. ↑ Legon, N.W.; Henrici, A.; Roberts, P.J.; Spooner, B.M.; Watling, R. (2005). Checklist of the British and Irish Basidiomycota. London, U.K.: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN   1-84246-121-4.
  27. ↑ Chun-Juan Wang and Robert A. Zabel Identification Manual for Fungi from Utility Poles in the Eastern United States (1990) , p. 161, at Google Books
  28. ↑ "Pachnocybales". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  29. ↑ Kleven, N.L.; McLaughlin, D.J. (1988). "Sporulation of the Basidiomycete Pachnocybe ferruginea in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments". Mycologia. 80 (6): 804–810. doi:10.1080/00275514.1988.12025727.
  30. ↑ Ellis, M.B.; Ellis, J.P. (1985). Microfungi on Land Plants (2nd Edn. (1997) ed.). London: Croom Helm.

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