Phaeotremella foliacea

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Phaeotremella foliacea
Phaeotremella foliacea.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Phaeotremellaceae
Genus: Phaeotremella
Species:
P. foliacea
Binomial name
Phaeotremella foliacea
(Pers.) Wedin, J.C. Zamora & Millanes (2016)
Synonyms
  • Tremella foliacea Pers. (1800)
  • Gyraria foliacea(Pers.) Gray (1821)
  • Ulocolla foliacea(Pers.) Bref. (1888)
  • Exidia foliacea(Pers.) P.Karst. (1889)
  • Tremella neofoliaceaChee J. Chen (1998) [1]
  • Cryptococcus skinneri Phaff & Carmo Sousa (1962) [1]
  • Phaeotremella skinneri(Phaff & Carmo Sousa) A.M. Yurkov & T. Boekhout (2015)

Phaeotremella foliacea (synonym Tremella foliacea) is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum , a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain [2] and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata. [1]

Contents

Taxonomy

Tremella foliacea was first published in 1800 by South African-born mycologist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon. The name remained in use until molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, showed that Tremella foliacea was not closely related to the type species of Tremella but belonged in a separate genus, Phaeotremella . [3] Further research revealed that the name Tremella foliacea covered several similar but distinct species, the name Phaeotremella foliacea being restricted to the fungus growing on conifers. [1]

The epithet "foliacea" means "leafy", with reference to the shape of the fruit bodies.

Herman Phaff and L. do Carmo Sousa described the yeast Cryptococcus skinneri in 1962 from the frass of the beetle Scolytus tsugae feeding on Western Hemlock ( Tsuga heterophylla ). [4] [5] DNA sequencing has shown that this is the yeast state of Phaeotremella foliacea. [1]

Description

Fruit bodies are gelatinous, brown to dark brown, up to 5 cm (2 in) across, and seaweed-like (with branched, undulating fronds). Microscopically, the hyphae are clamped and occur in a dense gelatinous matrix. Haustorial cells arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the hyphae of the host. The basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 12 to 18 by 10 to 14 μm, usually unstalked. The basidiospores are mostly ellipsoid, smooth, 5.5 to 9.5 by 4.5 to 8.5 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells. [1]

Similar species

Phaeotremella frondosa is a common and widespread species parasitizing Stereum species on broadleaf trees. It often produces larger and paler fruit bodies than Phaeotremella foliacea. Phaeotremella fimbriata is a European species parasitizing Stereum rugosum on broadleaf trees. Its fruitbodies are comparatively small and dark brown to black. Phaeotremella eugeniae is its temperate Asian counterpart. [1]

Habitat and distribution

Phaeotremella foliacea is a parasite of Stereum sanguinolentum , growing on the host's hyphae in the wood rather than on the host's fruit bodies. Following its hosts, fruit bodies of P. foliacea are typically found on dead, attached or recently fallen branches of conifers. [1]

The species is known from North America, Europe, and northern Asia. [1]

Related Research Articles

<i>Stereum sanguinolentum</i> Species of fungus

Stereum sanguinolentum is a species of fungus in the Stereaceae family. A plant pathogen, it causes red heart rot, a red discoloration on conifers, particularly spruces or Douglas-firs. Fruit bodies are produced on dead wood, or sometimes on dead branches of living trees. They are a thin leathery crust of the wood surface. Fresh fruit bodies will bleed a red-colored juice if injured, reflected in the common names bleeding Stereum or the bleeding conifer parchment. It can be the host of the parasitic jelly fungus Tremella encephala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellomycetes</span> Class of fungi

The Tremellomycetes are a class of dimorphic fungi in the Agaricomycotina. Some species have gelatinous basidiocarps or (microscopically) a sacculate parenthesome. There are six orders, 17 families, and 39 genera in the Tremellomycetes. Tremellomycetes include yeasts, dimorphic taxa, and species that form complex fruiting bodies. Tremellomycetes include some fungi that are human and animal pathogens in the genera Cryptococcus, Naganishia, Papiliotrema, and Trichosporon and some fungi that are cultivated for food in the genera Tremella and Naematelia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Tremellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family is cosmopolitan and contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphs in the Tremellaceae are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellales</span> Order of fungi

The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

<i>Tremella</i> Genus of fungi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herman Phaff</span> Dutch-born American yeast researcher (1913–2001)


Herman Jan Phaff was a scientist who specialised in yeast ecology. He was born in the Netherlands before moving to California at age of 26. He was active in Californian universities until his death. During his career he accumulated thousands of strains of yeast from the wild, and described 60 new taxa of yeast.

<i>Exidia nigricans</i> Species of fungus

Exidia nigricans is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It is a common, wood-rotting species throughout the northern hemisphere, typically growing on dead attached branches of broadleaf trees. It has been much confused with Exidia glandulosa.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Phaeotremella frondosa</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella frondosa is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae producing brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions, and is parasitic on other species of fungi that grow on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, Basidiocarps ,, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi."Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

<i>Naematelia encephala</i> Species of fungus

Naematelia encephala is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. In the UK, its recommended English name is conifer brain.

Pseudotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. All Pseudotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Pseudotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two of these species are, as yet, only known from their yeast states.

Cystobasidium fimetarium is a species of fungus in the order Cystobasidiales. It is a fungal parasite forming small gelatinous basidiocarps on various ascomycetous fungi on dung. Microscopically, it has auricularioid basidia producing basidiospores that germinate by budding off yeast cells. The species is known from Europe and North America.

Phaeotremella fimbriata is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces blackish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum rugosum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It is widespread in northern Europe. Prior to 2017, the species was generally considered a synonym of Tremella foliacea, but this latter species is restricted to conifers. Phaeotremella frondosa is a similar-looking but paler, brown species on broad-leaved trees and occurs in North America as well as Europe.

Phaeotremella roseotincta is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces pinkish to pale pinkish brown, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan and has also been recorded from far eastern Russia.

Phaeotremella eugeniae is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces blackish brown, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of oak. It was originally described from far eastern Russia and named after Russian mycologist Eugenia Bulakh.

<i>Phaeotremella mycophaga</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella mycophaga is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces small, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps on the hymenium of the corticioid fungi Aleurodiscus amorphus and A. grantii on conifers.

Tremella yokohamensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces white, foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Japan.

Tremella exigua is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces small, dark, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead branches of trees and shrubs. It was originally described from France.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Spirin V, Malysheva V, Yurkov A, Miettinen O, Larsson KH (2018). "Studies in the Phaeotremella foliacea group (Tremellomycetes, Basidiomycota)". Mycological Progress. 17 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1007/s11557-017-1371-4. hdl: 10138/326186 . S2CID   44901453.
  2. ↑ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  3. ↑ Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001. PMC   4777781 . PMID   26955199.
  4. ↑ Phaff, H. J.; Carmo-Sousa, L. (1962). "Four new species of yeast isolated from insect frass in bark of Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sargent". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 28: 193–207. doi:10.1007/BF02538734. PMID   13943102. S2CID   26462843.
  5. ↑ Cryptococcus skinneri Characteristics. CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre. http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/collections/BioloMICS.aspx?Table=Yeasts%20species&Name=Cryptococcus%20skinneri&Fields=All&ExactMatch=T


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