Peromyscus maniculatus

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Peromyscus maniculatus
Deer Mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) (9310532204).jpg
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Subfamily: Neotominae
Genus: Peromyscus
Species:
P. maniculatus
Binomial name
Peromyscus maniculatus
(Wagner, 1845)
North American deer mouse range Peromyscus maniculatus range map.png
North American deer mouse range

Peromyscus maniculatus is a rodent native to North America. It is most commonly called the Deer Mouse, although that name is common to most species of Peromyscus , and thus is often called the North American deermouse [2] and is fairly widespread across the continent, with the major exception being the southeast United States and the far north.

Contents

Like other Peromyscus species, it can be a vector and carrier of emerging infectious diseases such as hantaviruses and Lyme disease. [3] [4]

It is closely related to Peromyscus leucopus , the white-footed mouse.

Overview

The species has 61 subspecies. [5] They are all tiny mammals that are plentiful in number. [6] The deer mouse is a small rodent that lives in the Americas and is closely related to the white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus . [7] Because the two species are extremely similar in appearance, they are best distinguished through red blood cell agglutination tests or karyotype techniques. The deer mouse can also be distinguished physically by its long and multicolored tail. [8] Deer mice are very often used for laboratory experimentation due to their self cleanliness and easy care. [7]

Physical description

The deer mouse is small in size, only 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) long, not including the tail. They have large beady eyes and large ears giving them good sight and hearing. Peromyscus maniculatus has soft fur which varies in color, from gray to brown, but all deer mice have a distinguishable white underside and white feet. Deer mice tails are covered with fine hairs, with the same dark/light split as the fur on the rest of its body. [9] P. maniculatus has distinct subspecies. Of those most common in North America, the woodland form has longer hind legs, a longer tail, and larger ears than the prairie form. [5]

Behavior

Deer mice are nocturnal creatures who spend the day time in areas such as trees or burrows where they have nests made of plant material. [7] The pups within litters of deer mice are kept by the mother within an individual home range. Deer Mice typically live in a home range of 242 to 3000 square meters. Although deer mice live in individual home ranges, these ranges do tend to overlap. When overlapping occurs, it is more likely to be with opposite sexes rather than with the same sex, as male deer mice have a much greater home range than the much more territorial females. Deer mice that live within overlapping home ranges tend to recognize one another and interact a lot. [10]

The woodland variety of P. maniculatus is an adept climber, and prefers tree cover meters above the ground, while the prairie form prefers to move from burrow to burrow in open areas, avoiding floral cover. [5]

Reproduction and life span

Procreation

Peromyscus species and ranges in North America. Elife06813f002.jpg
Peromyscus species and ranges in North America.

Peromyscus manicuatus are polygynous, meaning one male will mate with multiple females. They exhibit behaviors associated with polygyny, as males have much larger territory than females, live with multiple females, and are known to commit infanticide if they catch young unattended. Though they usually live alone, during winter the single male-multiple female cohort may live in a shared nest. [11]

Breeding season

Deer mice can reproduce throughout the year, though in most parts of their range, they breed from March to October. [12] Deer mouse breeding tends to be determined more by food availability rather than by season. In Plumas County, California, deer mice bred through December in good mast (both soft and hard masts) years but ceased breeding in June of a poor mast year. [13] Deer mice breed throughout the year in the Willamette Valley, but in other areas on the Oregon coast there is usually a lull during the wettest and coldest weather. [14] In southeastern Arizona at least one-third of captured deer mice were in breeding condition in winter. [15] In Virginia breeding peaks occur from April to June and from September to October. [16]

Nesting

Female deer mice construct nests using a variety of materials including grasses, roots, mosses, wool, thistledown, and various artificial fibers. [14] The male deer mice are allowed by the female to help nest the litter and keep them together and warm for survival. [17]

In a study, less than half of both male and female deer mice left their original home range to reproduce. This means that there is intrafamilial mating and that the gene flow among deer mice as a whole is limited. [18]

There have been recent studies that reveal deer mice also have OCD-like behaviors from altered gut microbiota. This phenomenon is typically shown in their abnormally large nest sizes and the behavior is present within 8 weeks of birth. Large nest building is considered to be a maladaptation as these mice are unnecessarily investing extra energy and effort in building larger nests in a laboratory where conditions are stable. [19]

Gestation, litter size and productivity

Deer mice reproduce profusely and are highest in numbers among their species compared to other local mammals. Peromyscus species' gestation periods range from 22 to 26 days. [20] Typical litters are composed of three to five young; [7] litter size ranges from one to nine young. Most female deer mice have more than one litter per year. [14] Three or four litters per year is probably typical; captive deer mice have borne as many as 14 litters in one year. Males usually live with the family and help care for the young. [12]

Development of young

Deer mice pups are altricial, i.e. born blind, naked and helpless; development is rapid. Young deer mice have full coats by the end of the second week; their eyes open between 13 and 19 days and they are fully furred and independent in only a few weeks. [14] Females lactate for 27 to 34 days after giving birth; most young are weaned at about 18 to 24 days. The young reach adult size at about 6 weeks and continue to gain weight slowly thereafter. [20]

Age of first estrus averages about 48 days; the earliest recorded was 23 days. The youngest wild female to produce a litter was 55 days old; it was estimated that conception had occurred when she was about 32 days old. [20]

Dispersal

Deer mouse pups usually disperse after weaning and before the birth of the next litter, when they are reaching sexual maturity. Occasionally juveniles remain in the natal area, particularly when breeding space is limited. [21] Most deer mice travel less than 152 m (499 ft) from the natal area to establish their own home range. [22]

Longevity and mortality

In the lab their maximum life span is 96 months, and mean life expectancy is 45.5 months for females and 47.5 for males. [23] In many areas deer mice live less than 1 year. [14] O'Farrell reported that a population of deer mice in big sagebrush/grasslands had completely turned over (e.g., there were no surviving adults of the initial population) over the course of one summer. [24] One captive male deer mouse lived 32 months, [14] and there is a report of a forest deer mouse that lived 8 years in captivity (another mouse was fertile until almost 6 years of age). [25]

Habitat

Peromyscus maniculatus are found in all throughout North America. [7] The majority of deer mice nest high up, in large hollow trees. The deer mouse nests alone for the most part but during the winter will nest in groups of 10 or more. [26] They are populous in the western mountains and live in wooded areas and areas that were previously wooded. [6] Deer mice, specifically the prairie form, are also abundant in the farmland of the midwestern United States. [5] Deer mice can be found active on top of snow or beneath logs during the winter seasons. [17]

Deer mice inhabit a wide variety of plant communities including grasslands, brushy areas, woodlands, and forests. [27] In a survey of small mammals on 29 sites in subalpine forests in Colorado and Wyoming, the deer mouse had the highest frequency of occurrence; however, it was not always the most abundant small mammal. [28] Deer mice were trapped in four of six forest communities in eastern Washington and northern Idaho, and they were the only rodent in ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) savanna. [29] In northern New England deer mice are present in both coniferous and deciduous forests. [30] Deer mice are often the only Peromyscus species in northern boreal forest. [13] Subspecies differ in their use of plant communities and vegetation structures. There are two main groups of deer mouse: the prairie deer mouse and the woodland or forest deer mouse group. [27]

Cover requirements

Deer mice are often active in open habitat; most subspecies do not develop hidden runways the way many voles ( Microtus and Clethrionomys spp.) do. [13] [31] In open habitat within forests deer mice have a tendency to visit the nearest timber. [32] In central Ontario deer mice used downed wood for runways. [33]

Deer mice nest in burrows dug in the ground or construct nests in raised areas such as brush piles, logs, rocks, stumps, under bark, and in hollows in trees. [14] [27] [33] Nests are also constructed in various structures and artifacts including old boards and abandoned vehicles. Nests have been found up to 24 m (79 ft) above the ground in Douglas-fir trees. [14]

Predators

Deer mice are important prey for snakes (Viperidae), owls (Strigidae), minks ( Neovison vison ), martens (Martes americana) and other mustelids, as well as skunks (Mephites and Spilogale spp.), bobcats (Lynx rufus), domestic cats (Felis catus), coyotes (Canis latrans), foxes (Vulpes and Urocyon spp.), and ringtail cats ( Bassariscus astutus ). [14] Deer mice are also parasitized by Cuterebra fontinella . [34]

Diet

Deer mice are omnivorous; the main dietary items usually include seeds, fruits, arthropods, leaves, and fungi; fungi have the least amount of intake. Throughout the year, the deer mouse will change its eating habits to reflect on what is available to eat during that season. During winter months, the arthropods compose of one-fifth of the deer mouse's food. These include spiders, caterpillars, and heteropterans. During the spring months, seeds become available to eat, along with insects, which are consumed in large quantities. Leaves are also found in the stomachs of deer mice in the spring seasons. During summer months, the mouse consumes seeds and fruits. During the fall season, the deer mouse will slowly change its eating habits to resemble the winter's diet. [6]

Related Research Articles

Eurasian harvest mouse Species of rodent

The harvest mouse is a small rodent native to Europe and Asia. It is typically found in fields of cereal crops, such as wheat and oats, in reed beds and in other tall ground vegetation, such as long grass and hedgerows. It has reddish-brown fur with white underparts and a naked, highly prehensile tail, which it uses for climbing. It is the smallest European rodent; an adult may weigh as little as 4 grams (0.14 oz). It eats chiefly seeds and insects, but also nectar and fruit. Breeding nests are spherical constructions carefully woven from grass and attached to stems well above the ground.

<i>Peromyscus</i> Genus of mammals

Peromyscus is a genus of rodents. They are commonly referred to as deer mice, not to be confused with the chevrotain or "mouse deer." They are New World mice only distantly related to the common house and laboratory mouse, Mus musculus. From this relative, Peromyscus species are distinguished by relatively larger eyes, and also often two-tone coloring, with darker colors over the dorsum (back), and white abdominal and limb hair-coloring. In reference to the coloring, the word Peromyscus comes from Greek words meaning "booted mouse". They are also accomplished jumpers and runners by comparison to house mice, and their common name of "deer mouse" is in reference to this agility.

Meadow vole Species of mammal

The meadow vole, sometimes called the field mouse or meadow mouse, is a North American vole found across Canada, Alaska and the northern United States. Its range extends farther south along the Atlantic coast. One subspecies, the Florida salt marsh vole, is found in Florida, and is classified as endangered. Previously it was also found in Chihuahua, Mexico, but has not been recorded since 1998.

Wood mouse Species of rodent

The wood mouse is a murid rodent native to Europe and northwestern Africa. It is closely related to the yellow-necked mouse but differs in that it has no band of yellow fur around the neck, has slightly smaller ears, and is usually slightly smaller overall: around 90 mm (3.54 in) in length and 23 g in weight. It is found across most of Europe and is a very common and widespread species, is commensal with people and is sometimes considered a pest. Other common names are long-tailed field mouse, field mouse, common field mouse, and European wood mouse.

White-footed mouse Species of mammal

The white-footed mouse is a rodent native to North America from Ontario, Quebec, Labrador, and the Maritime Provinces to the southwestern United States and Mexico. In the Maritimes, its only location is a disjunct population in southern Nova Scotia. It is also known as the woodmouse, particularly in Texas.

Woodland jumping mouse Species of rodent

The woodland jumping mouse is a species of jumping mouse found in North America. It can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) using its extremely strong feet and long tail.

The Texas mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas in the United States.

Brush mouse Species of rodent

The brush mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in mountainous areas of Mexico and the western United States at altitudes over 2,000 m (6,600 ft).

California mouse Species of rodent

The California mouse is a species of rodent in the subfamily Neotominae in the family Cricetidae. It is the only species in the Peromyscus californicus species group. It is found in northwestern Mexico and central to southern California. It is the largest Peromyscus species in the United States.

Zacatecan deer mouse Species of rodent

The Zacatecan deer mouse or southern rock mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in Mexico, and is not considered endangered.

Cactus mouse Species of rodent

The cactus mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is one species of a closely related group of common mice often called deer mice. Cactus mice are small, between 18 and 40 g in weight. Females weigh slightly more than males and are significantly larger in body length, ear length, length of mandible, and bullar width of skull. Cactus mice can be identified by having naked soles on their hind feet and almost naked tails, which are usually the same length or longer than the animals' body length. Their ears are nearly hairless, large, and membranous. Their fur is long and soft; coloration varies between subspecies and between different populations. Color of fur varies from ochre to cinnamon, with white ventral areas, and the sides and top of head slightly grayish. Females tend to be slightly paler in color than males, while juveniles appear more gray than their parents.

Cotton mouse Species of rodent

The cotton mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae found in the woodlands of the Southeastern United States.

Hooper's mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is the only member of the Peromyscus hooperi species group, and is found only in Mexico. The species is named for Emmett Hooper, a researcher into the taxonomy of the genus Peromyscus.

Black-eared mouse Species of rodent

The black-eared mouse, or black-eared deer mouse, is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae, native to North America.

The Mexican deer mouse is a species of forest-dwelling rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in southern Mexico and throughout much of Central America.

The tawny deer mouse or marsh mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found only in Mexico.

Great Basin pocket mouse Species of rodent

The Great Basin pocket mouse is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae. It is found in British Columbia in Canada and the western United States.

Western jumping mouse Species of rodent

The western jumping mouse, is a species of rodent in the family Dipodidae. It is found in Canada and the United States.

The giant island deer mouse became extinct approximately 8000 years BP and lived during the late Pleistocene on California’s Channel Islands.

<i>Cuterebra fontinella</i> Species of fly

Cuterebra fontinella, the mouse bot fly, is a species of New World skin bot fly in the family Oestridae. C. fontinella is typically around 1 mm (0.039 in) in length with a black and yellow color pattern. C. fontinella develops by parasitizing nutrients from its host, typically the white-footed mouse. C. fontinella has even been known to parasitize humans in rare cases. Individuals parasitized by C. fontinella will develop a large bump on the skin that is indicative of parasitization.

References

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates  public domain material from the United States Department of Agriculture document: "Peromyscus maniculatus".

  1. ↑ Cassola, F. (2016). Peromyscus maniculatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16672A22360898.en
  2. ↑ Bowers, Nora; Rick Bowers; and Kenn Kaufman (2004). Kaufman Guide to North American Mammals. NY: Houghton-Mifflin Co. p.176.
  3. ↑ Netski, Dale; Brandonlyn Thran & Stephen St. Jeor (1999). "Sin Nombre Virus Pathogenesis in Peromyscus maniculatus". Journal of Virology. 73 (1): 585–591. doi: 10.1128/JVI.73.1.585-591.1999 . PMC   103864 . PMID   9847363.
  4. ↑ Crossland, J. & Lewandowski, A. (2006). "Peromyscus – A fascinating laboratory animal model" (PDF). Techtalk. 11 (1–2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Peromycus maniculatus Deer Mouse | Peromyscus Genetic Stock Center | University of South Carolina". www.pgsc.cas.sc.edu. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
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  7. 1 2 3 4 5 The New Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. (Vol. 12, p. 631). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  8. ↑ Tessier, Nathalie; Sarah Noel & Francois Lapointe (2004). "A new method to discriminate the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) from the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) using species-specific primers in multiplex PCR". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (11): 1832–35. doi:10.1139/z04-173.
  9. ↑ "LTER (Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research Project)". University of New Mexico. 1998.
  10. ↑ Dewsbury, Donald (1988). "Kinship, Familiarity, Aggression, and Dominance in Deer Mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in Seminatural Enclosures". Journal of Comparative Psychology. 102 (2): 124–8. doi:10.1037/0735-7036.102.2.124. PMID   3165063.
  11. ↑ Advances in the study of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Kirkland, Gordon L., Layne, James Nathaniel. Lubbock, Tex., USA: Texas Tech University Press. 1989. ISBN   0-89672-170-1. OCLC   19222284.CS1 maint: others (link)
  12. 1 2 Nowak, Ronald M.; Paradiso, John L. (1983). Walker's mammals of the world. 4th edition. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press
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  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Maser, Chris; Mate, Bruce R.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. (1981). Natural history of Oregon Coast mammals. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-133. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
  15. ↑ Brown, J. H.; Zeng, Z. (1989). "Comparative Population Ecology of Eleven Species of Rodents in the Chihuahuan Desert". Ecology. 70 (5): 1507–1525. doi:10.2307/1938209. JSTOR   1938209.
  16. ↑ Wolff, Jerry O. (1994). "Reproductive success of solitarily and communally nesting white-footed mice and deer mice". Behavioral Ecology. 5 (2): 206–209. doi:10.1093/beheco/5.2.206.
  17. 1 2 Hanney, Peter W. (1975) Rodents: Their Lives and Habits. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company.
  18. ↑ Wolff, Jerry & Deborah Durr (1986). "Winter Nesting Behavior of Peromyscus leucopus and Peromyscus maniculatus". Journal of Mammalogy. 67 (2): 409–12. doi:10.2307/1380900. JSTOR   1380900.
  19. ↑ Scheepers, Isabella M.; Cryan, John F.; Bastiaanssen, Thomaz F. S.; Rea, Kieran; Clarke, Gerard; Jaspan, Heather B.; Harvey, Brian H.; Hemmings, Sian M. J.; Santana, Leonard; Sluis, Rencia van der; Malan-Muller, Stefanie; Wolmarans, De Wet (2020). "Natural compulsive‐like behaviour in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus bairdii) is associated with altered gut microbiota composition". European Journal of Neuroscience. 51 (6): 1419–1427. doi:10.1111/ejn.14610. PMID   31663195. S2CID   204965353.
  20. 1 2 3 Layne, JN (1966). "Postnatal development and growth of Peromyscus floridanus". Growth. 30 (1): 23–45. PMID   5959707.
  21. ↑ Walters, Bradley B (1991). "Small mammals in a subalpine old-growth forest and clearcuts". Northwest Science. 65 (1): 27–31. hdl:2376/1625.
  22. ↑ Stickel, Lucille F. (1968). Home range and travels. In: King, John Arthur, ed. Biology of Peromyscus (Rodentia). Special Publication No. 2. Stillwater, OK: The American Society of Mammalogists: 373–411
  23. ↑ Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources (U.S.). Committee on Animal Models for Research on Aging; National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Animal Models for Research on Aging (1981). Mammalian models for research on aging . National Academies. ISBN   978-0-309-03094-6 . Retrieved 11 May 2011.
  24. ↑ O'Farrell, Michael J (1978). "Home range dynamics of rodents in a sagebrush community". Journal of Mammalogy. 59 (4): 657–668. doi:10.2307/1380131. JSTOR   1380131.
  25. ↑ Dice, Lee R. (1933). "Longevity in Peromyscus maniculatus gracilis". Journal of Mammalogy. 14 (2): 147–148. doi:10.2307/1374020. JSTOR   1374020.
  26. ↑ Baker, Rollin H. (1983). Michigan Mammals. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press.
  27. 1 2 3 Whitaker, John O., Jr. (1980). National Audubon Society field guide to North American mammals. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
  28. ↑ Raphael, Martin G. (1987). Nongame wildlife research in subalpine forests of the central Rocky Mountains. In: Management of subalpine forests: building on 50 years of research: Proceedings of a technical conference; 1987 July 6–9; Silver Creek, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 113–122
  29. ↑ Hoffman, G. R. (1960). "The Small Mammal Components of Six Climax Plant Associations in Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho". Ecology. 41 (3): 571–572. doi:10.2307/1933338. JSTOR   1933338.
  30. ↑ Degraaf, Richard M.; Snyder, Dana P.; Hill, Barbara J. (1991). "Small mammal habitat associations in poletimber and sawtimber stands of four forest cover types". Forest Ecology and Management. 46 (3–4): 227–242. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(91)90234-M.
  31. ↑ Wagg, J. W. Bruce. (1964). White spruce regeneration on the Peace and Slave River lowlands. Publ. No. 1069. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Department of Forestry, Forest Research Branch
  32. ↑ Gashwiler, Jay S. (1959). "Small mammal study in west-central Oregon". Journal of Mammalogy. 40 (1): 128–139. doi:10.2307/1376123. JSTOR   1376123.
  33. 1 2 Naylor, Brian J. (1994). "Managing wildlife habitat in red pine and white pine forests of central Ontario". Forestry Chronicle. 70 (4): 411–419. doi:10.5558/tfc70411-4.
  34. ↑ Cogley TP (1991). "Warble development by the rodent bot Cuterebra fontinella (Diptera: Cuterebridae) in the deer mouse". Veterinary Parasitology. 38 (4): 275–288. doi:10.1016/0304-4017(91)90140-Q. PMID   1882496.

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