Punctelia bolliana

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Punctelia bolliana
Punctelia bolliana 239747.jpg
Specimen collected from Observatory Hill State Natural Area, Wisconsin, USA
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Parmeliaceae
Genus: Punctelia
Species:
P. bolliana
Binomial name
Punctelia bolliana
(Müll.Arg.) Krog (1982)
Synonyms
  • Parmelia bollianaMüll.Arg. (1877)

Punctelia bolliana, the eastern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in North America, with a distribution extending from the Canadian province of Ontario south to the central and northeastern United States and Mexico. It grows on the bark of both deciduous trees and coniferous trees. The combination of characteristics that distinguishes this species from others in genus Punctelia are the absence of the vegetative propagules isidia and soralia, a pale brown lower thallus surface, and the presence of the secondary chemical protolichesterinic acid in the medulla.

Contents

Taxonomy

The lichen was first formally described as Parmelia bolliana by Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1877. The type specimen was collected in Van Zandt County, Texas. [1] In 1982 Norwegian botanist Hildur Krog transferred it to Punctelia , a genus she circumscribed to contain Parmelia species with point-like (punctate) pseudocyphellae. [2] In North America it is known colloquially as the "eastern speckled shield lichen". [3]

Description

Punctelia bolliana has a bluish-grey thallus comprising lobes measuring 2–6 mm (0.08–0.24 in) wide. The surface of the thallus tends to become folded and wrinkled with age, and it develops small lobes (lobules) on its edges and surface. [3] Isidia and soralia are absent; the lobules are thought to function as a vegetative propagule, although they are noted to be "robust and not easily fragmenting". [4] The thallus underside is pale tan, with pale rhizines. Apothecia are often abundant (although in some instances they are absent; see below); they measure 3–15 mm (0.1–0.6 in) in diameter, with convex or convoluted brown discs. Pycnidia are usually abundant; they appear as tiny light brown to black dots on the surface. [3] The medulla is white and has a continuous algal layer. The presence of both the lobules and apothecia is quite variable, Egan and Lendemer have suggested "the abundance of one appears to be somewhat inversely proportional to the abundance of the other". The ascospores of this species are translucent, more or less ellipsoid in shape, and measure 11–15 by 5–9  μm. The conidia are short with a rod-like shape, measuring 4–5 μm long. [4]

Standard chemical spot tests can be used to help identify Punctelia bolliana, or to distinguish it from other Punctelia species. In the medulla, these results are PD−, K−, KC−, and C−; in the upper cortex, they are K+ (yellow), C−, KC−, and P−. The lichen contains the secondary chemicals protolichesterinic acid and lichesterinic acid in the medulla, and atranorin and minor amounts of chloroatranorin in the cortex. [4]

The set of characteristics that define Punctelia bolliana and differentiate it from other members of the genus are: the absence of soralia and isidia; a brown lower thallus surface; fatty acids in the medulla (C−); hook-like (unciform) conidia; and ascospores that measure less than 20 μm. [5] Molecular phylogenetic analysis shows that it is closely related to Punctelia appalachensis , a North American species that also has fatty acids as the main medullary component. [6]

Similar species

The Brazilian species Punctelia osorioi is quite similar in appearance to Parmelia bolliana. It can be distinguished by the lacinules (vegetative propagules) that rise from the margins of the lobes and the subtle pseudocyphellae (meaning that they can be seen only with concerted effort), which are almost restricted to the amphithecium (the thalline margin of an apothecium) and the tips of the lobules that are rare on the thallus surface. Unlike P. osorioi, which has a smooth or scalloped (never lacinulate) margin, and denser rhizinae that can extend beyond the margins, P. bolliana has lobe margins that are frequently short-lacinulate and has few rhizines on the lower thallus surface. [5] Two other lookalikes are Punctelia hypoleucites and Punctelia semansiana , but they are distinguished from P. bolliana by a C+ (red) reaction indicating the presence of lecanoric acid. [3]

Habitat and distribution

In the United States, Punctelia bolliana is found in the central and northeastern parts of the country, but is absent from most of the southeast. [3] Its distribution extends north into the Canadian province of Ontario. [7] It grows on tree bark in open woodlands. Some tree species upon which the lichen has been recorded are the deciduous species Quercus alba , Quercus macrocarpa , Quercus rubra , Carya ovata , Juglans nigra , [8] Gleditsia triacanthos , [9] and Populus deltoides ; it has also been found growing on the conifers Pinus strobus and Pinus sylvestris . [7] Punctelia bolliana has been reported from lichen surveys conducted in the states of Iowa, [10] Wisconsin, [11] [12] Illinois, [8] Nebraska, [13] New York, [14] Minnesota, [15] and Alabama, [16] In 2021, the lichen was reported as new to Connecticut; it is considered to be among the first reported cases of the introduction of lichen in North America through the import of ornamental trees. [9] It is widely distributed in northern and central Mexico, [4] and has also been recorded from cloud forest remnants in Veracruz. [17]

Related Research Articles

<i>Parmelia</i> (fungus) Genus of lichens

Parmelia is a genus of medium to large foliose lichens. It has a global distribution, extending from the Arctic to the Antarctic continent but concentrated in temperate regions. There are about 40 species in Parmelia. In recent decades, the once large genus Parmelia has been divided into a number of smaller genera according to thallus morphology and phylogenetic relatedness.

<i>Punctelia rudecta</i> Species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae

Punctelia rudecta, commonly known as the rough speckled shield or the speckleback lichen, is a North American species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. This species can be readily identified by the light color of the thallus underside, the relatively large lobes at the edges of the thallus, and the tiny white pores present on the top of the thallus that are characteristic of the genus Punctelia. The lichen is quite abundant and widespread in the eastern and southeastern United States, although it also occurs in Canada and northern Mexico, but is less common in these regions. The lichen usually grows on bark, and less commonly on shaded rocks. There are several lookalike Punctelia species; these can often be distinguished from P. rudecta by differences in distribution or in the nature of the reproductive structures present on the thallus.

<i>Punctelia guanchica</i> Species of lichen in the family Parmeliaceae

Punctelia guanchica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae that is only known from the Canary Islands. It is similar in appearance and morphology to the North American Punctelia rudecta, and was historically misidentified as that species until molecular phylogenetic evidence showed it to be a distinct species. It differs in having thicker isidia that develop from the centre of the pseudocyphellae, and it mainly grows on rocks.

Punctelia involuta is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2010 by Luciana Canêz and Marcelli Marcelo. It is a member of the Punctelia microsticta species group, a set of related Punctelia lichens with a black lower surface and similar morphology. The type specimen of Punctelia involuta was collected in São Luiz do Paraitinga at the Serra do Mar State Park. In an open forest there it was found growing on mosses at the base of a thin, rotting Myrtaceae trunk; the elevation was 975 m (3,200 ft).

<i>Punctelia caseana</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia caseana is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Its range covers eastern North America, extending south to central and northern Mexico, where it grows on the bark of many species of hardwood and conifer trees.

Punctelia nashii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is known only from California.

Punctelia osorioi is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Brazil.

<i>Punctelia reddenda</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia reddenda is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Africa, Europe, North America, and South America, where it grows on bark and on rock.

Punctelia negata is a little-known species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in South America.

Punctelia subalbicans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand, where it grows on the bark of various tree species.

Punctelia tomentosula is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in Peru, it was described as a new species in 1999 by Japanese lichenologist Syo Kurokawa.

Punctelia jujensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Argentina and Brazil.

Punctelia subpraesignis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mexico, South America, and East Africa, where it grows on bark and on rocks. Major characteristics of the lichen that distinguish it from other Punctelia species include the C+ and KC+ rose spot tests of the medulla, ascospores that are smaller than 20 μm, and unciform (hooklike) conidia.

<i>Punctelia punctilla</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia punctilla is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Africa, South America, and North America, where it grows on bark and on rocks. The main characteristics that distinguish Punctelia punctilla from other species of Punctelia are the presence of isidia on the thallus surface, a pale brown thallus undersurface, and the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla.

<i>Punctelia hypoleucites</i> Species of foliose lichen

Punctelia hypoleucites, commonly known as the southwestern speckled shield lichen, is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. First formally described by Finnish botanist William Nylander as a species of Parmelia, it was transferred to the genus Punctelia in 1982. The lichen is found in Africa, North America, and South America, where it grows on the bark of both hardwood and coniferous trees. Its greenish-grey thallus is covered with tiny white pseudocyphellae – minute holes in the thallus surface that facilitate gas exchange. Some macroscopic features that help distinguish this species from other related members of the genus include the presence and the structure of the apothecia, the absence of asexual surface propagules, and the light brown color of the thallus undersurface. Chemically, the presence of lecanoric acid in the medulla and atranorin in the cortex help distinguish it from lookalikes.

<i>Punctelia perreticulata</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia perreticulata is a widely distributed species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It occurs in Mediterranean Europe and Russia, North America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand, where it grows on rocks, bark, or wood. Its main distinguishing features are its thallus surface, marked with many shallow depressions, grooves, or pits, and sorediate pseudocyphellae. The lower side of the thallus is ivory to tan towards the centre and the major secondary metabolite in the medulla is lecanoric acid. A lookalike species with which it has been historically confused is Punctelia subrudecta; this lichen can be distinguished from Punctelia perreticulata by the texture of the thallus surface, or, more reliably, by the length of its conidia.

<i>Punctelia graminicola</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia graminicola is a species of foliose (leafy) lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It grows on rocks, and, less frequently, on bark in North America, South America, and East Africa. It has a blue-grey thallus measuring up to about 15 cm (6 in), covered with tiny pores called pseudocyphellae. Sometimes the lichen forms small lobes that project out from the surface. Fruiting bodies are uncommon in this species; if present, they resemble small cups with a brown internal disc measuring 3–10 mm (0.1–0.4 in) in diameter. A lookalike species, Punctelia hypoleucites, is not readily distinguishable from Punctelia graminicola by appearance or habitat alone; these species can only be reliably differentiated by examining the length of their conidia.

<i>Punctelia borreri</i> Species of lichen

Punctelia borreri is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is a common and widely distributed species, occurring in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America. The lichen typically grows on bark of deciduous trees, and less commonly on rock. Some European countries have reported increases in the geographic range or regional frequency of the lichen in recent decades, attributed alternatively to a reduction of atmospheric sulphur dioxide levels or an increase in temperatures resulting from climate change.

<i>Parmelia barrenoae</i> Species of lichen

Parmelia barrenoae is a species of foliose lichen in the large family Parmeliaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2005. Before this, it was lumped together as one of several lichens in the Parmelia sulcata group—a species complex of genetically distinct lookalikes. Parmelia barrenoae is widely distributed, occurring in Europe, western North America, Africa, and Asia.

<i>Parmelia fraudans</i> Species of lichen

Parmelia fraudans is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found in Europe and North America, where it grows on rocks.

References

  1. ↑ Müller, J. (1877). "Lichenologische Beiträge. V. Lichen aus Texas". Flora (Regensburg) (in German). 60 (5): 77–80.
  2. ↑ Krog, Hildur (1982). "Punctelia, a new lichen genus in the Parmeliaceae". Nordic Journal of Botany. 2 (3): 287–292. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1982.tb01191.x.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Brodo, Irwin M.; Sharnoff, Sylvia Duran; Sharnoff, Stephen (2001). Lichens of North America. Yale University Press. p. 606. ISBN   978-0-300-08249-4.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Egan, Robert S.; Lendemer, James (2016). "Punctelia in Mexico". In Herrera-Campos, Maria; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Nash, Thomas H. III (eds.). Lichens of Mexico. The Parmeliaceae – Keys, distribution and specimen descriptions. Bibliotheca Lichenologica. Vol. 110. Stuttgart: J. Cramer. pp. 453–480. ISBN   978-3-443-58089-6.
  5. 1 2 Canêz, Luciana da Silva; Marcelli, Marcelo P. (2010). "Punctelia osorioi, a new species of Parmeliaceae from South Brazil". Mycotaxon. 111: 45–49. doi: 10.5248/111.45 .
  6. ↑ Alors, David; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Divakar, Pradeep K; Leavitt, Steven D.; Crespo, Ana (2016). "An integrative approach for understanding diversity in the Punctelia rudecta species complex (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota)". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): 1–17. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1146537A. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146537 . PMC   4749632 . PMID   26863231.
  7. 1 2 McMullin, Richard Troy; Lewis, Christopher J. (2014). "The unusual lichens and allied fungi of Sandbanks Provincial Park, Ontario". Botany. 92 (2): 85–92. doi:10.1139/cjb-2013-0227.
  8. 1 2 Willhelm, Gerould S. (1998). "The lichen flora of Chicago and vicinity: One hundred years of lichenology" (PDF). Erigenia. 16: 3–36.
  9. 1 2 Frye, Henry A.; Muscavitch, Zachary; Goffinet, Bernard (2021). "Discovery of epiphytic lichens in Connecticut suggests novel introduction and reintroduction via horticultural practices". The Bryologist. 124 (2): 191–197. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-124.2.191. S2CID   234857077.
  10. ↑ Podaril, A.L.; Colbert, J.T. (2015). "Lichen diversity in southeast Iowa". Opuscula Philolichenum. 14: 121–138.
  11. ↑ Bartkowiak, Mary E.; Bennett, James P. (2015). "Floristic study of lichens in Portage County, Wisconsin". Evansia. 32 (4): 176–188. doi:10.1639/0747-9859-32.4.176. S2CID   130563865.
  12. ↑ Nelsen, Matthew P.; Will-Wolf, Susan; Gargas, Andrea (2007). "One-hundred years of change in the corticolous macrolichens of Madison, Wisconsin". Evansia. 24 (4): 108–112. doi:10.1639/0747-9859-24.4.108. S2CID   86611068.
  13. ↑ Egan, Robert S.; Witt, Richard C.; Peck, Yolanda E.; Goeden, John P.; Cherney, Teresa L. (1995). "A preliminary catalog of the lichen-forming fungi of Nebraska". Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences. 22: 13–25.
  14. ↑ Harris, Richard C. (2004). "A preliminary list of the lichens of New York" (PDF). Opuscula Philolichenum. 1: 55–74.
  15. ↑ Wetmore, Clifford (2009). Lichen Studies in Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, Minnesota (Report). Minnesota: University of Minnesota. hdl:11299/163801.
  16. ↑ Hansen, Curtis J. (2018). "A preliminary lichen checklist of the Redstone Arsenal, Madison County, Alabama". Opuscula Philolichenum. 17: 351–361.
  17. ↑ Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia; Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo; Cáceres, Marcela Eugenia da Silva (2015). "Diversity of corticolous lichens in cloud forest remnants in La Cortadura, Coatepec, Veracruz, México in relation to phorophytes and habitat fragmentation". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 36 (1): 79–92. doi:10.7872/crym.v36.iss1.2015.79. S2CID   83991264.
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