Pedicularis groenlandica

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Pedicularis groenlandica
Pedicularis groenlandica - Flickr - aspidoscelis (1).jpg
Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Orobanchaceae
Genus: Pedicularis
Species:
P. groenlandica
Binomial name
Pedicularis groenlandica
20220115 Pedicularis groenlandica GBIF range.png
Global range of Pedicularis groenlandica from GBIF (January 2023)
Synonyms [3]
  • Elephantella groenlandica (Retz.) Rydb.
  • Elephantella groenlandica var. surrecta (Benth.) Moldenke
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. chlorina Stanif., P.F.Maycock & J.Svoboda
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. gracilis Lepage
  • Pedicularis groenlandica f. pallida Lepage
  • Pedicularis groenlandica var. surrecta (Benth.) A.Gray
  • Pedicularis groenlandica subsp. surrecta (Benth.) Penn.
  • Pedicularis surrecta Benth.

Pedicularis groenlandica is a showy flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae commonly known as elephant's head, little pink elephant, elephantella, or similar common names inspired by the resemblance of the flower to the head of an elephant. It is also less commonly known as butterfly tongue for the long beak on the flower. Like many other plants in genus Pedicularis , it is a parasitic plant and depends on host plants to survive.

Contents

Description

Pedicularis groenlandica is an erect plant that can grow to a height of 60 centimetres (24 in), but may be only 10 centimetres (3.9 in) tall. [4] It generally has 5–20 larger leaves that sprout directly from the base of the plant (basal leaves). The leaves are narrow in outline with the widest part in the middle (blade lanceolate). The leaves have a pointed tip and are 20–150 millimeters long and 5–250 millimeters wide. [4] They strongly resemble fern leaves being divided to the leaf central leaf vein, and sometimes the leaf segments being slightly divided again (1-pinnatifid or slightly 2-pinnatifid), with the leaf edges toothed or double toothed (serrate or doubly serrate). The surfaces of the leaves are smooth (glabrous). [4] When the leaves first emerge in the spring they are distinctly red in color, but with lengthening days an increasing amount of green chlorophyll begins to mask most of the red pigments. [5]

In addition to the basal leaves, Pedicularis groenlandica will have between 3 and 31 leaves attached the flowering stem (cauline leaves). These will also have the same blade lanceolate shape, but may be much smaller ranging in size from 10–150 millimeters in length and much narrower at just 1–25 millimeters in width. They also have the same feathery or fern like shape with serrate edges to the leaflets. [4]

Flowers

The stem is topped with a large inflorescence of bright pink to purple or white flowers. [6] Pedicularis groenlandica may flower between June and September, with flowering beginning at lower altitudes. [4] [7] The inflorescence is unbranched and will grow indeterminately (a raceme) and is always taller than the basal leaves. [4] The dense flowering spike will measure between 4 and 15 centimeters, in exceptional cases reaching as much as 25 centimeters. [8] Each plant will have either one or two flowering stems and each will have between 20 and 70 flowers. The bracts vary in shape from being long and thin like a blade of grass (linear) to being shaped like the blade of a trowel (trullate) and are located under the stems that attach the flowers to the main stem of the raceme (the pedicels). Each bract is 5–10 millimeters long and 2–10 millimeters wide with a smooth surface (glabrous) like the leaves and can be undivided or divided into a pinnatifid shape like the leaves. They also have a full range of edges from smooth to being double toothed. [4]

Detail of Pedicularis groenlandica flower Pedicularis groenlandica 9888.JPG
Detail of Pedicularis groenlandica flower

The pedicels attaching the flowers to the main stem are 0.5–1 millimeters and the flowers resemble a pink, reddish-purple, or purple (rarely white) head of an elephant to a remarkable extent. [4] [9] In addition to reflecting visible light, the petals of the flowers also reflect ultraviolet light. [7] At the base of the flower, the fused sepals have five delta shaped lobes with either a smooth surface or fine, bristle-like hairs, and are 0.5–1.5 millimeters long. The petals (corolla) are 5–8 millimeters long, and usually have a purple tube of 3–5 millimeters. The forehead of the elephant is actually a structure that protects the pollen from the weather called a galea, and ranges in size from 1.5–3 millimeters, and extends into the long slightly coiled beak that resembles the elephant's trunk of 5–18 millimeters; the lateral lobes of the flower resemble an elephant's ears. This "remarkable resemblance" is often noted by both professional botanists and amateur wildflower enthusiasts. [4] [10]

The fruit of Pedicularis groenlandica is an asymmetrical capsule that is 6–14 millimeters in size. Within each are several 2.4–4 millimeter brown seeds which have a netted surface and small wings. [11] [12] The dried flower stems retain some of their elephantine appearance with the withered trunks being visible long after the flowers have faded. [5]

The vegetative parts of Pedicularis groenlandica resemble the related species Pedicularis glabra , which has a range that extends into Mexico, and Pedicularis incurva , which grows in the Andes. Besides the habitat differences, it is the short stem attaching the flower to the main stem of the raceme and the long beak on the galea that serve to distinguish this species from others. [13]

Like other louseworts and related broomrape genera, this is a root hemiparasite which obtains nutrients from the roots of other plants by piercing them with haustoria. Though Pedicularis species such as Pedicularis sylvatica , Pedicularis canadensis , and Pedicularis lanceolata can grow without host plants, Pedicularis groenlandica will decline and die without a host plant. [14] [15] [16] The haustoria are fine side roots and are usually annual in Pedicularis groenlandica due to the contractile nature of the primary root system. The haustoria are generally only 1–3 millimeters in size. [14]

Taxonomy

Pedicularis groenlandica illustrated by CJ Marvin, from Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado, by Francis Ramaley, 1909 Pedicularis groenlandica illustration.png
Pedicularis groenlandica illustrated by CJ Marvin, from Wild Flowers and Trees of Colorado, by Francis Ramaley, 1909

Pedicularis groenlandica was first described in 1795 by Anders Jahan Retzius in Florae Scandinaviae Prodromus. [3] It was described from specimens collected in Greenland in the 1790s, but the location was lost until the 1940s when the type location was rediscovered. [17]

In 1838 Pedicularis surrecta, was described and named by George Bentham in the book Flora Boreali-Americana. [3] This "new" species was from "N. West Interior" of British America. Bentham thought there were some significant differences in the longer/larger hood protecting the pollen that made it a different species than well established Pedicularis groenlandica. [18] Asa Gray published a description of Bentham's species as the variety Pedicularis groenlandica var. surrecta in 1872. [3] As late as the 1930s and 1940s, some botanists continued to suspect that it could be its own species. [19] [20] The validity of even the subspecies was questioned by the mid-20th century, with Charles Leo Hitchcock writing in 1955, "...no clear-cut taxonomic segregation seems possible." [21]

In 1900, the botanist Per Axel Rydberg placed Pedicularis groenlandica in a new genus with the name Elephantella groenlandica along with two other species. [22] [23] This found some support with other botanists. Harold Norman Moldenke published a new description of Pedicularis surrecta as Elephantella groenlandica var. surrecta as late as 1969, but this was one of the last uses of Elephantella as anything but as a synonym. [3] In addition, throughout the time that Elephantella was used, the older classification as part of Pedicularis continued to be used by other botanists. [9]

As of 2024, Plants of the World Online (POWO), World Flora Online (WFO), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database (PLANTS) all list Pedicularis groenlandica as the correct classification with no valid subspecies. [3] [24] [25]

Names

The genus name of Pedicularis is Latin for louse (pediculus). It was a folk belief that animals that ate lousewort would become infested with lice. [15] The second part of its binomial name, "groenlandica", refers to its first scientific collection on the island of Greenland. [17] Pedicularis groenlandica is known by many common names that are based on its appearance or taxonomy. The names "pink elephant's head", [16] "elephant-head lousewort", [11] "little pink elephant", [26] [27] "little red elephant", [27] "bull elephant's-head", [2] and "elephant's head" [8] are in reference to the flower's "striking resemblance to an elephant's head." [27] While Rydberg's creation of a new genus for the species did not withstand scientific scrutiny, the name "elephantella" has continued as a popular common name. [28] Other common names like "butterfly-tongue lousewort" and "butterfly tongue" also make reference to the shape of the flower, but compare the extended beak to the long tongue of a butterfly instead. [9] [29]

Habitat and distribution

Pedicularis groenlandica growing between the shore of Steamboat Lake and the drier ground behind Colorado wildflower habitat 06.jpg
Pedicularis groenlandica growing between the shore of Steamboat Lake and the drier ground behind

Pedicularis groenlandica is the most widely distributed member of the genus Pedicularis in North America. [4] This plant is found in the high mountain ranges of western North America, including the Cascades, High Sierra, Rocky Mountains, western Canada, and Alaska. It also extends its range eastward through Canada and into Greenland. [30] [31] [32] In Greenland, it is only found in a single location, the same place it was originally discovered growing near Nuuk in the Eqaluit commune's Paarliit Kuussuat (Paarliit Valley) at 64°01'N. [17] The altitude range of the species is from 600–3500 meters in elevation. [4]

Pedicularis groenlandica requires a cold montane, alpine tundra, boreal, or arctic tundra climate. Within these environments it strongly prefers moist habitats such as bogs, fens, marshes, forested swamps, springs, stream banks, and floodplains. [4] [6] In Greenland, the plant grows amid Carex bigelowii near a river bank. [17] In the Elk Mountains of central Colorado, it was found as part of a survey of vascular plants; it grows immediately adjacent to six glacially-derived ponds and in wet meadows. [33] Similarly, when observed in Labrador's Mealy Mountains east of Goose Bay, the plants were found growing along a lake shore and in marshy areas. [34] It was only found in the southern part of the Yukon Territory, in the same boggy habitat of the Watson Lake area. [35]

Conservation

In 2015, the International Union for Conservation of Nature assessed Pedicularis groenlandica for the IUCN Red List as "Least Concern". They found that the plant is widespread and not close to meeting the threshold for "Vulnerable". [1] Likewise, it was evaluated by NatureServe as globally secure (G5) in 2016. They evaluated populations in Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario as "secure" (S5), with Montana, Quebec, and Wyoming as "apparently secure" (S4). Populations in Labrador, Nunavut, and Manitoba were found to be "vulnerable" (S3), and "imperiled" (S2) in the Yukon, Alaska, and Saskatchewan. The only area assessed as "critically imperiled" (S1) at that time was Newfoundland. They have not yet evaluated the rest of the natural range of the species. [2]

Ecology

Unlike Pedicularis bracteosa , Pedicularis procera , or Pedicularis sudetica , Pedicularis groenlandica lacks a nectar reward for pollinators. Bees visit the flowers to gather pollen and other plants for nectar rewards. Bumblebees (genus Bombus ) vibrate their flight muscles while holding onto the flower to release the concealed pollen. In Colorado, three species of bumblebee workers— Bombus bifarius , Bombus melanopygus , and Bombus sylvicola —were observed visiting P. groenlandica most often. In addition, queens or workers of five other species— Bombus appositus , Bombus centralis , Bombus flavifrons , Bombus mixtus , and Bombus occidentalis —were recorded at lower frequencies of visitation. [7] Pollinator exclusion experiments show that the flowers are not self-fertile with no fruit set on plants without pollinator access. [36]

Pedicularis groenlandica is relatively non-specific in host requirements. It has been documented parasitizing various Carex species (sedges) and Poa species (grasses), specifically Carex helleri , Carex fissuricola , Carex nigricans and also the grass Deschampsia cespitosa . [14] [16] Contact of the plant's roots with that of a host plant stimulates the production of haustoria to tap the host plant. [14]

The butterfly Euphydryas gillettii has been observed laying its eggs on Pedicularis groenlandica colonies in Idaho. Captive experiments show no significant differences in survivorship of caterpillars feeding on its leaves in comparison with its more common host plant, Lonicera involucrata . [37]

Cultivation

Pedicularis groenlandica and other species in its genus are rarely cultivated. Live plants are not offered for commercial sale due to the difficulties in growing host-dependent parasitic plants. Most, but not all Pedicularis species are completely dependent on host species. [14] Seeds are available commercially, as it is sometimes propagated for wetland restoration efforts in its native range. In a 2002 report, the seeds were said to be non-dormant and to sprout at 22 °C (72 °F). [38] Later work by Jeff Evans and Dale Wick found that while a host plant is not required for the seeds to sprout, they will decline in health and eventually die without a host. Evans and Wick list the seeds as having physiological dormancy and use gibberellic acid to enhance germination. [16] In the wild the dormancy may be broken by warm cool warm cycles. [39] Gardens with very wet, nearly boggy, areas may grow P. groenlandica, particularly with black alpine sedge (Carex nigricans), one of its most frequent host plants. [5]

Related Research Articles

<i>Pedicularis dasyantha</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis dasyantha, the woolly lousewort or arctic hairy lousewort, is a plant native to the high arctic areas of Svalbard, Novaya Zemlya and the bordering mainland, and the western Taymyr Peninsula. In Svalbard it is restricted to the main island, Spitsbergen.

<i>Pedicularis canadensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis canadensis, commonly called Canadian lousewort or wood betony, is a flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to North America, where it is found in southeastern Canada, the eastern United States, and eastern Mexico. It has a wide-ranging natural habitat, being found in mesic to dry, forests, woodlands, and prairies.

<i>Pedicularis</i> Genus of flowering plants belonging to the broomrape family

Pedicularis is a genus of perennial green root parasite plants currently placed in the family Orobanchaceae.

<i>Pedicularis furbishiae</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis furbishiae, or Furbish's lousewort, is a perennial herb found only on the shores of the upper Saint John River in Maine and New Brunswick. Furbish's lousewort was first recognized as a new species by Maine naturalist and botanical artist Kate Furbish in 1880. It is considered an endangered species in the United States and Canada, and is threatened by habitat destruction, as well as riverside development, forestry, littering and recreational use of the riverbank. It was formerly in the family Scrophulariaceae, but is now placed in the family Orobanchaceae. Once thought to be extinct, it is considered a Lazarus taxon.

<i>Minuartia groenlandica</i> Species of flowering plant

Minuartia groenlandica, the Greenland stitchwort or mountain stitchwort, Appalachian stitchwort, mountain sandwort, smooth mountain sandwort, and smooth sandwort is a rare perennial which grows low to the ground in clumps linked together at the bottom. It has three to five pairs of leaves in a linear opposite pattern along the length of the slender stem. The main stem breaks into one to thirty cymes which each flower separately. The flowers are white and arise five to ten centimeters above the thick foliage. The white flower petals are six to ten millimeters long. The petals are, in turn, surrounded by five green sepals.

<i>Pedicularis attollens</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis attollens is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name little elephant's head lousewort. It is native to Oregon and California, where it grows in moist mountainous areas such as meadows and bogs. It is a perennial herb growing up to 60 centimetres (24 in) in maximum height with one or more stems emerging from a caudex. The leaves are comblike, divided into many linear lobes. The inflorescence is a raceme occupying the top of the stem. The sepals of the flowers and the bracts between them are woolly. The flower is under 1 centimetre long and divided into a curving trunklike upper lip and a three-lobed lower lip. It is pink or purplish in color with darker stripes. The fruit is a capsule up to 1 centimetre long containing seeds with netlike surfaces.

<i>Pedicularis dudleyi</i> Species of tree

Pedicularis dudleyi is a rare species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Dudley's lousewort. It is endemic to central California, where it is known from about ten scattered occurrences along the coast and in the coastal mountain ranges. It has been found in three locations along the Central California coast. The species was named for 19th-century Stanford University botanist William Dudley.

Pedicularis howellii is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae known by the common name Howell's lousewort. It is endemic to the Siskiyou Mountains of the Klamath Range in southern Oregon and northern California, where it grows on the edges of coniferous forests. This is a perennial herb producing one or more stems up to 45 centimetres (18 in) tall from a long caudex. The leaves are up to 20 centimetres (8 in) long, lance-shaped, and divided into many toothed oval lobes; those higher on the stem may be unlobed. The basal leaves fall away early. The inflorescence is a small raceme of flowers occupying the top of the stem. Each white to light purple flower is up to one centimetre long and is sickle-shaped, with a curved beak-like upper lip and a three-lobed lower lip which may be tucked into the hairy mass of sepals. The plant is pollinated by bumblebees including Bombus mixtus. Between the flowers are hairy to woolly triangular bracts. The fruit is a capsule just under a centimeter long containing seeds with netted surfaces.

<i>Pedicularis semibarbata</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis semibarbata, known by the common name pinewoods lousewort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae.

<i>Pedicularis rainierensis</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis rainierensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae commonly known as Mount Rainier lousewort. It is endemic to the vicinity of Mount Rainier in Washington state.

<i>Carex bigelowii</i> Species of grass-like flowering plant

Carex bigelowii is a species of sedge known by the common names Bigelow's sedge, Gwanmo sedge, and stiff sedge. It has an Arctic–alpine distribution in Eurasia and North America, and grows up to 50 centimetres (20 in) tall in a variety of habitats.

Castilleja kerryana is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is commonly known as Kerry's Indian paintbrush or Kerry’spaintbrush. It was formally described in 2013 and so far it is known only from a small population in the state of Montana, in the Northwestern United States.

<i>Pedicularis verticillata</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis verticillata, the whorled lousewort, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae which can be found in Alaska, North-Western Canada, and everywhere in China at the elevation of 2,100–4,400 metres (6,900–14,400 ft). Its native habitats include moist meadows and lakeshores.

<i>Pedicularis lanata</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis lanata is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to Canada and Alaska. Its common names include woolly lousewort and bumble-bee flower.

<i>Pedicularis palustris</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis palustris, commonly known as marsh lousewort or red rattle, is a plant species in the family Orobanchaceae. It is native to central and northern Europe and Asia where it grows in wetlands and boggy habitats. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of least concern.

<i>Pedicularis sylvatica</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis sylvatica, commonly known as common lousewort, is a plant species in the genus Pedicularis. It is native to central and northern Europe where it grows on moist acidic soils, moorland, grassy heathland and the drier parts of marshes.

<i>Pedicularis bracteosa</i> Perennial plant

Pedicularis bracteosa also known as bracted lousewort is a flowering deciduous perennial plant with alternating cauline leaves that are linear/oblong to lanceolate, approximately 1 to 7 cm long. It has fibrous roots and grows to approximately 1 meter high. Its flowers form in densely clustered spike raceme, and range in color from yellow to bronze to red to purple. Its distribution is found in western North America including New Mexico, Colorado, Montana, mountainous parts of Washington and California, and in British Columbia.

<i>Pedicularis lapponica</i> Species of flowering plant

Pedicularis lapponica, the Lapland lousewort, is a perennial hemiparasitic species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae with yellow to creme coloured flowers.

<i>Castilleja rhexiifolia</i> Species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae

Castilleja rhexiifolia, commonly called rosy paintbrush, subalpine paintbrush, or rhexia-leaved paintbrush, is a species of plant in Orobanchaceae, commonly known as the broomrape family. They are a common flower found in moist habitats near or above timberline in the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Northwest. Like most members of the Castilleja genus, they are partially parasitic plants.

References

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  34. ↑ Gillett, John M. (1954). "A plant collection from the Mealy Mountains, Labrador, Canada". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 68 (3): 122. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  35. ↑ Douglas, George W.; Argus, George W.; Dickson, H. Loney; Brunton, Daniel F. (1981). "The Rare Vascular Plants of the Yukon". Syllogeus. 28. Ottawa, Canada: National Museum of Natural Sciences: 34, 84. Archived from the original on 18 July 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  36. ↑ Macior, Lazarus Walter (October 1973). "The Pollination Ecology of Pedicularis on Mount Rainier". American Journal of Botany. 60 (9): 863–871. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1973.tb05983.x.
  37. ↑ Williams, Ernest H. (1990). "Dietary Breadth in Euphydrayas gillettii (Nymphalidae)". Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society. 44: 94–95. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  38. ↑ Baskin, Jerry M.; Baskin, Carol C. (2002). "Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. plants". Native Plant Network. Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky & US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, National Center for Reforestation, Nurseries, and Genetic Resources. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  39. ↑ Bartow, Amy (2014). "Propagation protocol for production of Container (plug) Pedicularis groenlandica plants stubby containers". Native Plant Network. Corvallis, Oregon: USDA NRCS - Corvallis Plant Materials Center. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
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