Punctelia borreri

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Punctelia borreri
Punctelia borreri (26167464298).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Species:
P. borreri
Binomial name
Punctelia borreri
(Sm.) Krog (1982)
Synonyms [1]
  • Lichen borreri Sm. (1807)
  • Parmelia borreriSm. (Turner) (1808)
  • Imbricaria borreri(Sm.) Körb. (1846)
  • Parmelia pseudoborreri Asahina (1951)
  • Parmelia borreri var. pseudoborreri(Asahina) Targé & Lambinon (1965)

Punctelia borreri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The lichen typically grows on bark of deciduous trees, and less commonly on rock. Some European countries have reported increases in the geographic range or regional frequency of the lichen in recent decades, attributed alternatively to a reduction of atmospheric sulphur dioxide levels or an increase in temperatures resulting from climate change.

Contents

The lichen is characterised by a greenish-grey to bluish-grey upper thallus surface, a black lower surface, pseudocyphellae on the surface of the thallus (tiny pores that facilitate gas exchange), and chemically, by the presence of gyrophoric acid in the medulla. There are several lookalike Punctelia species, including P. subrudecta , P. perreticulata , and P. reddenda . These can be distinguished from P. borreri by differences in chemistry, in the nature of the vegetative reproductive structures present on the thallus, or the colour of the thallus underside.

Punctelia borreri is named after William Borrer, a botanist who made the first scientific collections of the lichen in early 19th-century England. James Edward Smith was the first to publish a scientific description of the species in 1807, followed independently a year later by Dawson Turner. It was later assigned as the type species of Punctelia by Hildur Krog when she circumscribed the new genus in 1982. Punctelia borreri is used as a component of traditional Chinese medicine. The lichen has been shown to harbour other organisms, including endophytic fungi and lichenicolous fungi.

Systematics

The lichen was first formally described as Lichen borreri by English botanist James Edward Smith in the 25th volume of his work English Botany , published in 1807. The first scientific collections of the lichen were made by another English botanist, William Borrer, whose name is honoured in the species epithet borreri. The type locality was Sussex, where Borrer noted the lichen to be "not uncommon on the trunks of trees, especially on fruit trees". Smith described the specific characteristics of the new species as follows: "Leafy, slightly imbricated, tawny grey, even, sprinkled with white powdery warts; its segments sinuated, rounded at the ends: brown and fibrous beneath. Shields bright chesnut." Smith suggested that it had been overlooked by botanists until that time, who might have mistaken it for the common and widespread Parmelia saxatilis . [2] The type specimen collected by Borrer is now part of the lichen collection at the Natural History Museum in London. [3]

Several views of Punctelia borreri, as depicted by Dawson Turner in his 1808 description of the lichen. Punctelia borreri.png
Several views of Punctelia borreri, as depicted by Dawson Turner in his 1808 description of the lichen.

The species had been independently named and described as Parmelia borreri a year earlier in 1806 by Dawson Turner, who, like Smith, had examined specimens sent to him by Borrer. Turner presented his findings to the Linnean Society of London on 3 June 1806, and in a subsequent publication two years later, he gave the lichen a more thorough description in both English and Latin. Turner mentions that he had sent samples to prominent Swedish botanists Erik Acharius and Olof Swartz, "both of whom acknowledged it altogether new to them, and a very distinct species". Similar to Smith's account, Turner's description of the lichen also compares and contrasts it with Parmelia saxatilis; in Turner's opinion, two main characteristics distinguish the two species:

... the thallus of P. borreri is every where even, and destitute of those elevated veins so remarkable and so constant in P. saxatilis; and that the soredia, which in this species are placed upon these veins, as if from their naturally bursting, and which are often confluent to some length, are in P. borreri scatterd [ sic ] without order over the whole plant, and sometimes in old specimens so numerous as to cover the whole of it except the tips. [4]

Other morphologically similar Parmelia species with point-like pseudocyphellae and simple rhizines were referred to as the Parmelia borreri group, and within the genus Parmelia, they were classified in section Parmelia, subsection Simplices, as defined by Mason Hale and Syo Kurokawa in 1965. [5] [6] In 1982, Hildur Krog circumscribed the new genus Punctelia , a segregate of Parmelia . The main characteristics distinguishing the new genus from Parmelia are the development of the pseudocyphellae, the secondary chemistry of the medulla, and phytogeography. Krog transferred twenty-two species to Punctelia from Parmelia. As the earliest-published member of this group, Punctelia borreri was designated the type species of the new genus. [7]

The authorship of this taxon has been in contention, as historically, some have attributed publication of the taxon to Turner. Although Turner was the first to name and describe the species in his 1806 presentation to the Linnean Society, he did not publish his work until 1808, a year after Smith's publication. Smith clearly credits Turner's work, and his text indicates that the lichen he called Lichen borreri was synonymous with Turner's Parmelia borreri. [2] For this reason, the nomenclatural authority Index Fungorum indicates that Parmelia borreriTurner ex Sm. is not a validly published name, according to article 36.1(b) of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants. [8] This article states that "A name is not validly published when it is not accepted by its author in the original publication ... when it is merely cited as a synonym". [9] In a 2005 analysis of the taxonomic position of the new lichen species that were collected by Smith and published in English Botany, Jack Laundon proposed to correct the authorship after verifying that Borrer's publication date was indeed before that of Turner, and further noting that it "is now usually known as Punctelia borreri(Sm.) Krog". [3] As of October 2021, Species Fungorum suggests that the correct authorship for this species is Punctelia borreri(Turner) Krog, [1] while MycoBank gives Punctelia borreri(Sm.) Krog. [10]

Synonymy

According to Index Fungorum, the taxon Parmelia pseudoborreri, described by Yasuhiko Asahina in 1951, [11] is synonymous with Punctelia borreri. [12] This is also true of the taxon Parmelia borreri var. pseudoborreri proposed by André Targé and Jacques Lambinon in 1965. [13] Another synonym, Imbricaria borreri, [14] is a result of Gustav Wilhelm Körber's proposed 1846 transfer of the taxon to the genus Imbricaria; [15] this genus name is no longer used for lichens and is considered a synonym of Anaptychia . [16] The taxon Punctelia borreri var. allophyla, published by August von Krempelhuber in 1878, [17] is a synonym of Punctelia borrerina . [18]

In some instances, taxa that were historically proposed as a subspecies or variety of Parmelia borreri have since been elevated to distinct species status. Examples include:

  • Parmelia borreri var. rudecta(Ach.) Tuck. (1845) [20] = Punctelia rudecta [21]

The taxon Parmelia borreri var. coralloidea, proposed by Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1887, [28] is now known as Pseudocyphellaria glabra . [29]

Phylogenetics

Cladogram showing the phylogeny of Punctelia borreri in genus Punctelia, based on research published in 2016. Letter labels correspond to the five monophyletic clades recognised in Punctelia. [30]

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has been used to better understand the evolutionary relationships of Punctelia and more accurately determine the limits of species. In the first molecular analysis using genetic material from P. borreri, published in 1998, P. borreri was shown to group together in a clade with P. subrudecta, confirming their genetic relatedness, and demonstrating that the technique could distinguish Punctelia from more distantly related genera like Parmelia and Parmelina . [31] In a 2001 study, the SSU region in the mitochondrial DNA of several species were assessed for their ability to identify evolutionary relationships in the family Parmeliaceae. Limitations in the early applications of this technique were highlighted when the data suggested that P. borreri was more closely related to Melanohalea elegantula than to its congener, Punctelia subflava . [32] The lichen was later (2005) shown to occupy a monophyletic clade with P. perreticulata and P. subpraesignis. Molecular research published in 2016, using a larger sampling of Punctelia species, has revealed that there are five major clades in Punctelia, each clade with characteristic patterns in the chemistry of the medulla. In this analysis, P. borreri is a member of clade E, which contains two species that have fatty acids as their main secondary chemicals. Other members of this clade (and thus most closely related) are P. subpraesignis, P. reddenda, and P. stictica. [30]

Vernacular names

In North America, members of the genus Punctelia are commonly referred to as "speckle shield lichens" or "speckleback lichens", referring to the appearance of the pseudocyphellae. [33] The National General Status Working Group, tasked with establishing a standard set of common names for all wild species in Canada, has proposed the name "Borrer's speckled-back lichen" for Punctelia borreri. [34] Two Chinese common names for the lichen (粉斑星点梅, "pink spotted plum", and 粉斑梅衣, "spotted plum clothes") make reference to its appearance. [35] In Dakota, a Native American language, it was called chan wiziye, meaning "on the side of a tree". [36]

Description

Closeup of lobe, showing sorediate lobe edge, pseudocyphellae (white spots), and pycnidia (black spots). Punctelia borreri 111551021.jpg
Closeup of lobe, showing sorediate lobe edge, pseudocyphellae (white spots), and pycnidia (black spots).

The thallus of Punctelia borreri is foliose (leafy), forming rosettes that are closely attached to their substrate, measuring up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. [37] The colour of the upper thallus surface ranges from grey to bluish-grey, greenish-grey, [37] or yellowish-grey. Old herbarium specimens turn buff. [38] Sometimes, the margins of the thallus are whitish from pruina (a powdery coating); at other times they have a brownish tinge. [37] The pruina is often abundant, but not present on all the lobes. In fresh specimens, the pruina gives the lobes a glaucous colour (dull bluish-green). [39] Pruina consists of crystals of calcium oxalate, an insoluble organic calcium salt that is excreted on the thallus surface. [40]

The surface has a smooth and shiny texture, with some wrinkling near the centre of the thallus. [37] Lobes comprising the thallus are flat or concave, measuring 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide. Pseudocyphellae are small (up to 300 μm wide), roughly circular, and point-like (punctate); they are more prominent towards the periphery of the thallus. Closer to the centre of the thallus they aggregate in regions with powdery propagules called soralia. [37] The soralia are dot-like, whitish, and distinctly rounded. [41] They arise from pseudocyphellae that are small and punctiform, which often become confluent in age. The soredia are farinose (powdery) to more or less granular on older thalli. [37] Apothecia (sexual propagules) are rarely made by this species; when present, they are lecanorine in form with a width of 2–8 mm (0.08–0.3 in), and with a thalline margin that is often sorediate. [42] Because of the rarity of apothecia, the lichen is thought to reproduce largely asexually through its soredia or soredia-like structures, such as blastidia. [43] These are vegetative propagules containing both mycobiont and photobiont, produced by yeast-like budding. [44]

Lichen spot tests on Punctelia borreri showing thallus (top) and medulla (bottom). The pinkish-red colour change of the medulla in the C and KC tests indicate the presence of gyrophoric acid. Punctelia borreri 149849.jpg
Lichen spot tests on Punctelia borreri showing thallus (top) and medulla (bottom). The pinkish-red colour change of the medulla in the C and KC tests indicate the presence of gyrophoric acid.

The lower surface of the thallus is brownish black, typically darkening towards the centre of the thallus. [41] The dark colour is caused by a brown pigment that can be observed in the cortex in thin sections of the thallus. [39] Spier and van Herk have suggested that the colour of the thallus underside gets darker with age, which would explain why the centres of the thalli (the oldest part) are the darkest. [45] There are numerous black or pale brown unbranched rhizines present; these function as holdfasts that attach the thallus to the substrate. [37]

Asci are eight-spored and of the Lecanora-type. The ascospores are broadly ellipsoid in shape, hyaline, and measure 15–18 by 12–15 μm. [37] Pycnidia are apparent as tiny black spots (25–55 μm) immersed in the thallus surface. [39] The pycnoconidia (asexual propagules produced in the pycnidia) are bacilliform to slightly bifusiform (i.e., threadlike with a swelling at both ends), measuring between 4 and 6  μm long and about 1 μm thick. [41] The photobiont partner of Punctelia borreri is the spherical green algal species Trebouxia gelatinosa . [46]

In terms of secondary chemistry, Punctelia borreri is characterised by the presence of gyrophoric acid and unidentified fatty acids in the medulla. The cortex contains atranorin and chloroatranorin. [43] In a study of specimens collected from the Iberian Peninsula, P. borreri also consistently had lecanoric acid, orcynil lecanorate, and orsellinic acid as minor substances. The authors remarked that the presence of lecanoric acid in these samples was surprising. [39] The expected results for standard lichen spot tests are as follows: upper cortex K+ (yellow), C−, KC−, P−; medulla K−, C+ (pinkish-red), KC+ (pinkish-red). [38]

Similar species

The morphology of Punctelia subrudecta is similar to that of P. borreri, in that both lichens have a glossy, non-pruinose outer margin, a mineral grey colour of the lobes, a smooth lobe surface, and mainly laminal soralia. Punctelia borreri, however, has conspicuously white and relatively large pseudocyphellae present over the entire lobe surface, typically has a darker lower surface, and is never covered by smooth secondary lobes. Additionally, Punctelia borreri contains gyrophoric acid rather than lecanoric acid. Punctelia borreri can be distinguished from P. ulophylla by the non-pruinose lobe margin. [47] Punctelia borreri is also similar to P. jeckeri, but contains gyrophoric acid instead of lecanoric acid and the thallus underside is black. [48]

Punctelia subrudecta (28275355499).jpg
Punctelia perreticulata 239743.jpg
Punctelia reddenda 96030.jpg
Lookalikes of Punctelia borreri include (left to right) P. subrudecta , P. perreticulata , and P. reddenda .

The colour gradient from the periphery to centre of the thallus underside is importance for distinguishing Punctelia borreri from Punctelia subrudecta and Punctelia perreticulata; in these latter two species, the underside is evenly pale throughout, or lighter near the centre. [39] The pseudocyphellae in P. borreri are quite conspicuously white compared to the yellowish pseudocyphellae of P. subrudecta. [45] Also, Punctelia subrudecta reacts C+ red in the medulla, indicating the presence of lecanoric acid as its main secondary chemical. [37] Punctelia reddenda is another member of what has been referred to as the P. borreri group. This species is distinguished by laminal and marginal soralia that have a tendency to form pseudoisidia, and it has a C− medulla. [6] Another lookalike is P. stictica , which can be distinguished from P. borreri by its saxicolous growth, brown margins on the upper thallus surface, and pseudocyphellae that are irregularly shaped. [49]

The subtropical lichen Flavopunctelia borrerioides was named for its resemblance to Punctelia borreri. It features conspicuous rounded laminal pseudocyphellae that develop into soredia, similar to its namesake. Unlike Punctelia, Flavopunctelia species contain usnic acid in the cortex, a secondary chemical that tends to give the thalli of species in this genus a yellowish tinge. [50] Punctelia borrerina was also named for its resemblance to P. borreri. It differs in the chemistry of its medulla, in which its spot test reactions are C− and KC−. [51] Another lookalike is Punctelia transtasmanica , found only in New Zealand and Tasmania. Unlike P. borreri, this Australasian endemic contains lecanoric acid rather than gyrophoric acid as the major secondary chemical in the medulla. [52]

Habitat and distribution

Punctelia borreri usually grows on bark, but is occasionally found growing on rock. The lichen has a cosmopolitan distribution, having been recorded from Africa, [53] Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, [42] Macaronesia, [6] and South America. [53] Its distribution in North America is largely limited to the west coast from California to Canada. Although some occurrences have been reported in Ohio and West Virginia, [54] it is rare in eastern North America. [55] In Mexico, it only occurs in Veracruz. [49] In Australasia, Punctelia borreri is widely distributed, having been reported throughout eastern Australia and New Zealand. It is fairly common in eastern Australia (including Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria) but is rare in New Zealand. [37] In India it occurs in subtropical and lower temperate regions at altitudes of 1,500–2,200 m (4,900–7,200 ft). [56] A 2017 record from the Hunza Valley in Pakistan was the first documented occurrence for that country. [57]

Punctelia borreri in the Monsanto Forest Park, Portugal Punctelia borreri.jpg
Punctelia borreri in the Monsanto Forest Park, Portugal

Before its range expansion in Europe, Punctelia borreri was noted to have a strongly oceanic distribution with scattered occurrences in the central part of the continent. [41] In a 2008 checklist of all parmelioid lichens in Europe (updated in 2011), [58] P. borreri was noted to have been recorded from 21 countries and island groups. [59] In Ireland, the lichen tends to grow on deciduous trees found in well-lit and nutrient-rich areas, such as near farms, by rivers, along hedgerows, and in gardens or orchards. [60] Punctelia borreri is not particularly selective with regards to the type of bark it uses as its substrate. In a Dutch study, it was recorded growing on Norway maple, birch, European hornbeam, European beech, European ash, northern red oak, linden, elm, as well as the genera Robinia and Prunus . [61] Even a plastic light fixture can be a potential substrate for this lichen, provided that it is suitably enriched by eutrophication, such as that which occurs as a result of being a resting spot for birds. When the municipal council of Leusden (Netherlands) decided to replace the plastic lampshades of the streetlights, it was discovered that some of these fixtures, which had been located in an urban tree-rich environment for 25 to 40 years, were covered with lichens, sometimes completely. In one case, P. borreri covered about 80% of the surface of the lampshade, which was remarkable considering that the lichen was not known to exist in the Netherlands until the 1990s. [62]

In the late 1990s, an increase in the frequency of Punctelia borreri was noted in the Netherlands, which, until then, occurred very rarely in the country. This population increase followed a decrease in the levels of the pollutant sulphur dioxide. Flavoparmelia soredians and Flavoparmelia caperata were two other foliose species that experienced a similar increase in regional frequency during this time. [45] Similarly, in the Czech Republic, P. borreri was one of several species of lichens noted to recolonise the lichen-impoverished landscape after the desulfurization of coal power plants in the early 1990s. [63] Changes in the geographical range and regional frequencies of P. borerri have also been attributed to rising temperatures observed in recent decades in central Europe. [64] [65] In a 2017 German study determining the suitability of various local lichens as potential bioindicators of climate change, P. borreri was noted to have been very rare in the Rhineland in the 19th century, but increasingly prevalent since 2001. [66] For this reason, it is used as an indicator of climate change in this country. [67] In the Iberian Peninsula, Punctelia borreri had been noted to be a mainly coastal species, but was reported from the central plateau for the first time in 2004 in the Parque del Oeste. This appearance corresponded with the installation of a special fine-mist irrigation system designed to reach a constant relative humidity level in the air, as well as a decrease in sulphur dioxide air pollution in Madrid. These factors caused the resultant environment to be more similar to the climate in coastal regions of the Iberian Peninsula. [68]

Ecology

Several endophytic fungi (fungi that live within the tissue of plants or lichens) have been isolated from the thalli of Punctelia borreri. These include Chaetomium globosum , Hypoxylon fuscum (conidial stage), Nodulisporium hyalosporum , [69] Spirographa ciliata (conidial stage), [70] as well as taxa not identified to species from the genera Chaetomium , Nodulisporium , Phoma , Thielavia , and Scopulariopsis . [69]

Two species of lichenicolous fungi that have been recorded parasitizing Punctelia borreri are Nesolechia oxyspora and Pronectria subimperspicua . [71] [72] Infection by the latter of these fungal parasites creates discoloured areas on the host thallus. [73]

Human uses and research

Punctelia borreri has been used in traditional Chinese medicine as an alleged remedy for a variety of ailments, including chronic dermatitis, blurred vision, bleeding from the uterus or from external injuries, and for sores and swelling. To use, a decoction was drunk, or the dried and powdered lichen applied directly to the affected area. [35]

Laboratory tests using the disk diffusion test method have shown that ethanol-based extracts of P. borreri have antimicrobial effects against the bacteria Xanthomonas campestris and Staphylococcus aureus . [74] In a study exploring the potential of several lichens as antidiabetic agents, P. borreri was noted for its in vitro ability to inhibit α-amylase, a key enzyme of carbohydrate digestion. [75] [76]

Related Research Articles

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

<i>Punctelia rudecta</i> Species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae

Punctelia rudecta, commonly known as the rough speckled shield or the speckleback lichen, is a North American species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This species can be readily identified by the light color of the thallus underside, the relatively large lobes at the edges of the thallus, and the tiny white pores present on the top of the thallus that are characteristic of the genus Punctelia. The lichen is quite abundant and widespread in the eastern and southeastern United States, although it also occurs in Canada and northern Mexico, but is less common in these regions. The lichen usually grows on bark, and less commonly on shaded rocks. There are several lookalike Punctelia species; these can often be distinguished from P. rudecta by differences in distribution or in the nature of the reproductive structures present on the thallus.

Punctelia transtasmanica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australasia.

<i>Punctelia caseana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia caseana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Its range covers eastern North America, extending south to central and northern Mexico, where it grows on the bark of many species of hardwood and conifer trees.

Punctelia ulophylla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows on the bark of a variety of trees.

<i>Punctelia reddenda</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia reddenda is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America, where it grows on bark and on rock.

Punctelia negata is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in South America.

Punctelia riograndensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Africa and South America, it was formally described as a new species by Norwegian lichenologist Bernt Lynge in 1914, as Parmelia riograndensis. The type specimen was collected in 1892 from Porto Alegre Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) by Swedish lichenologist Gustav Malme. In 1982, Hildur Krog circumscribed the genus Punctelia to contain Parmelia species with rounded pseudocyphellae, and P. riograndensis was one of the 22 species that she transferred to the new genus.

Punctelia subalbicans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand, where it grows on the bark of various tree species.

Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.

Punctelia cedrosensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it grows on the bark of conifers.

<i>Punctelia punctilla</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia punctilla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Africa, South America, and North America, where it grows on bark and on rocks. The main characteristics that distinguish Punctelia punctilla from other species of Punctelia are the presence of isidia on the thallus surface, a pale brown thallus undersurface, and the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

Punctelia pseudocoralloidea is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australia, where it grows on bark and on wood.

<i>Punctelia bolliana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia bolliana, the eastern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in North America, with a distribution extending from the Canadian province of Ontario south to the central and northeastern United States and Mexico. It grows on the bark of both deciduous trees and coniferous trees. The combination of characteristics that distinguishes this species from others in genus Punctelia are the absence of the vegetative propagules isidia and soralia, a pale brown lower thallus surface, and the presence of the secondary chemical protolichesterinic acid in the medulla.

Punctelia borrerina is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Mexico and South America.

<i>Punctelia perreticulata</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia.

<i>Punctelia graminicola</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.

<i>Punctelia subflava</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia subflava is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae that occurs in Australia.

<i>Punctelia stictica</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia stictica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is widely distributed lichen, recorded in Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and Greenland. It is typically found growing on rocks.

References

  1. 1 2 "Synonymy:Punctelia borreri (Turner) Krog". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 Smith, James Edward (1807). English Botany. Vol. 25. London: R. Taylor. p. 1780. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  3. 1 2 Laundon, Jack Rodney (2005). "The publication and typification of Sir James Edward Smith's lichens in English Botany". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 147 (4): 483–499. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00378.x .
  4. ↑ Turner, Dawson (1808). "Descriptions of eight new British lichens". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 9: 135–150, tab. 13, fig. 2. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1818.tb00332.x.
  5. ↑ Hale, Mason E.; Kurokawa, Syo (1964). "Studies on Parmelia subgenus Parmelia". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 36 (4): 121–191.
  6. 1 2 3 Østhagen, Haavard (1974). "The Parmelia borreri group (Lichenes) in Macaronesia" (PDF). Cuadernos de Botánica Canaria. 27: 11–14. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  7. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x.
  8. ↑ "Records details: Parmelia borreri Turner ex Sm., in Smith & Sowerby, Engl. Bot. 25: tab. 1780 (1807)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  9. ↑ "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, 2018 — Shenzhen Code". International Association for Plant Taxonomy.
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  11. ↑ Asahina, Yasuhiko (1951). "Lichenes Japoniae novae vel minus cognitae (5)" [New or less known lichens of Japan (5)](PDF). Journal of Japanese Botany (in German). 26 (9): 257–261. Open Access logo PLoS transparent.svg
  12. ↑ "Records details: Parmelia borreri var. pseudoborreri (Asahina) Targé & Lambinon, Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 98: 306 (1965)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "Records details: Parmelia pseudoborreri Asahina, J. Jap. Bot. 26: 259 (1951)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  14. ↑ "Records details: Imbricaria borreri (Turner) Körb., Lichenogr. germ. (Breslau): 9 (1846)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  15. ↑ Körber, Gustav (1846). Systema Lichenum Germaniae. Die Flechten Deutschlands[The Lichens of Germany] (in German). Breslau: Trewendt & Granier. p. 9.
  16. ↑ "Synonymy: Anaptychia Körb". Species Fungorum . Retrieved 15 March 2021.
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  19. ↑ Fink, Bruce (1910). "The lichens of Minnesota". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. 14 (1): 195. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  20. ↑ Tuckerman, Edward (1845). An enumeration of North American Lichenes, with a preliminary view of the structure and general history of these plants, and of the Friesian system; to which is prefixed, an essay on the natural systems of Oken, Fries, and Endlicher. Cambridge: J. Owen. p. 49. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  21. ↑ "Record Details: Parmelia borreri var. rudecta (Ach.) Tuck., Enum. N. America Lich.: 49 (1845)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  22. ↑ Boistel, Alphonse (1903). Nouvelle flore des lichens pour la détermination facile des espèces sans microscope et sans réactifs[New lichen flora for easy species determination without a microscope and reagents] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: Librairie générale de l'enseignement. p. 62.
  23. ↑ "Record Details: Parmelia borreri var. reddenda (Stirt.) Boistel, Nouv. Fl. Lich. 2: 62 (1903)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  24. ↑ Roux, C. (1982). "Lichens observés lors de la 8e session extraordinaire de la Société botanique du Centre-Ouest en Provence occidentale" [Lichens observed during the 8th extraordinary session of the Botanical Society of Center-West in Western Province]. Bulletin de la Société Botanique du Centre-Ouest (in French). 13: 210–228.
  25. ↑ "Record Details: Parmelia borreri var. subrudecta (Nyl.) Clauzade & Cl. Roux, in Roux, Bull. Soc. bot. Centre-Ouest, Nouv. sér. 13: 226 (1982)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  26. ↑ Nylander, W. (1872). "Observata lichenologica in Pyrenaeis orientalibus". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 55: 545–554. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  27. ↑ "Record Details: Parmelia borreri var. ulophylla (Ach.) Nyl., Flora, Regensburg 55: 547 (1872)". Index Fungorum . Retrieved 23 September 2021.
  28. ↑ Müller, J. (1887). "Lichenologische Beiträge XXV". Flora (Regensburg) (in Latin). 70 (4): 56–64. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
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  33. ↑ Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. pp. 605–606. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
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  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Galloway, D.J.; Elix, J.A. (1983). "The lichen genera Parmelia Ach. and Punctelia Krog, in Australasia". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 21 (4): 397–420. Bibcode:1983NZJB...21..397G. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.1983.10428572 .
  38. 1 2 Nash, T.H.; Ryan, B.D.; Gries, C.; Diederich, P.; Bungartz, F., eds. (2004). Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol. 2. Tempe: Arizona State University. pp. 435–436. ISBN   978-0-9716759-1-9.
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