Phaeotremella

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Phaeotremella
Phaeotremella frondosa (Fr.) Spirin & Malysheva 852285.jpg
Gelatinous fruit body of Phaeotremella frondosa
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Phaeotremellaceae
Genus: Phaeotremella
Rea (1912)
Type species
Phaeotremella pseudofoliacea
Rea

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea , shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

History

The genus Phaeotremella was originally created by British mycologist Carleton Rea to accommodate Phaeotremella pseudofoliacea, a fungus that resembled a Tremella species but had brown rather than white basidiospores. Later authors considered this to be a mistaken observation and placed Phaeotremella in synonymy with Tremella and its type species in synonymy with Tremella foliacea. [2] [3]

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has however shown that Tremella is paraphyletic (and hence artificial). [4] [5] [6] [7] A different generic name was therefore required for a group of species not closely related to Tremella mesenterica (the type species of Tremella) and Phaeotremella was selected as the earliest such name available. [8] As a result, the current definition of Phaeotremella is not the same as Rea's original concept. The type species, P. pseudofoliacea, has been placed in synonymy with Phaeotremella frondosa . [9]

Description

Fruit bodies (when present) are gelatinous. In some species they are small (under 5 mm across) and pustular to pulvinate (cushion-shaped). In others they are much larger (up to 150 mm across) and may be variously lobed or foliose (with leaf-like or seaweed-like fronds). Several Phaeotremella species are, however, only known from their yeast states. [10]

Microscopic characters

Phaeotremella species produce hyphae that are typically (but not always) clamped and have haustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host. [11] The basidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuous sterigmata or epibasidia on which the basidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. Conidiophores are often present, producing conidiospores that are similar to yeast cells. [4]

Habitat and distribution

Most species are parasitic on members of the corticioid fungi, specifically species of Aleurodiscus and Stereum , with one species on the ascomycetous genus Lophodermium . Those on Aleurodiscus, including Phaeotremella mycophaga, parasitize the fruit bodies of their hosts; [11] those on Stereum, such as Phaeotremella foliacea , P. frondosa, and P. fimbriata, parasitize the host mycelium within the wood. [9]

As a group, Phaeotremella species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution. [9]

Species and hosts

Only species producing basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are listed. Not all hosts are known.

ImageNameDistributionHost
Phaeotremella dejopia North America Stereum gausapatum
Phaeotremella eugeniae Russian Far Eastunknown [9]
Phaeotremella fimbriata Europe Stereum rugosum [9]
Phaeotremella foliacea Europe, North America, northern Asia Stereum sanguinolentum [9]
Phaeotremella foliacea (Pers.) Wedin, J.C. Zamora & Millanes 885447.jpg Phaeotremella frondosa Europe, North America, northern Asia Stereum spp [9]
Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea Taiwan, Russian Far East Stereum sanguinolentum [4] [9]
Phaeotremella mycetophiloides Japan Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii [12]
Tremella mycophaga Martin 344001 2013-05-08.jpg Phaeotremella mycophaga Europe, North America Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii [12]
Phaeotremella roseotincta Japan, Russian Far Eastunknown [13]
Phaeotremella simplex Europe, North America Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. thujae [14] [12]
Phaeotremella translucens Europe, North America, Japan, New Zealand Lophodermium species [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Tremellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family is cosmopolitan and contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphs in the Tremellaceae are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

The Cuniculitremaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. There are three genera in the family. Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum parasitizes other fungi growing in insect galleries in wood. It does not produce basidiocarps, but has septate basidia similar to those found in the genus Tremella. Most species are known only from their yeast states.

<i>Tremella</i> Genus of fungi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Phaeotremella frondosa</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella frondosa is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae producing brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions, and is parasitic on other species of fungi that grow on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees.

<i>Phaeotremella foliacea</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella foliacea is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata.

Cystofilobasidium is a genus of fungi in the family Cystofilobasidiaceae. Species occur as yeasts, but produce filamentous sexual states that form dikaryote teliospores, from which the unicellular basidia are formed. The hyphae usually have dolipore septa without a parenthesome, and their cell walls contain xylose. The genus currently contains nine species worldwide.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, Basidiocarps ,, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi."Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

<i>Naematelia encephala</i> Species of fungus

Naematelia encephala is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. In the UK, its recommended English name is conifer brain.

Pseudotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. All Pseudotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Pseudotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two of these species are, as yet, only known from their yeast states.

The Bulleraceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family currently contains five genera. Some species produce gelatinous basidiocarps and were formerly placed in the genus Tremella. Most, however, are only known from their yeast states.

Solicoccozyma is a genus of fungi in the family Piskurozymaceae. Species have only been isolated in their yeast states, several of which were formerly referred to the genus Cryptococcus, but can produce filamentous states with basidia in culture. Nine species have been described worldwide.

Cystobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Cystobasidiales. The type species is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps on various ascomycetous fungi on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. Other species are known only from their yeast states. The yeasts Cystobasidium minutum and C. calyptogenae are rare but known human pathogens.

Cystobasidium fimetarium is a species of fungus in the order Cystobasidiales. It is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps on various ascomycetous fungi on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. The species is known from Europe and North America.

<i>Carcinomyces polyporinus</i> Species of fungus

Carcinomyces polyporinus is a species of fungus in the class Tremellomycetes. It is a parasite, growing in the hymenia of various poroid fungi, particularly species of Postia. Microscopically, it resembles a species of Tremella, but DNA research indicates that it belongs in a different family, the Carcinomycetaceae. It was first described by British mycologist Derek Reid from Scotland. It has also been recorded in continental Europe and North America.

<i>Sirobasidium brefeldianum</i> Species of fungus


Sirobasidium brefeldianum is a species of fungus in the order Tremellales. Basidiocarps are gelatinous and appear to be parasitic on ascomycetous fungi on wood. The species was originally described from Brazil, but has also been reported from Asia and Europe.

Phaeotremella fimbriata is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces blackish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum rugosum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It is widespread in northern Europe. Prior to 2017, the species was generally considered a synonym of Tremella foliacea, but this latter species is restricted to conifers. Phaeotremella frondosa is a similar-looking but paler, brown species on broad-leaved trees and occurs in North America as well as Europe.

Phaeotremella roseotincta is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces pinkish to pale pinkish brown, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan and has also been recorded from far eastern Russia.

Tremella yokohamensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces white, foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan.

Phaeotremella translucens is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces small, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on ascocarps of Lophodermium species on decaying pine needles. It was originally described from Scotland.

References

  1. ↑ Liu Y, Chen S, Zhang J, Gao M, Li L (2023). "Purification of polysaccharide produced by the haploid yeast strain of Tremella sanguinea and its antioxidant and prebiotic activities". Molecules. 28. doi: 10.3390/molecules28145391 . PMC   10386508 . PMID   37513263.
  2. ↑ Donk MA. (1958). "The generic names proposed for hymenomycetes – VIII". Taxon. 7 (8): 236–250. doi:10.2307/1217280. JSTOR   1217280.
  3. ↑ Roberts P. (1999). "British Tremella species II: T. encephala, T. steidleri & T. foliacea". Mycologist. 13 (3): 127–131. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(99)80044-5.
  4. 1 2 3 Chen C-J. (1998). Morphological and molecular studies in the genus Tremella. Berlin: J. Cramer. p. 225. ISBN   978-3-443-59076-5.
  5. ↑ Fell JW, Boekhout T, Fonseca A, Scorzetti G, Statzell-Tallman A (2000). "Biodiversity and systematics of basidiomycetous yeasts as determined by large-subunit rDNA D1/D2 domain sequence analysis" (PDF). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 50 (3): 1351–1371. doi: 10.1099/00207713-50-3-1351 . PMID   10843082 . Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  6. ↑ Sampaio JP, Weiss M, Gadanho M, Bauer R (2002). "New taxa in the Tremellales: Bulleribasidium oberjochense gen. et sp. nov., Papiliotrema bandonii gen. et sp. nov. and Fibulobasidium murrhardtense sp. nov". Mycologia. 94 (5): 873–887. doi:10.2307/3761703. JSTOR   3761703. PMID   21156562.
  7. ↑ Findley K, Rodriguez-Carres M, Metin B, Kroiss J, Fonseca A, Vilgalys R, Heitman J (2009). "Phylogeny and phenotypic characterization of pathogenic Cryptococcus species and closely related saprobic taxa in the Tremellales" (PDF). Eukaryotic Cell. 8 (3): 353–361. doi:10.1128/EC.00373-08. PMC   2653247 . PMID   19151324.
  8. ↑ Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. PMC   4777781 . PMID   26955199.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Spirin V, Malysheva V, Yurkov A, Miettinen O, Larsson KH (2018). "Studies in the Phaeotremella foliacea group (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 17 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1007/s11557-017-1371-4. hdl: 10138/326186 . S2CID   44901453.
  10. ↑ Sun Y, Wang G, Li A, Wangmu, Chui X, Jiang J, Wang Q (2020). "Phaeotremella camelliae sp. nov. (Phaeotremellaceae, Tremellales), A Novel Yeasts Isolated from Tea-Oil Fruits in Jiangxi Province, China". Microbiology. 77 (10): 3168–3173. doi:10.1007/s00284-020-02061-9. PMID   32514781. S2CID   219543883.
  11. 1 2 Zugmaier W, Bauer R, Oberwinkler F (1994). "Mycoparasitism of some Tremella species". Mycologia. 86 (1): 49–56. doi:10.2307/3760718. JSTOR   3760718.
  12. 1 2 3 Bandoni RJ, Ginns J (1993). "On some species of Tremella associated with Corticiaceae". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 34: 21–36. JSTOR   3760718.
  13. ↑ Malysheva VF, Malysheva EF, Bulakh EM (2015). "The genus Tremella (Tremellales, Basidiomycota) in Russia with description of two new species and proposal of one nomenclatural combination". Phytotaxa. 238: 40–70. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.238.1.2.
  14. ↑ Roberts P. (2001). "British Tremella species III: Tremella callunicola sp. nov., T. invasa, T. sarniensis sp. nov., T. simplex & T. versicolor". Mycologist. 15 (4): 146–150. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(01)80002-1.
  15. ↑ Yamada M, Endoh R, Masumoto H, Yoshihashi Y, Ohkuma M, Degawa Y (2022). "Taxonomic study of polymorphic basidiomycetous fungi Sirobasidium and Sirotrema: Sirobasidium apiculatum sp. nov., Phaeotremella translucens comb. nov. and rediscovery of Sirobasidium japonicum in Japan". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 115: 1421–1436. doi:10.1007/s10482-022-01787-9.
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