Tremella

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Tremella
Tremella mesenterica JPG1.jpg
Gelatinous fruit body of Tremella mesenterica
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Tremellaceae
Genus: Tremella
Pers. (1801)
Type species
Tremella mesenterica
Synonyms

Epidochium Fr.
Gyraria Nees
NakaiomycesKobayasi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella (in its wide sense) are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis , is commercially cultivated for food.

Contents

Taxonomy

History

Tremella was one of the original genera created by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum of 1753. The name comes from the Latin tremere meaning "to tremble". [1] Linnaeus placed Tremella in the algae, including within it a variety of gelatinous growths, including seaweeds, cyanobacteria, and myxomycetes, as well as fungi. Subsequent authors added additional species to this mix, until Persoon revised Tremella in 1794 and 1801, repositioning the genus within the fungi. [2]

Persoon's reinterpretation of Tremella was sufficiently radical to be considered a separate genus (Tremella Pers.) from that originally created by Linnaeus (Tremella L.). [2] Tremella Pers. has now been conserved under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, with Tremella mesenterica as the type species. [3]

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Tremella (as previously understood) is polyphyletic (and hence artificial), with most species not closely related to the type. [4] [5] [6] [7] Accordingly, some species have been transferred to new genera and new families: Tremella foliacea and related species are now placed in the genus Phaeotremella within the family Phaeotremellaceae; Tremella encephala and related species are now placed in the genus Naematelia within the Naemateliaceae; Tremella moriformis and related species are now placed in the genus Pseudotremella within the Bulleraceae; and Tremella polyporina is now placed in the genus Carcinomyces within the Carcinomycetaceae. [8] Several other species groups have not yet been renamed, pending further research. [8]

More than 500 species have been described in Tremella, but most of these are old names of doubtful application or old names for species later transferred to other genera. In its strict sense, the genus Tremella now contains some 30-40 species, including the type Tremella mesenterica and the cultivated species T. fuciformis . [9]

Description

Fruit bodies (when present) are gelatinous. In some species they are small (under 5 mm across) and pustular to pulvinate (cushion-shaped). In others they are much larger (up to 150 mm across) and may be variously lobed, cephaliform (like a brain, with folds and ridges), or foliose (with leaf-like or seaweed-like fronds). Many Tremella species, however, are hymenial parasites, producing spores within the fruit bodies of their hosts, and are only visible microscopically. [4]

Microscopic characters

Tremella species produce hyphae that are typically (but not always) clamped and have haustorial cells from which hyphal filaments seek out and penetrate the hyphae of the host. [10] The basidia are "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid, sometimes stalked, and vertically or diagonally septate), giving rise to long, sinuous sterigmata or epibasidia on which the basidiospores are produced. These spores are smooth, globose to ellipsoid, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. Conidiophores are often present, producing conidiospores that are similar to yeast cells. [4]

Habitat and distribution

Species are mainly parasitic on wood-rotting fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, [11] particularly on species that occur on dead attached branches. Hosts include members of the corticioid fungi and Dacrymycetales in the Basidiomycota and species of Diaporthe , other Sordariomycetes, and lichens in the Ascomycota. Some Tremella species parasitize the fruit bodies of their hosts, others parasitize the mycelium within the wood.

As a group, Tremella species occur worldwide, though individual species may have a more restricted distribution.

Species and hosts

The list below includes species of Tremella (in the wide sense) that have recently been described or redescribed based on fruit bodies. Species based on yeasts are not included. Some additional older species may also be valid, but lack a modern description. The type locality (but not the wider distribution) is given for each species together with the host fungus, where known. Species belonging to Tremella in the strict sense are marked as such, as are those that have been transferred to new genera.

ImageNameCurrent StatusType LocalityHost
Tremella anaptychiae Spain Anaptychia ciliaris [12]
Tremella anomala Brazil Hypoxylon spp [13]
Tremella arachispora Cameroonunknown [14]
Tremella armeniaca Tremella sensu stricto [9] Costa Rica Xylaria sp? [15]
Tremella aurantia 13102008a.jpg Tremella aurantia Naematelia aurantia USA Stereum hirsutum [4] [16]
Tremella aurantialba Naematelia aurantialba China Stereum hirsutum [17]
Tremella aurantiolutea Mexicounknown [18]
Tremella australe Tremella sensu stricto [19] Chinaunknown [19]
Tremella australiensis Australia Stereum spp [4]
Tremella boninensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Japanunknown [20]
Tremella brasiliensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Brazilunknown [4] [16] [21]
Tremella callunicola Scotland Aleurodiscus norvegicus [22]
Tremella caloceraticola Denmark Calocera cornea [23]
Tremella caloplacae Greece Caloplaca spp [24] (as Tremella sp. 1)
Tremella candelariellae Luxembourg Candelariella spp [24]
Tremella cephalodiicola Papua New Guinea Psoroma pannarioides [24]
Tremella cerebriformis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Taiwanunknown [4]
Tremella cetrariicola Scotland Cetraria spp [24]
Tremella cheejenii Tremella sensu stricto [9] Chinaunknown [9]
Tremella christiansenii Denmark Physcia spp [24]
Tremella cladoniae Germany Cladonia spp [24]
Tremella clavisterigma Guatemalaunknown [25]
Tremella coalescens Tremella sensu stricto [8] USAunknown [4]
Tremella coccocarpiae Philippines Coccocarpia rottleri [24]
Tremella coffeicolor Bermudaunknown [13] [16] (as T. auricularia)
Tremella colpomaticola Denmark Colpoma quercinum [23]
Tremella compacta Brazilunknown [26]
Tremella coppinsii Sarawak Platismatia spp [24]
Tremella dactylobasidia Spain Dendrothele macrosporae [27]
Tremella dendrographae USA Dendrographa minor [24]
Tremella diaporthicola USA Diaporthe spp
Tremella discicola Belgium Mollisia and Pyrenopeziza spp [28]
Tremella dumontii Ecuadorunknown [18]
Tremella durissima Argentinaunknown [25]
Tremella dysenterica Tremella sensu stricto [9] Brazilunknown [13] [16]
Ajukohrik.JPG Tremella encephala Naematelia encephala Europe Stereum sanguinolentum [4] [29]
Tremella erythrina Tremella sensu stricto [9] Chinaunknown [9]
Tremella everniae China Evernia mesomorpha [24]
Tremella exigua France Diaporthe spp [4]
Tremella fibulifera Tremella sensu stricto [9] Brazilunknown
Tremella fimbriata Phaeotremella fimbriata Europe Stereum rugosum
Tremella flammea Tremella sensu stricto [9] Japan
Tremella flava Tremella sensu stricto [9] Taiwan Hypoxylon spp [4]
Tremella foliacea Phaeotremella foliacea Europe Stereum sanguinolentum
Phaeotremella foliacea (Pers.) Wedin, J.C. Zamora & Millanes 885447.jpg Tremella frondosa Phaeotremella frondosa Europe Stereum spp
Tremella fuciformis 337510.jpg Tremella fuciformis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Brazil Annulohypoxylon archeri [30] [31] and other Annulohypoxylon and/or Hypoxylon spp. [4] [16] [31]
Tremella fungicola Denmark Mollisia cinerea [32]
Tremella fuscosuccinea Phaeotremella fuscosuccinea Taiwanunknown [4]
Tremella giraffa Germany Dacrymyces spp [4] [33]
Tremella globispora D.A. Reid 393505 2013-12-22.jpg Tremella globispora Tremella sensu stricto [9] England Diaporthe spp [4]
Tremella graphidastrae Papua New Guinea Graphidastra multiformis [24]
Tremella guangxiensis Tremella sensu stricto [19] Chinaunknown [19]
Tremella guttiformis Sri Lankaunknown [34]
Tremella haematommatis USA Haematomma puniceum [24]
Tremella hainanensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Chinaunknown [35]
Tremella harrisii USA Polymeridium catapastum [24]
Tremella huuskonenii Raesaenenia huuskonenii [36]
Tremella hymenophaga Spain Scytinostroma odoratum [37]
Tremella hypocenomycis Finland Hypocenomyce spp [24] [38]
Tremella hypogymniae France Hypogymnia spp [24]
Tremella iduensis 02.jpg Tremella iduensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Japan Hypoxylon spp [20]
Tremella imshaugiae USA Imshaugia aleurites [39]
Tremella indecorata Norway Diatrype bullata [38]
Tremella invasa Denmark Trechispora spp [22]
Tremella karstenii Finland Colpoma juniperi [23] [38]
Tremella latispora Tremella sensu stricto [19] Chinaunknown [19]
Tremella leptogii Peru Leptogium sp. [24]
Tremella lethariae Canada Letharia vulpina [40]
Tremella lichenicola Luxembourg Mycoblastus fucatus [24]
Tremella lilacea Costa Rica Diaporthe sp? [15]
Tremella lloydiae-candidae Tremella sensu stricto [9] Japanunknown
Tremella lobariacearum Madeira Lobariaceae spp [24]
Tremella macroceratis Norway Cladonia macroceras [24]
Tremella mangensis Chinaunknown [35]
Tremella mesenterella Tremella sensu stricto [9] Canada Peniophora spp [21]
Lanaken Pietersembos gele trilzwam 2021-01-22 16-05-57.jpg Tremella mesenterica Tremella sensu stricto [9] Sweden Peniophora spp [21]
Tremella microcarpa Papua New Guinea lichen sp. [24]
Tremella microspora Naematelia microspora South Africa Stereum spp [4]
Tremella monospora Peru Leptogium sp. [24]
Tremella montis-wilhelmii Papua New Guinea Normandina simodense sp. [24]
Tremella moriformis Pseudotremella moriformis England Diaporthe spp [4]
Tremella mycetophiloides Phaeotremella mycetophiloides Japan Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii [41]
Tremella mycophaga Phaeotremella mycophaga Canada Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii [41]
Tremella nashii USA Usnea sorediifera [42]
Tremella nephromatis Canada Nephroma parile [24]
Tremella nieblae USA Niebla cephalota [42]
Tremella nigrifacta Costa Rica Diatrypella sp. [15]
Tremella nivalis Pseudotremella nivalis Taiwan Diatrype spp [4]
Tremella normandinae Hawaii Normandina pulchella [24]
Tremella obscura USA Dacrymyces spp [33]
Tremella occultifuroidea Taiwan Dacrymyces spp [43]
Tremella olens Tremella sensu stricto [19] Australiaunknown [44]
Tremella papuana Papua New Guinea Hypogymnia pseudobitteriana [24]
Tremella parmeliarum Papua New Guinea Parmotrema spp [24]
Tremella parmeliellae Papua New Guinea Parmeliella foliicola [24]
Tremella penetrans Denmark Dacrymyces spp [33]
Tremella pertusariae Northern Ireland Pertusaria spp [24]
Tremella phaeographidis England Phaeographis spp [24]
Tremella phaeographinae USA Phaeographina spp [24]
Tremella phaeophysciae Denmark Phaeophyscia orbicularis [24]
Tremella philippinensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Philippinesunknown
Tremella poilkavensis India Biscogniauxia sp.
Tremella polyporina Reid 311599 2012-09-13.jpg Tremella polyporina Carcinomyces polyporinus Scotland Postia spp [33]
Tremella protoparmeliae England Protoparmelia spp [24]
Tremella pseudocyphellariae Mauritius Pseudocyphellaria desfontainii
Tremella psoroglaenae Papua New Guinea Psoroglaena spp [24]
Tremella psoromicola Chile Psoroma spp [24]
Tremella puncteliae Mexico Punctelia borreri
Tremella puncteliotegens New Zealand Punctelia borreri
Tremella purpurascentis USA Dirinaria purpurascens
Tremella pyrenaica France Lecanora polytropa
Tremella ramalinae Mexico Ramalina spp [24]
Tremella ramboidiae USA Ramboldia haematites
Tremella resupinata Tremella sensu stricto [9] Taiwan Hypoxylon spp [4]
Tremella rhabdodisci Japan Rhabdodiscus inalbescens
Tremella rhizocarpicola Norway
Tremella rinodinae Denmark Rinodina spp [24]
Tremella robusta USA Roccellina fransciscana
Tremella rosea Austriaunknown
Tremella roseolutescens Tremella sensu stricto [9] Costa Ricaunknown [15]
Tremella rubromaculata Tremella sensu stricto [9] Guatemalaunknown [25]
Tremella salmonea Tremella sensu stricto [9] Chinaunknown [9]
Tremella samoensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Samoaunknown
Tremella sanguinea Phaeotremella [45] China Stereum sp.
Tremella santessonii Zimbabwe Usnea spp [24]
Tremella sarcographae Brazil Sarcographa medusulina
Tremella sarniensis Guernsey Phanerochaete sordida [22]
Tremella seclusa Franceunknown
Tremella silvae-dravedae Denmarkunknown [23]
Tremella simplex Phaeotremella simplex Canada Aleurodiscus amorphus [22] [41]
Tremella spicifera Belgium Massarina arundinacea [46]
Tremella steidleri Czech Republic Stereum hirsutum [29]
Tremella stevensiana Australia Usnea confusa [24]
Tremella stictae Rwanda Sticta weigelii [24]
Tremella strigulae USA Strigula stigmatella
Tremella subalpina Russiaunknown
Tremella subencephala Canada Acanthophysium lividocoeruleum [41]
Tremella subfibulifera Tremella sensu stricto [19] Brazilunknown [19]
Tremella subrubiginosa Tremella sensu stricto [9] Panamaunknown
Tremella sulcariae China Sulcaria sulcata [24]
Tremella synarthoniae USA Synarthonia inconspicua
Tremella taiwanensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Taiwanunknown [4]
Tremella tawa Tremella sensu stricto [9] New Zealandunknown [47]
Tremella telleriae Spain Postia spp [37]
Tremella teloschistis USA Teloschistes exilis
Tremella tornabeae Canary Islands Tornabea scutellifera
Tremella translucens Phaeotremella translucens Scotland Lophodermium spp [48] (as Sirotrema translucens)
Tremella tremelloides Naematelia [34] USA Stereum sp. [34]
Tremella tropica Tremella sensu stricto [9] Taiwanunknown [4]
Tremella tubulosae Scotland Hypogymnia tubulosa
Tremella tuckerae USA Ramalina sinensis [42]
Tremella umbilicariae Peru Umbilicaria sp.
Tremella versicolor England Peniophora spp [22] [41]
Tremella vesiculosa by Genaee Rhodes.jpg Tremella vesiculosa New Zealand Xylaria sp? [47]
Tremella volcanagua Guatemalaunknown [25]
Tremella wedinii USA
Tremella wirthii Germany Protoparmelia sp. [24]
Tremella wrightii Cubaunknown [16]
Tremella xanthomendozae USA Gallowayella weberi
Tremella yokohamensis Tremella sensu stricto [9] Japanunknown
Tremella zamorae USA Lecanora louisianae
Tremella zhejiangensis Tremella sensu stricto [49] Chinaunknown [49]

Related Research Articles

<i>Tremella mesenterica</i> Species of jelly fungus

Tremella mesenterica is a common jelly fungus in the family Tremellaceae of the Agaricomycotina. The gelatinous, orange-yellow fruit body of the fungus, which can grow up to 7.5 cm (3 in) diameter, has a convoluted or lobed surface that is greasy or slimy when damp.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellomycetes</span> Class of fungi

The Tremellomycetes are a class of dimorphic fungi in the Agaricomycotina. Some species have gelatinous basidiocarps or (microscopically) a sacculate parenthesome. There are six orders, 17 families, and 39 genera in the Tremellomycetes. Tremellomycetes include yeasts, dimorphic taxa, and species that form complex fruiting bodies. Tremellomycetes include some fungi that are human and animal pathogens in the genera Cryptococcus, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, and Trichosporon and some fungi that are cultivated for food in the genera Tremella and Naematelia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellales</span> Order of fungi

The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyaloriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hyaloriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia and, as such, were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi". All appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Less than 30 species are currently included within the Hyaloriaceae, but the family has not been extensively researched.

The Cuniculitremaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. There are three genera in the family. Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum parasitizes other fungi growing in insect galleries in wood. It does not produce basidiocarps, but has septate basidia similar to those found in the genus Tremella. Most species are known only from their yeast states.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, Basidiocarps ,, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi."Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

Pseudotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. All Pseudotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Pseudotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two of these species are, as yet, only known from their yeast states.

<i>Carcinomyces</i> Genus of fungi

Carcinomyces is a genus of fungi in the order Tremellales. Species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Four species of Carcinomyces are recognized worldwide. The generic placement of a fifth species, Carcinomyces mycetophilus, is currently uncertain.

<i>Carcinomyces mycetophilus</i> Species of fungus

Carcinomyces mycetophilus is a species of fungus in the class Tremellomycetes. It is a parasite, producing extensive, gelatinous galls on basidiocarps of its host, the agaric Gymnopus dryophilus. Its generic placement is currently uncertain, but morphologically it is close to the type species of Carcinomyces. It was first described by Charles Horton Peck from North America, where it is widespread and called Collybia jelly. It has also been recorded in continental Europe.

Tremella dysenterica is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces bright yellow, red-spotted, lobed to subfrondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil and has been recorded elsewhere in the neotropics and in Africa.

Tremella fibulifera is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces soft, whitish, lobed to frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil.

<i>Tremella globispora</i> Species of fungus

Tremella globispora is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces hyaline, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead herbaceous stems and wood. It was originally described from England.

Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.

Tremella salmonea is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces pale orange to salmon, foliose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from China.

Tremella armeniaca is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces orange to apricot, lobed, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.

Tremella coffeicolor is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces brown, lobed to foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Bermuda, where it was collected as part of the Challenger expedition.

Tremella yokohamensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces white, foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan.

Tremella exigua is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces small, dark, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead branches of trees and shrubs. It was originally described from France.

References

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