| Psoroma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Psoroma hypnorum | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Peltigerales |
| Family: | Pannariaceae |
| Genus: | Psoroma Ach. ex Michx. (1803) |
| Type species | |
| Psoroma hypnorum | |
| Synonyms [1] | |
Psoroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains about 30 species, [4] most of which are found in south temperate regions. [5]
The genus was circumscribed by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803. [6]
Some species formerly in Psoroma were transferred to the new genera Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma in 2010. [7] The genus Joergensenia was erected in 2008 to contain the species formerly known as Psoroma cephalodinum. [8]
The genus Psoroma is characterised by its small scale-like thallus, with an underlying layer that is barely noticeable. It houses a green algal photobiont , possibly the algae Myrmecia , which collaborates with the fungus to perform photosynthesis. Psoroma species have cephalodia, structures containing the cyanobacterium Nostoc . [9]
The reproductive organs, known as ascomata, are apothecial in form—essentially sessile and somewhat cup-shaped with a raised, enduring edge. Within these structures, the supporting filaments, or paraphyses, may be simple or branch towards their tips, which do not expand or form a cap, staining a dusky blue when iodine is applied. The spore-producing asci are elongated, either club-shaped or cylindrical, featuring a distinctive structure at their tips where a central tube stains blue with iodine within a lighter-staining area, surrounded by a clear amyloid ring. [9]
Spores produced by Psoroma are single-celled, colourless, and often contain one or two large oil droplets. Their shape is ellipsoidal, with a surface that is warty or ridged, and somewhat pointed at the ends. For asexual reproduction, Psoroma develops pycnidia, which are pale brown, and produces simple, rod-shaped, colourless conidia. [9]
Chemically, Psoroma usually lacks detectable secondary metabolites (lichen products) through thin-layer chromatography, although in rare cases, porphyrilic acid and related compounds may be present. [9]
As of March 2024 [update] , Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 28 species of Psoroma. [4]
The Pannariaceae are a family of lichens in the order Peltigerales. Species from this family have a widespread distribution, but are especially prevalent in southern temperate regions.
Protopannaria is a genus of seven species of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The genus was originally circumscribed as a subgenus of the genus Pannaria by Hungarian lichenologist Vilmos Kőfaragó-Gyelnik. Per Magnus Jørgensen and Stefan Ekman promoted Protopannaria to full status as a genus in 2000.
Pannaria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains an estimated 51 species, found primarily in tropical regions.
Leciophysma is a genus of cyanolichens in the family Pannariaceae. It has four species. The genus was circumscribed by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1865, with Leciophysma finmarkicum assigned as the type species.
Gibbosporina is a genus of 13 species of foliose lichens in the family Pannariaceae. It contains species that molecular phylogenetic analysis clustered together in a clade previously referred to as the "Physma"-group. Despite their morphological differences, this group shares several uniting characteristics. They have ring-like excipular margins around the thallus; strongly amyloid internal ascus structures; well-developed perispores that feature irregular gibbae, but not verrucae ; lacks secondary compounds than can be detected by thin-layer chromatography; and have tropical distributions.
Gibbosporina acuminata is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Norwegian lichenologist Arve Elvebakk. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin acumen, refers to the spiked bumps (gibbae) on the spore covering. It occurs in the tropical forests of Queensland, Australia, and the Philippines.
Gibbosporina amphorella is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk and Soon Gyu Hong. The specific epithet, derived from the Latin amphora ("urn") and ella-, refers to the small pycnidia, that are shaped like urns. The lichen is only known to occur in a small subtropical forested area in New Caledonia.
Gibbosporina bifrons is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet bifrons, meaning "two-faced", refers to the well-developed and large cephalodia that occur with the green algal photobiont. The lichen occurs in the Philippines, Solomon Islands, Malaysia, and New Caledonia.
Gibbosporina boninensis is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 1969 by Syo Kurokawa as Psoroma boninense. The type was collected on an andesite-rich rugged mountaintop of Mt. Tsutsuji in Chichijima, Japan. In 2016, Arve Elvebakk and Per Magnus Jørgensen transferred the taxon to the newly circumscribed genus Gibbosporina, of which it is the type species. The lichen occurs only in the isolated subtropical Bonin Islands, for which it is named.
Gibbosporina didyma is a rare species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet didyma, refers to the thallus being divided into a prominent cyanobiont in addition to the dominant chlorobiont, as well as to cephalodia that are sometimes divided by the developing apothecia of chlorobionts. The lichen is known from only two locations on Réunion and Mauritius; both are tropical forests at moderate altitudes, 500–600 m (1,600–2,000 ft).
Gibbosporina elixii is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It is endemic to Queensland, Australia. The lichen was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet honours Australian lichenologist John Alan Elix. He collected the type from Mossman Gorge National Park, where he found it growing on the base of a tree in a tropical rainforest along Mossman River. It has also been found in the Cardwell Range.
Gibbosporina leptospora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Norwegian lichenologist Arve Elvebakk. The specific epithet leptospora, which combines the Greek lepto ("thin") with spore, refers to the thin perispore. The lichen occurs in northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, and New Caledonia.
Gibbosporina mascarena is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet mascarena refers to Réunion and Mauritius. The lichen occurs in Réunion, Mauritius, and Sri Lanka, where it grows on tree trunks in tropical forests at altitudes of 500–700 m (1,600–2,300 ft).
Gibbosporina nitida is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk, Soon Gyu Hong, and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The specific epithet nitida, derived from the Latin nitidus ("glossy"), refers to the lustrous upper lobe surfaces. The lichen occurs in northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Fiji.
Gibbosporina papillospora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Norwegian lichenologist Arve Elvebakk. The type was collected from Mount Mariveles by American botanist Elmer Drew Merrill in 1908. The specific epithet nitida, derived from the Latin papilla, refers to the irregular surface of the perispore. The lichen is only known to occur in the Philippines.
Gibbosporina thamnophora is a species of foliose lichen in the family Pannariaceae. It was described as a new species in 2016 by Arve Elvebakk and Per Magnus Jørgensen. The type was collected from Eungella National Park in Queensland, Australia, where it was found growing on bark in a tropical rainforest near Broken River. The specific epithet thamnophora combines the Greek thamnos ("shrub") and -phora ("carrier"), and refers to the finely branched, shrubby cephalodia that are "carried" by the chlorobiont. The lichen occurs in Australia and Papua New Guinea.
Arve Elvebakk is a Norwegian mycologist and professor working from the Arctic University of Norway in Tromsø. He has published widely on Arctic biology, and climatology. Additionally, he collaborates with many mycologists across the world, and has published names for lichens in Australia, New Zealand, the South Pacific, and South America, and the Antarctic.
Degelia neozelandica is a species of foliose lichen in the genus Degelia.
Xanthopsoroma is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It contains 2 known species.
Psorophorus is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It contains 2 known species.
