Punctelia perreticulata

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Punctelia perreticulata
Punctelia perreticulata 831686.jpg
Growing on pitch pine in Massachusetts, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Species:
P. perreticulata
Binomial name
Punctelia perreticulata
(Räsänen) G.Wilh. & Ladd (1987)
Synonyms
  • Parmelia duboscqii var. perreticulataRäsänen (1944)
  • Parmelia perreticulata(Räsänen) Hale (1959)

Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta ; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia (asexual spores).

Contents

Taxonomy

The lichen was originally described by Finnish lichenologist Veli Räsänen as Parmelia duboscqii var. perreticulata. The type specimen, found growing on a rock, was collected by Camillo Sbarbaro in Spotorno, Italy in 1936. [1] Mason Hale reported discovering the taxon in central Texas. He promoted it to full species status in 1959 when he recombined it in the genus Parmelia as Parmelia perreticulata. [2]

In 1982, Norwegian botanist Hildur Krog created the new genus Punctelia as a segregate genus of Parmelia to contain species with rounded pseudocyphellae. She considered Parmelia perreticulata to be synonymous with Punctelia subrudecta , although she did not provide a reason for this. [3] In a 1987 publication, Gerould Wilhelm and Douglas Ladd suggested that Krog came to this decision because of "the lightly colored cortex and the presence of lecanoric acid and soredia, combined with the evident rareness of the perriticulate morphology and habitat data". They disagreed with Krog's proposed synonymy and argued that because of its distinct morphology (a strongly textured upper surface compared with the substantially less ridged upper surface of P. subrudecta) and differences in habitat, it should be considered a unique species. [4]

Later, lichenologists Mónica Adler and Teuvo Ahti corroborated this proposition based on study of the conidia (asexual spores) of the two species; they did not consider that the morphology of the upper face of the thallus was sufficient to clearly define the species. They concluded that both species have a widespread distribution, and can be reliably distinguished from each other only by the length of their conidia. [5] In 2000, Longán and colleagues found differences in the upper thallus face of the two species: pruina was present in P. perreticulata and absent in P. subrudecta. [6] Phylogenetic analysis of specimens collected from the USA and from China also support the notion that Parmelia perreticulata is distinct from P. subrudecta. [7]

Description

A closeup (30X magnification) of lobe tips. Note darkened lobe tips, scrobiculate surface texture, and some patches of soralia with granular soredia; scale bar is 1 mm. Punctelia perreticulata 239742.jpg
A closeup (30X magnification) of lobe tips. Note darkened lobe tips, scrobiculate surface texture, and some patches of soralia with granular soredia; scale bar is 1 mm.

The thallus of Punctelia perreticulata measures 5–10 cm (2–4 in) in diameter. It has either a close or loose attachment to its substrate (either bark, wood, or rock). The upper surface of the thallus is grey to greenish grey, and is often marked with shallow depressions and pits (scrobicules)–but not always. The lobes comprising the thallus are typically 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 in) wide. [5] The peripheral lobes are covered with pruina (a powdery deposit), which may be abundant, but not always on every lobe. In fresh specimens, the pruina gives the thallus a glaucous (greyish-blue) appearance. [6] Pseudocyphellae are on both the surface of the thallus and its margins. They are point-like (punctiform) or oblong, sometimes elevated and located on ridges of the upper surface, but rarely restricted to the margins. The pseudocyphellae develop into secondary soralia with farinose (mealy) or granular soredia; these sometimes co-occur with phyllidia. [5] Phyllidia are small, leaf-like or scale-like outgrowths from a foliose thallus, which are constricted at the point of attachment and thus readily detached and dispersed by wind or animals. [8] The medulla is white, while the thallus undersurface is a light colour, described as pale buff to creamish, and often darker near the tips. Apothecia are very rarely observed in this species. [5]

Ascospores of Punctelia perreticulata number eight per ascus; they are ellipsoid and typically measure 6.5–10 by 10–13  μm. The pycnidia are immersed in the surface of the thallus; the conidia are short- or long-filiform (threadlike), usually 6.5–11 μm long (although a range of 5–15 μm has been noted) and less than 1 μm thick. [5]

The expected results of standard chemical spot tests in the cortex are K+ (yellow), C−, KC−, P−, and UV−; for the medulla they are K−, KC+ (red), C+ (red), P−, and UV−. The cortex contains minor or trace amounts of atranorin and chloroatranorin, while the medulla contains lecanoric acid as a major lichen product. [9]

Similar species

Punctelia caseana and P. subrudecta are two other Punctelia species with a pale lower thallus surface, and which produce gyrophoric acid in the medulla. Punctelia perreticulata can be distinguished from these lookalikes microscopically (P. caesana has short, rod-like conidia, while P. subrudecta has hook-like conidia), and macroscopically (P. perreticulata is usually marked by conspicuous surface scrobicules). [9] Punctelia jeckeri is another species with soralia, a pale underside, and lecanoric acid in the medulla; unlike P. perreticulata, its thallus is rugulose (covered with little wrinkles) to occasionally scrobiculate and its conidia are much shorter (3–5 by 1 μm). [10]

Distribution and habitat

Punctelia perreticulata can be saxicolous, corticolous or lignicolous. It has been recorded from a large area of temperate eastern North America, with a westerly range to Colorado and California, [5] and extending north into eastern Canada and south into Mexico (including Jalisco and Zacatecas [11] ) and Central America (Guatemala and Honduras). [12] Its true North American range is thought to be poorly understood because of historical confusions with other similar species. [9] In South America it is known from the Venezuelan Andes and from Argentina. It also occurs in Australia and New Zealand. [5] In Europe the lichen has a distribution largely restricted to Mediterranean countries [13] – specifically, Spain, France, and Italy – but it has also been recorded in Russia. [14] In France, P. perreticulata is considered very rare. [15]

The lichen is most commonly found in old-growth conifers. Frequent substrates include the bark of Juniperus virginiana , Juniperus ashei , and Pinus echinata , [4] although Quercus ilex , Cupressus , and Olea have also been recorded. [15] Although it occurs most frequently on trees, it also grows on siliceous rock. [12]

Conservation

In 2013, Punctelia perreticulata was included on the Regional Red List of Italy as an endangered species. [16]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<i>Punctelia</i> Genus of foliose lichens

Punctelia is a genus of foliose lichens belonging to the large family Parmeliaceae. The genus, which contains about 50 species, was segregated from genus Parmelia in 1982. Characteristics that define Punctelia include the presence of hook-like to thread-like conidia, simple rhizines, and point-like pseudocyphellae. It is this last feature that is alluded to in the vernacular names speckled shield lichens or speckleback lichens.

Parmelia asiatica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in China and the Russian Far East, where it grows on Rhododendron tree trunks in temperate regions. It was Described as new to science in 2011 by lichenologists Ana Crespo and Pradeep Divakar. The species is distinguished by its terminal soralia, marginal linear pseudocyphellae, and chemical composition, which includes the substances atranorin and salazinic acid. Parmelia asiatica is similar to Parmelia protosulcata but differs in the presence of salazinic acid and its distribution in Southeast Asia.

<i>Punctelia rudecta</i> Species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae

Punctelia rudecta, commonly known as the rough speckled shield or the speckleback lichen, is a North American species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This species can be readily identified by the light color of the thallus underside, the relatively large lobes at the edges of the thallus, and the tiny white pores present on the top of the thallus that are characteristic of the genus Punctelia. The lichen is quite abundant and widespread in the eastern and southeastern United States, although it also occurs in Canada and northern Mexico, but is less common in these regions. The lichen usually grows on bark, and less commonly on shaded rocks. There are several lookalike Punctelia species; these can often be distinguished from P. rudecta by differences in distribution or in the nature of the reproductive structures present on the thallus.

Punctelia ulophylla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe, where it grows on the bark of a variety of trees.

Punctelia constantimontium is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Its range includes South America, Africa, and Mexico, where it grows on bark and twigs.

<i>Punctelia reddenda</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia reddenda is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America, where it grows on bark and on rock.

Punctelia negata is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in South America.

Punctelia riograndensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Africa and South America, it was formally described as a new species by Norwegian lichenologist Bernt Lynge in 1914, as Parmelia riograndensis. The type specimen was collected in 1892 from Porto Alegre Municipality in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) by Swedish lichenologist Gustav Malme. In 1982, Hildur Krog circumscribed the genus Punctelia to contain Parmelia species with rounded pseudocyphellae, and P. riograndensis was one of the 22 species that she transferred to the new genus.

Punctelia tomentosula is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Peru, it was described as a new species in 1999 by Japanese lichenologist Syo Kurokawa.

Punctelia colombiana is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) and foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in South America.

Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.

Punctelia cedrosensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is endemic to Mexico, where it grows on the bark of conifers.

<i>Punctelia punctilla</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia punctilla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Africa, South America, and North America, where it grows on bark and on rocks. The main characteristics that distinguish Punctelia punctilla from other species of Punctelia are the presence of isidia on the thallus surface, a pale brown thallus undersurface, and the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

Punctelia pseudocoralloidea is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australia, where it grows on bark and on wood.

<i>Punctelia bolliana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia bolliana, the eastern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in North America, with a distribution extending from the Canadian province of Ontario south to the central and northeastern United States and Mexico. It grows on the bark of both deciduous trees and coniferous trees. The combination of characteristics that distinguishes this species from others in genus Punctelia are the absence of the vegetative propagules isidia and soralia, a pale brown lower thallus surface, and the presence of the secondary chemical protolichesterinic acid in the medulla.

<i>Punctelia graminicola</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.

<i>Punctelia stictica</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia stictica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is widely distributed lichen, recorded in Africa, Europe, North America, South America, and Greenland. It is typically found growing on rocks.

<i>Punctelia borreri</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia borreri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The lichen typically grows on bark of deciduous trees, and less commonly on rock. Some European countries have reported increases in the geographic range or regional frequency of the lichen in recent decades, attributed alternatively to a reduction of atmospheric sulphur dioxide levels or an increase in temperatures resulting from climate change.

References

  1. ↑ Räsänen, V. (1944). "Lichenes novi I". Annales Botanici Societatis Zoologicae Botanicae Fennicae "Vanamo" (in Latin). 20 (3): 1–34.
  2. ↑ Hale, Mason E. (1958). "The Mediterranean lichen Parmelia perreticulata in central Texas". The Southwestern Naturalist. 3 (1/4): 212. doi:10.2307/3669053. JSTOR   3669053.
  3. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x.
  4. 1 2 Wilhelm, Gerould; Ladd, Douglas (1987). "Punctelia perreticulata, a distinct lichen species". Mycotaxon. 27 (1): 249–250.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Adler, M.T.; Ahti, T. (1996). "The distinction of Punctelia perreticulata and P. subrudecta (Parmeliaceae, Lecanorales)". The Lichenologist. 28 (5): 431–436. doi:10.1006/lich.1996.0041. S2CID   84136576.
  6. 1 2 Longán, A.; Barbero, M.; Gomez-Bolea, A. (2000). "Comparative studies on Punctelia borreri, P. perrireticulata and P. subrudecta (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina)". Mycotaxon. 74 (2): 367–378.
  7. ↑ Thell, Arne; Herber, B.; Aptroot, A.; Adler, M. T.; Feuerer, T.; Kärnefelt, E. I. (2005). "A preliminary phylogeographic study of Flavopunctelia and Punctelia inferred from rDNA ITS-sequences" (PDF). Folia Cryptogamica Estonica. 41: 115–122.
  8. ↑ Ulloa, Miguel; Halin, Richard T. (2012). Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology (2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minnesota: The American Phytopathological Society. p. 475. ISBN   978-0-89054-400-6.
  9. 1 2 3 Egan, R.S.; Lendemer, J. (2016). "Punctelia in Mexico". In Herrera-Campos, Maria; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Nash III, Thomas H. (eds.). Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae – Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 473–474. ISBN   978-3-443-58089-6.
  10. ↑ Szymczyk, Rafał; Zalewska, Anna; Szydłowska, Justyna; Kukwa, Martin (2015). "The lichen family Parmeliaceae in Poland. IV. The genus Punctelia". Herzogia. 28 (2): 556–566. doi:10.13158/heia.28.2.2015.556. S2CID   56327944.
  11. ↑ Álvarez, Isela; Guzmán–Dávalos, Laura (2009). "Flavopunctelia y Punctelia (Ascomycetes liquenizados) de Nueva Galicia, México" [Flavopunctelia and Punctelia (lichenized Ascomycetes) from Nueva Galicia, Mexico]. Revista Mexicana de Micología (in Spanish). 29: 15–29.
  12. 1 2 Aptroot, André (2003). "A new perspective on the sorediate Punctelia (Parmeliaceae) species of North America". The Bryologist. 106 (2): 317–319. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0317:ANPOTS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID   85945823.
  13. ↑ van Herk, Kok; Aptroot, André (2000). "The sorediate Punctelia species with lecanoric acid in Europe". The Lichenologist. 32 (3): 233–246. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0261. S2CID   84335673.
  14. ↑ Hawksworth, David L.; Blanco, Oscar; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ahti, Teuvo; Crespo, Ana (2008). "A first checklist of parmelioid and similar lichens in Europe and some adjacent territories, adopting revised generic circumscriptions and with indications of species distributions". The Lichenologist. 40 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1017/S0024282908007329. S2CID   84927575.
  15. 1 2 Roux, C. et coll. (2017). Catalogue des lichens et champignons lichénicoles de France métropolitaine (PDF) (in French) (2nd ed.). Fontainebleau: Association française de lichénologie (a.f.l.). p. 833.
  16. ↑ Nascimbene, J.; Nimis, P.L.; Ravera, S. (2013). "Evaluating the conservation status of epiphytic lichens of Italy: A red list". Plant Biosystems Research. 147 (4): 898–904. doi:10.1080/11263504.2012.748101. hdl: 10447/610973 . S2CID   86320711.
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