Perrin's beaked whale

Last updated

Perrin's beaked whale
Mesoplodon perrini.jpg
Mesoplodon perrini size.svg
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Ziphiidae
Genus: Mesoplodon
Species:
M. perrini
Binomial name
Mesoplodon perrini
Dalebout, Mead, Baker, Baker & van Helden, 2002
Mesoplodon perrini distribution 1975-1997.png
Locations and dates of strandings (yellow)
and possible at-sea sightings (dark blue).

Perrin's beaked whale (Mesoplodon perrini) is part of the toothed whale suborder and is one of over 90 known cetaceans in existence today. [3] Beaked whales are part of the family Ziphiidae, which are the second most diverse group out of all marine mammals with over 20 species currently recognized. [4] Although diverse, little is understood about these timid, deep divers that can dive for up to two hours. [5] The whales are partially named after their beak shaped jaw, which extends from their small head. The genus name Mesoplodon comes from the Greek meanings of meso- (middle), - hopla (arms), - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the center of the jaw'.

Contents

Perrin's beaked whale was described as a new species in 2002 by Dalebout et al. based on five animals stranding on the coast of California between 1975 and 1997, which were initially identified as other species. [6] The common and specific names of Mesopledon perrini are a tribute to cetologist William F. Perrin. As of May 2019, only six specimens have ever been examined. [6] The first two specimens were found stranded on the California coast in May 1975, other specimens were found in 1978, 1979, September 1997 (a strong El Niño year), and October 2013. [7] The first four individuals were initially identified as Hector's beaked whales (Mesoplodon hectori), but the mtDNA sequence database of beaked whales revealed the specimens were genetically distinct. The fifth was assumed to be a neonate Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris).

Description

Perrin's beaked whales are closely related to pygmy beaked whales and likely represent pygmy beaked whales' Northern Hemisphere sister species. Perrin's beaked whales have not definitively been recorded alive by scientists; however, its appearance is known from beached specimens. Perrin's beaked whales cannot be identified with absolute certainty at sea. However, the combination of small size, appearance, and a small presumed geographical range makes uncertainty unlikely. Stranded specimens can be identified as this species by either DNA sequence data and/or anatomical details of the skull. [4]

Morphology

The morphology of the Perrin's beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini resembles the Hector's beaked whale M. hectori. [4] Morphological characteristics that set these two species apart include minor differences in the cranium, teeth, and mandible. [4] External appearances of Perrin's beaked whales are typical of Mesoplodon beaked whales, with a relatively small head, long thorax and abdomen, deep peduncle, and short tail. [4] Only the original five beached specimens have been accurately measured. From nose to tail, the adult female was approximately 4.4 meters (~14.5 feet), while the adult male was 3.9 meters (~13 feet). The other three specimens were juvenile males, which measured between 2.1-2.4 meters (~7-7.5 ft). [4]

The rostrum of Perrin's beaked whales are relatively short compared to all other species in the genus, except for M. hectori and M. peruvianus. [4] The rostrum of calves appears to be shorter and stubbier than adults. [4] The teeth are fairly large and towards the tip of the mouth. [4] The blowhole is broad and crescent-shaped, with the tips pointing anteriorl y (toward the front/head; see blowhole image). [4] The melon forms a small bulge, the mouthline is straight, and throat grooves are present. [4]

Adult males are dark gray dorsally (on back) grading to white ventral ly (on stomach). [4] The ventral side of the tail flukes are light gray with converging striations and a white patch around the umbilicus (navel). [4] The coloration of females is not known, since the only specimen was moderately decomposed. [4] Calves are light to dark gray dorsally and white ventrally. [4] The lower jaw and throat regions are white. [4]

A dark gray region extends from the corner of the mouth and encompasses the eye and the rostrum, forming an extended mask. [4] The flippers are medium to dark gray dorsally and white ventrally. [4] There is a lighter-colored patch on the anterodistal portion. [4] The flukes are dark gray dorsally and medium to light gray ventrally. [4] The ventral surface includes a pattern of white striations that converge posteromedially. [4]

A photograph of a possible living specimen - one of the two observed in 1976 - is featured in Rice (1978: 95) as "Mesoplodon carlhubbsi", a distinctly larger species also native to the waters off California. Recordings of the animals' vocalizations were also gained during this opportunity. [8]

In Perrin's beaked whale, the teeth are located near the tip of the lower jaw and are roughly equilateral triangles when viewed laterally (from the side) in the jaw, which resembles the font teeth of Baird's beaked whale ( Berardius bairdii ) more than other Mesoplodon species. [4] Like other mesoplodont whales, male M. perrini have a set of tusk-like teeth that originate from the lower jaw (see image). [4] These tusks are not present in females. A series of long, white scars along the flank of the adult male specimen brought to the conclusion that tusks may play a role in intrasexual competition. The tusks may also help these whales distinguish individuals belonging to their species from those of similar, sympatric species. [4] [9]

Most of the characteristics that set M. perrini apart from related species are molecular. Substantial differences in mtDNA and cytochrome b form the basis for its diagnosis as a new species. Morphological similarities suggested that the closest relative of M. perrini was M. hectori. However, based on the molecular characters, Dalebout et al. concluded that its true sister species is M. peruvianus. [4] This conclusion was later supported by analysis of nuclear actin sequences by Dalebout et al. (2004). [10]

Distribution and status

Currently (2019), Perrin's beaked whales have only been found near North Pacific waters off the coast of central and southern California. Stranded Perrin's beaked whales have been found along the Californian coast between Torrey Pines State Reserve, just north of San Diego (32°55’N, 117°15’W) and Fisherman's Wharf, Monterey (36°37’N, 121°55’W). [4] It is believed these whales inhabit the offshore waters of the Pacific coast of North America (and possibly elsewhere in the North Pacific) in waters 1,000 meters deep or more. However, the northern and southern limits of its range are entirely unknown. There is no current information on the home range and migratory behaviors of these whales, although biogeography of beaked whales suggests it does not reach the Equator.

Even though current data suggest an eastern North Pacific distribution, there are too few records to date to draw any conclusions on this. Cookie-cutter shark scars on a calf found in Monterey could be evidence of migratory behavior, because in surface waters cookie-cutter sharks Isistius spp. are limited in their northern distribution, [11] but the occurrence of such scars on cetaceans is not. [12] This suggests either these cetaceans are migratory and pass through the territory of Isistius spp., or the distribution of Isistius spp. extends farther north in deeper waters and attack cetaceans when they dive. The habitat preferences of other beaked whales suggest M. perrini can primarily be found in oceanic waters that are over 1,000 m in depth.

Ecology and behavior

Beaked whales are timid, deep divers who can dive for up to 2 hours, so little is known about the behavior and ecology of Perrin's beaked whales because they are rarely seen. Again, Perrin's beaked whales have not definitely been recorded alive by scientists, so the limited information known about the species is derived from dead individuals that are beached. Some information is assumed based on the shared adaptations and behaviors of the species within the genus Mesoplodon.

Diet

Based on the stomach contents of stranded whales, these whales primarily feed on pelagic squid, such as Octopoteuthis deletron; found within the remains of the female's stomach. [4] Some unidentified vertebrate parts were also present. Assuming Perrin's beaked whales share the same diet as other beaked whales, they likely consume octopus and fish as well.

Reproduction

Little is known about the social structure, reproduction, age of sexual maturity, or lifespan of the Perrin's beaked whales, but scars on the bodies of males suggest aggressive competitive behavior. [4] The two adult type specimens were both sexually mature and an analysis of the teeth indicated they were both about 9 years old. [4] For this reason, it can be assumed that males reach sexual maturity around this age or sooner.

The males of this species seem to engage in fights like most other mesoplodonts. Scars from fighting are present on this species, although the precise mechanism of combat is enigmatic: given the teeth's position near the lower jaw tips, it can be expected that the scars consist of two parallel lines. However, it is noted that the scars on the adult male appear to have been made with a single tooth, rather than with two teeth simultaneously, as might be expected in species with apical teeth. [4] [13] Single scar lines could suggest they were created by glancing blows rather than direct attacks.

Development

The largest Perrin's beaked whale calf, LACM 088901, at 2.45 m of length, appeared to be independent from its mother. The smallest specimen, USNM 504259, at 2.1 m of length, had a fringed tongue which indicated it was still suckling. [4] Teeth were not present in the immature specimen [verification needed], but are not needed for feeding. The dates when the specimens were found suggest the young start to feed independently in summer. Considering most whales suckle until around age one; this suggests the young are born during the summer half of the year. Since all calves were similar in size, the calves were all estimated to be approximately one year old.[ citation needed ]

Social/echolocation

Perrin beaked whales are thought to produce a species-specific frequency modulated (FM) echolocation pulse of BW43. [14] Within a passive acoustics study, signals of BW43 were only detected in southern California at deep sites (1100–1300 m) and are thought to be produced by Perrin's beaked whale, known only from Californian waters. [14]

Population status

Data suggests a significant decline in abundance for Mesoplodon spp. in the California Current between 1996 and 2001. [5] Declines are hypothesized to have occurred from the effects of incidental mortality from fishing, impacts of anthropogenic noise (Navy sonar), and ecosystem changes. [5] Since then, the population size of Mesoplodon beaked whales has increased from a mean of 1230 in 2001 to 3439 in 2014 within California Current waters off the U.S. West Coast. [7]

Threats

Perrin's beaked whales are threatened by attacks from sharks such as the cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis). As with their relatives, cookiecutter sharks attack this whale with attempts at biting off chunks of flesh. Such attacks are generally not life-threatening to the whale. It is a host of the thoracican barnacle Conchoderma auritum, and for one or several species of parasitic Phyllobothrium cestodes (possibly Phyllobothrium delphini), this species is either a primary or a dead-end host.

These whales are vulnerable to naval sonar and seismic activity. Currently, there are no whaling threats for this species. Although Mesoplodon whales were never harvested commercially, there have been reports of them being taken by humans from time to time. [4] Bycatch is likely one of the main threats to this deep-water species due to it causing harm or death to whales entangled in fishing gear. According to the IUCN, this species has the potential to become caught in certain types of fishing gear, such as deepwater gill nets, used for capturing large pelagic fish species. Plastic is also seen as a threat to Perrin's beaked whales because it has been found within the stomach contents of stranded individuals.

Specimen

  1. USNM 504259 - May 22, 1975; 33°15′N 117°26′W - smallest specimen (4.1 m long), immature male
  2. USNM504260 - May 28, 1975; 33°16′N 117°26′W - adult female, probably the mother of USNM 504259 (Dalebout et al. 2002)
  3. USNM504853 - September 9, 1978; 33°07′N 117°20′W - adult male, the holotype
  4. LACM 088901 JRH 052 - December 27, 1979; 32°55′N 117°15′W - immature male
  5. LACM 096355 TMMC-C75 - September 18, 1997; 36°37′N 121°55′W - immature male
  6. LACM 097501 DSJ 2348 - October 15, 2013; 33°58′N 118°27′W - mature female

Possible sightings may have also 1976 possible sightings took place on July 30, 1976 and September 9, 1978, which was the same day the holotype specimen was discovered (Mead 1981). Altogether, there is a marked concentration of sightings between May and September. It is unknown if this has any significance. With scant data at hand, it still appears the best odds of encountering small beaked whales of this species is during the summer months in the area between Santa Catalina and San Clemente Islands and the mainland.

The causes of death of two Perrin's beaked whales can be tentatively inferred. The specimen found in 1997, was starving at the time of death, possibly following a parasite infection (Dalebout et al. 2002). The female found in 1975 had died around May 14 (Mead 1981), and its juvenile was found on May 22. Since the calf was not fully weaned, its death is likely a direct consequence of the loss of its mother.

See also

Related Research Articles

Beaked whales are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least-known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, reclusive behavior and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 existing species are reasonably well-known. Baird's beaked whales and Cuvier's beaked whales were subject to commercial exploitation, off the coast of Japan, while the northern bottlenose whale was extensively hunted in the northern part of the North Atlantic in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

<i>Mesoplodon</i> Genus of beaked whales

Mesoplodont whales are 16 species of toothed whale in the genus Mesoplodon, making it the largest genus in the cetacean order. Two species were described as recently as 1991 and 2002, and marine biologists predict the discovery of more species in the future. A new species was described in 2021. They are the most poorly known group of large mammals. The generic name "mesoplodon" comes from the Greek meso- (middle) - hopla (arms) - odon (teeth), and may be translated as 'armed with a tooth in the centre of the jaw'.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hubbs' beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Hubbs' beaked whale was initially thought to be an Andrews' beaked whale when discovered by ichthyologist Carl Hubbs; however, it was named in his honor when it was discovered to be a new species. This species has the typical dentition found in the genus, but its main outstanding features are a white "cap" on the head and very extensive scarring. The species is known from 31 strandings, a few at-sea sightings, and observations of two stranded whales that were kept in captivity for 16–25 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blainville's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Blainville's beaked whale, or the dense-beaked whale, is believed to be the widest ranging mesoplodont whale. The French zoologist Henri de Blainville first described the species in 1817 from a small piece of jaw — the heaviest bone he had ever come across — which resulted in the name densirostris. Off the northeastern Bahamas, the animals are particularly well documented, and a photo identification project started sometime after 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gervais's beaked whale</span> Species of whale

Gervais's beaked whale, sometimes known as the Antillean beaked whale, Gulf Stream beaked whale, or European beaked whale is the most frequently stranding type of mesoplodont whale off the coast of North America. It has also stranded off South America and Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

The ginkgo-toothed beaked whale is a poorly known species of whale even for a beaked whale, and was named for the unusual shape of its dual teeth. It is a fairly typical-looking species, but is notable for the males not having any scarring.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gray's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Gray's beaked whale, sometimes known as Haast's beaked whale, the scamperdown whale, or the southern beaked whale, is one of the better-known members of the genus Mesoplodon. This species is fairly gregarious and strands relatively frequently for a beaked whale. In the Māori language, this species is called hakurā or iheihe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hector's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Hector's beaked whale, is a small mesoplodont living in the Southern Hemisphere. This whale is named after Sir James Hector, a founder of the colonial museum in Wellington, New Zealand. The species has rarely been seen in the wild.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Strap-toothed whale</span> Species of whale

The strap-toothed beaked whale, also known as Layard's beaked whale, is one of the largest members of the mesoplodont genus, growing to 6.2 m (20 ft) in length and reaching up to 1,300 kg (2,900 lb). The common and scientific name was given in honor of Edgar Leopold Layard, the curator of the South African Museum, who prepared drawings of a skull and sent them to the British taxonomist John Edward Gray, who described the species in 1865.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">True's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

True's beaked whale is a medium-sized whale in the genus Mesoplodon. It is native to the northern Atlantic Ocean. The common name is in reference to Frederick W. True, a curator at the United States National Museum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tropical bottlenose whale</span> Species of mammal

The tropical bottlenose whale, also known as the Indo-Pacific beaked whale or Longman's beaked whale, was considered to be the world's rarest cetacean until recently, but the spade-toothed whale now holds that position. As of 2010, the species is now known from nearly a dozen strandings and over 65 sightings. This is the only species in the genus Indopacetus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

The pygmy beaked whale, also known as the bandolero beaked whale, Peruvian beaked whale and lesser beaked whale, is the smallest of the mesoplodonts and one of the newest discoveries. There were at least two dozen sightings of an unknown beaked whale named Mesoplodon sp. A before the initial classification, and those are now believed to be synonymous with the species. The species was formally described in 1991, based on ten specimens obtained from Peru between 1976 and 1989, including a 3.72 m (12.2 ft) adult male as the type specimen. A specimen that stranded at Paracas, Peru in 1955 has since been identified as a pygmy beaked whale. Since 1987, there have been an additional 40 sightings of the species, for a total of 65.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stejneger's beaked whale</span> Species of mammal

Stejneger's beaked whale, also known as the Bering Sea beaked whale or the saber-toothed whale, is a relatively unknown member of the genus Mesoplodon inhabiting the North Pacific Ocean. Leonhard Hess Stejneger collected the type specimen on Bering Island in 1883, from which Frederick W. True provided the species' description in 1885. In 1904, the first complete skull was collected, which confirmed the species' validity. The most noteworthy characteristic of the males is the very large, saber-like teeth, hence the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cuvier's beaked whale</span> Species of whale

The Cuvier's beaked whale, goose-beaked whale, or ziphius is the most widely distributed of all beaked whales in the family Ziphiidae. It is smaller than most baleen whales yet large among beaked whales. Cuvier's beaked whale is pelagic, inhabiting waters deeper than 300 m (1,000 ft). It has the deepest and longest recorded dives among whales at 2,992 m (9,816 ft) and 222 minutes, though the frequency and reasons for these extraordinary dives are unclear. Despite its deep-water habitat, it is one of the most frequently spotted beaked whales.

<i>Berardius</i> Genus of mammals

The four-toothed whales or giant beaked whales are beaked whales in the genus Berardius. They include Arnoux's beaked whale in cold Southern Hemispheric waters, and Baird's beaked whale in the cold temperate waters of the North Pacific. A third species, Sato's beaked whale, was distinguished from B. bairdii in the 2010s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spade-toothed whale</span> Species of beaked whale

The spade-toothed whale is a very little-known species, the rarest species of beaked whale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Southern bottlenose whale</span> Species of mammal

The southern bottlenose whale is a species of whale, in the Ziphiid family, one of two members of the genus Hyperoodon. Seldom observed, the southern bottlenose whale is resident in Antarctic waters. The species was first described by English zoologist William Henry Flower in 1882, based on a water-worn skull from Lewis Island, in the Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia. They live in deep ocean waters over 1000 meters.

Deraniyagala's beaked whale is a species of mesoplodont whale closely related to the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William F. Perrin</span> American biologist (1938–2022)

William F. Perrin was an American biologist specializing in the fields of cetacean taxonomy, reproductive biology, and conservation biology. He is best known for his work documenting the unsustainable mortality of hundreds of thousands of dolphins per year in the tuna purse-seine fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific. This work became a primary motivation for the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972). His work on cetacean taxonomy was acknowledged in 2002 when a newly recognized species of beaked whale, Perrin's beaked whale, which was named in his honor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ramari's beaked whale</span> Medium-size New Zealand whale

Ramari's beaked whale is a medium size whale in the genus Mesoplodon. It is found in cool waters of the Southern Hemisphere. The species name, eueu, comes from the Khwedam word meaning 'big fish', as most of the strandings of these whales come from Khoisan territories in South Africa. The common name honours Māori whale expert Ramari Stewart.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Pitman, R.L.; Taylor, B.L.; Barlow, J.; Cooke, J.G. (2020). "Mesoplodon perrini". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2020: e.T41759A50383813. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41759A50383813.en . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ↑ "Whale and dolphin species guide". Whale & Dolphin Conservation USA. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Dalebout, Merel L.; Mead, James G.; Baker, C. Scott; Baker, Alan N.; Helden, Anton L. (July 2002). "A new species of beaked whale Mesoplodon perrini sp. n.(Cetacea: Ziphiidae) discovered through phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA sequences". Marine Mammal Science. 18 (3): 577–608. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01061.x.
  5. 1 2 3 Moore, Jeffrey E.; Barlow, Jay P. (16 January 2013). "Declining Abundance of Beaked Whales (Family Ziphiidae) in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e52770. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...852770M. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052770 . PMC   3547055 . PMID   23341907.
  6. 1 2 "UCSC scientists study rare beaked whale stranded at Scott Creek Beach".
  7. 1 2 Moore, Jeff; Barlow, Jay (2017). "Population abundance and trend estimates for beaked whales and sperm whales in the California Current from ship-based visual line-transect survey data, 1991-2014". doi:10.7289/V5/TM-SWFSC-585.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Mead, J. G. (21 May 1981). "First Records of Mesoplodon hectori (Ziphiidae) from the Northern Hemisphere and a Description of the Adult Male". Journal of Mammalogy. 62 (2): 430–432. doi:10.2307/1380733. JSTOR   1380733.
  9. ↑ MacLeod, Colin D.; Perrin, W. F.; Pitman, R.; Barlow, J.; Ballance, L.; D'Amico, A.; Gerrodette, T.; Joyce, J.; Mullin, K. D.; Palka, D. L.; Waring, G. T. (2006). "Known and inferred distributions of beaked whale species (Cetacea: Ziphiidae)". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management. 7 (3): 271–286. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.727.9056 .
  10. ↑ Dalebout, M. L.; Baker, C. S.; Mead, J. G.; Cockcroft, V. G.; Yamada, T. K. (1 November 2004). "A Comprehensive and Validated Molecular Taxonomy of Beaked Whales, Family Ziphiidae". Journal of Heredity. 95 (6): 459–473. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esh054 . PMID   15475391.
  11. ↑ Nakano, Hideki; Tabuchi, Makoto (1990). "Occurrence of the cookiecutter shark Isistius brasiliensis in surface waters of the North Pacific Ocean". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 37 (1): 60–63. doi:10.11369/jji1950.37.60.
  12. ↑ Jones, Everet C (2011). "Isistius brasiliensis, A SQUALOID SHARK, THE PROBABLE CAUSE OF CRATER WOUNDS ON FISHES AND CETACEANS" (PDF). Fishery Bulletin. 69 (4): 791–798.
  13. ↑ Heyning, John E. (1 August 1984). "Functional morphology involved in intraspecific fighting of the beaked whale, Mesoplodon carlhubbsi". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 62 (8): 1645–1654. doi:10.1139/z84-239.
  14. 1 2 Baumann-Pickering, Simone; Roch, Marie A.; Brownell Jr, Robert L.; Simonis, Anne E.; McDonald, Mark A.; Solsona-Berga, Alba; Oleson, Erin M.; Wiggins, Sean M.; Hildebrand, John A. (22 January 2014). "Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Beaked Whale Echolocation Signals in the North Pacific". PLOS ONE. 9 (1): e86072. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...986072B. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086072 . PMC   3899217 . PMID   24465877.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.