Stereum sanguinolentum

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Stereum sanguinolentum
2006-03-10 Stereum sanguinolentum.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Stereaceae
Genus: Stereum
Species:
S. sanguinolentum
Binomial name
Stereum sanguinolentum
(Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. (1838)
Synonyms [1]
  • Thelephora sanguinolentaAlb. & Schwein. (1805)
  • Phlebomorpha sanguinolenta(Alb. & Schwein.) Pers. (1822)
  • Thelephora sericea var. sanguinolenta(Alb. & Schwein.) Pers. (1822)
  • Auricularia sanguinolenta(Alb. & Schwein.) Grev. (1826)
  • Merulius sanguinolentus(Alb. & Schwein.) Spreng. (1827)
  • Stereum balsameum Peck (1875)
  • Haematostereum sanguinolentum(Alb. & Schwein.) Pouzar (1959)

Stereum sanguinolentum is a species of fungus in the Stereaceae family. A plant pathogen, it causes red heart rot, a red discoloration on conifers, particularly spruces and Douglas-firs. Fruit bodies, which are produced either on dead wood or on dead branches of living trees, form a thin leathery crust on the wood surface. Fresh fruit bodies will bleed a red-colored liquid if injured, reflected in the common names bleeding Stereum or the bleeding conifer parchment. It can be the host of the parasitic jelly fungus Tremella encephala . [2]

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described scientifically by Albertini and Schweinitz in 1805 as Thelephora sanguinolenta. [3] Other genera to which it has been transferred throughout its taxonomical history include Phlebomorpha, Auricularia , Merulius , and Haematostereum. [1] The fungus is commonly known as the "bleeding Stereum" or the "bleeding conifer parchment". [4]

Description

The fruit body of Stereum sanguinolentum manifests itself as a thin (typically less than 1 mm thick) leathery crust on the surface of the host wood. Often, the upper edge is curled to form a narrow shelf (usually less than 10 mm thick). When present, these shelves can be fused to or overlap neighboring shelves. The surface of the fruit body consists of a layer of fine felt-like hairs, sometimes pressed flat against the surface. The color ranges from beige to buff to dark brown in mature specimens; the margins are lighter-colored. Fresh fruit bodies that are injured exude a red liquid, or will bruise a red color if touched. The fruit bodies dry to a greyish-brown color. The spores are ellipsoid to cylindrical, amyloid, and typically measure 7–10 by 3–4.5 μm. [5]

Stereum sanguinolentum can be parasitized by the jelly fungus Tremella encephala . [2]

Symptoms

Stereum sanguinolentum is a basidiomycete that causes both brown rot and white rot on conifers. The primary symptom is the red streaking discoloration. [6] It is a white-rot basidiomycete that causes an extensive decay resulting from wounds, logging extractions, bark peeking, or branch pruning. Stereum sanguinolentum forms territorial clones while spreading by vegetative growth between spatially separated resource units; Armillaria spp, Heterobasidion annosum, Phellinus weirii, Inonotus tomentosus, and Phellinus noxius all work with Stereum sanguinolentum to attack the host. These pathogens combine to form territorial clones that can cover up to several hectares and survive for hundreds of years while infecting trees. [7]

White rot causes a gradual decrease in cellulose as the decay continues to affect the tree. The white rot fungi consume the segments of cellulose that are released during the decay as quickly as they are produced. [8] In white rot, which is also known as “wound rot of spruce”, the spores create open wounds on the host.

In brown rot, the cellulose is degraded. The rapid decrease in cellulose chain length implies that the catalyst that facilitates the depolymerization readily gains access to cellulose chains. [8]

Life cycle

Stereum sanguinolentum is an amphithallic basidiomycete. Monospore intrabasidiome pairings are always compatible when reproducing, making it easy for the fungus to spread. The monobasidiospore and trama isolates are plurinucleate and bear clamp connections, and are often dikaryotic. Basidiospores are heterokikaryotic indicating that they are amphithallic. The mycelia that spreads the fungi grow from the heterodikaryotic spores that originate from the basidiospores. Either mating between homokaryons originating from the monokaryotic basidiospores, or by the parasexual process, results in recombination.

Stereum sanguinolentum is an extremely fast colonizer of newly dead or wounded conifer sapwood. Being amphithallic allows this cycle to have selective advantages upon such organisms by enhancing survival and dispersal. [9]

Stereum sanguinolentum
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is irregular or not applicable
NA cap icon.svgLacks a stipe
Saprotrophic fungus.svgParasitic fungus.svgEcology is saprotrophic or parasitic
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Dispersal occurs by basidiospores only and the most common dispersal mechanism is wind. [9] The wind-blown basidiospores are produced parthenogenically (i.e., reproduction from an ovum without fertilization). [10] In white rot, the infection occurs from spores landing near the wounds or the transmission of mycelial fragments by wood sap. The rot extension spreads extremely fast in the first few years after infection but spreads even quicker if the infected injury is at the root collar rather than at the stem. [6]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Stereum sanguinolentum can be parasitized by the fungus Tremella encephala 2008-02-29 Tremella encephala Stereum sanguinolentum.jpg
Stereum sanguinolentum can be parasitized by the fungus Tremella encephala

The fungus causes a brown heart rot, resulting in wood that is a light brown to red-brown color, and dry, with a stringy texture. A cross-section of infected wood reveals a circular infection around the center of the log. [11] It enters plants through open wounds caused by mechanical damage or by grazing wildlife. Fragments of mycelia can be spread by wood wasps (genus Sirex ). [4] The rot spreads up to 40 cm (16 in) per year. [12] It has also been recorded on balsam fir, Douglas fir, and western hemlock. [13] The fungus is geographically widespread, and has been recorded from North America, Europe, east Africa, New Zealand, [12] and Australia. [14]

Management

The halos caused by Stereum sanguinolentum can be prevented by taking care during the harvesting of trees to assure that no injuries occur. If injuries occur, the wounds can be treated with wound dressing. [6]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypore</span> Group of fungi

Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks.

<i>Armillaria mellea</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria mellea, commonly known as honey fungus, is an edible basidiomycete fungus in the genus Armillaria. It is a plant pathogen and part of a cryptic species complex of closely related and morphologically similar species. It causes Armillaria root rot in many plant species and produces mushrooms around the base of trees it has infected. The symptoms of infection appear in the crowns of infected trees as discoloured foliage, reduced growth, dieback of the branches and death. The mushrooms are edible but some people may be intolerant to them. This species is capable of producing light via bioluminescence in its mycelium.

<i>Fomitopsis pinicola</i> Stem decay fungus

Fomitopsis pinicola, is a stem decay fungus common on softwood and hardwood trees. Its conk is known as the red-belted conk. The species is common throughout temperate Europe and Asia. It is a decay fungus that serves as a small-scale disturbance agent in coastal rainforest ecosystems. It influences stand structure and succession in temperate rainforests. It performs essential nutrient cycling functions in forests. As well as a key producer of brown rot residues that are stable soil components in coniferous forest ecosystems. It has been reported that mushrooms have significant antioxidant activity.

<i>Armillaria tabescens</i> Species of fungus

Armillaria tabescens is a species of fungus in the family Physalacriaceae. It is a plant pathogen. The mycelium of the fungus is bioluminescent.

<i>Heterobasidion annosum</i> Species of fungus

Heterobasidion annosum is a basidiomycete fungus in the family Bondarzewiaceae. It is considered to be the most economically important forest pathogen in the Northern Hemisphere. Heterobasidion annosum is widespread in forests in the United States and is responsible for the loss of one billion U.S. dollars annually. This fungus has been known by many different names. First described by Fries in 1821, it was known by the name Polyporus annosum. Later, it was found to be linked to conifer disease by Robert Hartig in 1874, and was renamed Fomes annosus by H. Karsten. Its current name of Heterobasidion annosum was given by Brefeld in 1888. Heterobasidion annosum causes one of the most destructive diseases of conifers. The disease caused by the fungus is named annosus root rot.

<i>Porodaedalea pini</i> Species of fungus

Porodaedalea pini, commonly known as the pine conk, is a species of fungus in the family Hymenochaetaceae. It is a plant pathogen that causes tree disease commonly known as "red ring rot" or "white speck". This disease, extremely common in the conifers of North America, decays tree trunks, rendering them useless for lumber. It is a rot of the heartwood. Signs of the fungus include shelf-shaped conks protruding from the trunks of trees. Spores produced on these conks are blown by the wind and infect other trees. Formal management of this disease is limited, and the disease is controlled primarily by cultural practices. Red ring rot is an important forest disturbance agent and plays a key role in habitat formation for several forest animals.

<i>Phaeolus schweinitzii</i> Species of fungus

Phaeolus schweinitzii, commonly known as velvet-top fungus, dyer's polypore, dyer's mazegill, or pine dye polypore, is a fungal plant pathogen that causes butt rot on conifers such as Douglas-fir, spruce, fir, hemlock, pine, and larch. P. schweinitzii is a polypore, although unlike bracket fungi the fruiting body may appear terrestrial when growing from the roots or base of the host tree.

<i>Phellinus igniarius</i> Species of fungus

Phellinus igniarius, commonly known as the willow bracket, fire sponge,false tinder polypore, punk ash polypore, or false tinder conk, is a fungus of the family Hymenochaetaceae. Like other members of the genus of Phellinus, it lives by saprotrophic nutrition, in which the lignin and cellulose of a host tree is degraded and is a cause of white rot.

<i>Ascocoryne sarcoides</i> Species of fungus

Ascocoryne sarcoides is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. The species name is derived from the Greek sarkodes (fleshy). Formerly known as Coryne sarcoides, its taxonomical history has been complicated by the fact that it may adopt both sexual and asexual forms. Colloquially known as jelly drops or the purple jellydisc, this common fungus appears as a gelatinous mass of pinkish or purple-colored discs. Distributed widely in North America, Eurasia, and Oceania, A. sarcoides is a saprobic fungus and grows in clusters on the trunks and branches of a variety of dead woods. Field studies suggest that colonization by A. sarcoides of the heartwood of black spruce confers some resistance to further infection by rot-causing fungi. A. sarcoides contains the antibiotic compound ascocorynin, shown in the laboratory to inhibit the growth of several gram-positive bacteria.

<i>Myxarium nucleatum</i> Species of fungus

Myxarium nucleatum is a species of fungus in the family Hyaloriaceae. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of crystal brain. The fruit bodies are watery white, pustular or lobed, and gelatinous with small, white, mineral inclusions visible to the naked eye. It is a common, wood-rotting species in Europe, typically growing on dead attached or fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is currently not clear whether collections from North America and elsewhere represent the same species.

<i>Amylostereum</i> Genus of fungi

Amylostereum is the single genus in the fungal family Amylostereaceae. The genus currently comprises four saprotrophic and parasitic species, which live off living or dead wood. The Amylostereaceae cause white rot in the wood by disintegrating the tissue component lignin. They produce crust-like, partially wavy fruit bodies on the surface of infested trees, which are similar to those produced by Stereum species.

<i>Heterobasidion irregulare</i> Species of fungus

Heterobasidion irregulare is a tree root rotting pathogenic fungus that belongs to the genus Heterobasidion, which includes important pathogens of conifers and other woody plants. It has a wide host and geographic range throughout North America and causes considerable economic damage in pine plantations in the United States. This fungus is also a serious worry in eastern Canada. Heterobasidion irregulare has been introduced to Italy (Lazio)(modifica) where it has been responsible for extensive tree mortality of stone pine. Due to the ecology, disease type, host range/preference, interfertility group, and genetic information, H. irregulare was designated a new species and distinguished from Heterobasidion occidentale.

Aspen trunk rot is a fungal disease that causes stem decay heart rot of living aspen trees. The pathogen that causes this disease is the fungus Phellinus tremulae. Most of the symptoms of this disease are internal, with the only external signs of a diseased aspen being fruiting bodies called conks. A single conk found on an aspen can indicate advanced decay of up to 82% of the tree volume. Internal decayed wood of freshly cut aspens is spongy, yellow/white colored, surrounded by black zones of discoloration, and contains a distinct wintergreen smell. The fungus is spread via airborne spores released from the fruiting body which can infect through dead branches, branch stubs, or wounds in the tree. Although no direct management control is known, harvesting aspen stands that have been damaged or harvesting stands before decay becomes advanced minimizes tree loss. Aspen wood is white, malleable but strong, and heat-tolerant and therefore has many commercial uses including matches, packing paper, lumber, plywood, pulp, and animal beds. Aspen trees diseased with aspen trunk rot decrease the economic value of the lumber.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Phaeotremella frondosa</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella frondosa is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae producing brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions, and is parasitic on other species of fungi that grow on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees.

<i>Phaeotremella foliacea</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella foliacea is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, basidiocarps, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi." Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

<i>Naematelia encephala</i> Species of fungus

Naematelia encephala is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. In the UK, its recommended English name is conifer brain.

Phaeotremella fimbriata is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces blackish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum rugosum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It is widespread in northern Europe. Prior to 2017, the species was generally considered a synonym of Tremella foliacea, but this latter species is restricted to conifers. Phaeotremella frondosa is a similar-looking but paler, brown species on broad-leaved trees and occurs in North America as well as Europe.

References

  1. 1 2 "Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. & Schwein.) Fr. 1838". International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
  2. 1 2 Zugmaier W, Bauer R, Oberwinkler F (1994). "Mycoparasitism of Some Tremella Species". Mycologia. 86 (1): 49–56. doi:10.2307/3760718. JSTOR   3760718.
  3. ↑ Albertini JB, von Schweinitz LD (1805). Conspectus Fungorum in Lusatiae superioris (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: Sumtibus Kummerianis. p. 274.
  4. 1 2 Schmidt O. (2006). Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use. Berlin, Germany: Springer. p. 195. ISBN   978-3-540-32138-5.
  5. ↑ Eriksson J, Hjortstam K, Ryvarden L (1984). The Corticiaceae of North Europe. Vol. 7, Schizopora-Suillosporium. Vol. 7. Oslo, Norway: Fungiflora. p. 1431.
  6. 1 2 3 Wood and Tree Fungi - Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use | Olaf Schmidt | Springer. Springer. 2006. doi:10.1007/3-540-32139-X. ISBN   9783540321385.
  7. ↑ Boddy, Lynne; Frankland, Juliet; West, Pieter van (2007-12-29). Ecology of Saprotrophic Basidiomycetes. Elsevier. ISBN   9780080551500.
  8. 1 2 Goodell, Barry; Nicholas, Darrel D.; Schultz, Tor P. (2003-03-31). Wood Deterioration and Preservation. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 845. American Chemical Society. pp. 2–7. doi:10.1021/bk-2003-0845.ch001. ISBN   978-0841237971.
  9. 1 2 Calderoni, M.; Sieber, T. N.; Holdenrieder, O. (2003). "Stereum sanguinolentum: Is It an Amphithallic Basidiomycete?". Mycologia. 95 (2): 232–238. doi:10.2307/3762034. JSTOR   3762034. PMID   21156609.
  10. ↑ Stenlid, J.; Vasiliauskas, R. (1998-10-01). "Genetic diversity within and among vegetative compatibility groups of Stereum sanguinolentum determined by arbitrary primed PCR". Molecular Ecology. 7 (10): 1265–1274. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00437.x. ISSN   1365-294X. S2CID   86213742.
  11. ↑ McKnight TE, Mullins EJ (1981). Canadian Woods: Their Properties and Uses (3rd ed.). Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. p. 190. ISBN   978-0-8020-2430-5.
  12. 1 2 Smith IA (1988). European handbook of plant diseases. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 512. ISBN   978-0-632-01222-0.
  13. ↑ Tainter FH, Baker FA (1996). Principles of Forest Pathology. Chichester: Wiley. p. 764. ISBN   978-0-471-12952-3.
  14. ↑ May TW, Milne J, Shingles S (2003). Fungi of Australia: Catalogue and bibliography of Australian fungi. Basidiomycota p.p. & Myxomycota p.p. Csiro Publishing. p. 307. ISBN   978-0-643-06907-7.
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