Tremellaceae

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Tremellaceae
Tremella fuciformis 54604208.jpg
Gelatinous fruit body of Tremella fuciformis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Tremellomycetes
Order: Tremellales
Family: Tremellaceae
Fr.
Type genus
Tremella
Genera

The Tremellaceae are a family of fungi in the order Tremellales. The family is cosmopolitan and contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphs in the Tremellaceae are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies), when produced, are gelatinous.

The family currently comprises the single genus Tremella , containing around 40 species. The name previously covered a much wider range of genera within the Tremellales, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, now places these genera in separate families.

History

Fries created the family Tremellaceae (as 'Tremellini') in 1821, [1] basing it on the macromorphology of fruit bodies. He included within it most species of fungi that were gelatinous, dividing it into the genera Agyrium , Dacrymyces , Exidia , Hymenella, Naematelia, and Tremella . [2] Agyrium and Hymenella are now referred to the Ascomycota, [3] [4] as are several of the species Fries placed in Dacrymyces and Tremella.

In 1900 Patouillard radically revised the family by switching the emphasis to the micromorphology of fruit bodies. For Patouillard, the Tremellaceae was limited to genera and species in which the basidia were "tremelloid" (globose to ellipsoid with vertical or diagonal septa), whether or not the fruit bodies were gelatinous. Patouillard's revised Tremellaceae included the genera Clavariopsis (= Holtermannia ), Ditangium, Exidia, Guepinia , Heterochaete , Hyaloria , Protomerulius , Sebacina , Sirobasidium , Tremella, and Tremellodon (= Pseudohydnum ). [5]

The next major revision was in 1984, when Robert Bandoni used transmission electron microscopy to investigate the ultrastructure of the septal pore apparatus in species of the Tremellaceae. This revealed that Tremella and its allies were distinct from Exidia and its allies, despite both groups having tremelloid basidia. Bandoni referred the latter group to the Auriculariaceae, restricting the Tremellaceae to the genera Holtermannia, Tremella, and Trimorphomyces . [6] The genus Sirobasidium and its allies were placed in the Sirobasidiaceae.

Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, confirms Bandoni's split between the tremelloid and exidioid fungi and extends the circumscription of the tremelloid group by including several yeasts whose status was formerly uncertain. It has, however, shown that the Tremellaceae (as previously circumscribed) is polyphyletic (hence artificial) with most genera belonging in different families. As a result, the Tremellaceae is now restricted to the genus Tremella which is itself restricted to those species closely related to the type Tremella mesenterica . [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariales</span> Order of fungi

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Auriculariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremellales</span> Order of fungi

The Tremellales are an order of fungi in the class Tremellomycetes. The order contains both teleomorphic and anamorphic species, most of the latter being yeasts. All teleomorphic species in the Tremellales are parasites of other fungi, though the yeast states are widespread and not restricted to hosts. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hyaloriaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Hyaloriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia and, as such, were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi". All appear to be saprotrophic, growing on dead wood or plant remains. Less than 30 species are currently included within the Hyaloriaceae, but the family has not been extensively researched.

<i>Exidia</i> Genus of fungi

Exidia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. The species are saprotrophic, occurring in attached or recently fallen dead wood, and produce gelatinous basidiocarps. The fruit bodies are diverse, pustular, lobed, button-shaped or cup-shaped. Several species, including the type species Exidia glandulosa, have sterile pegs or pimples on their spore-bearing surface. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and around 20 species are currently recognized worldwide. Initial molecular research indicates the genus is artificial.

<i>Tremella</i> Genus of fungi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Naematelia</i> Genus of fungi

Naematelia is a genus of fungi in the family Naemateliaceae. All Naematelia species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. When produced, Basidiocarps ,, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi."Four species of Naematelia are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Naematelia aurantialba, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

<i>Naematelia encephala</i> Species of fungus

Naematelia encephala is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. In the UK, its recommended English name is conifer brain.

Pseudotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Bulleraceae. All Pseudotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Four species of Pseudotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Two of these species are, as yet, only known from their yeast states.

<i>Sirobasidium</i> Genus of fungi

Sirobasidium is a genus of fungi in the order Tremellales. Basidiocarps are gelatinous and appear to be parasitic on ascomycetous fungi on wood. Microscopically they are distinguished by producing septate basidia in chains which give rise to deciduous sterigmata. Species are distributed worldwide.

Tremella dysenterica is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces bright yellow, red-spotted, lobed to subfrondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil and has been recorded elsewhere in the neotropics and in Africa.

Tremella fibulifera is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces soft, whitish, lobed to frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil.

Tremella brasiliensis is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces yellow, lobed to firmly foliaceous, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Brazil.

Tremella roseolutescens is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces rose-pink to salmon, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead attached branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.

Tremella salmonea is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces pale orange to salmon, foliose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on wood of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from China.

Tremella armeniaca is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces orange to apricot, lobed, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on other fungi on dead branches of broad-leaved trees. It was originally described from Costa Rica.

Tremella exigua is a species of fungus in the family Tremellaceae. It produces small, dark, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on pyrenomycetous fungi on dead branches of trees and shrubs. It was originally described from France.

Phaeotremella translucens is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces small, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on ascocarps of Lophodermium species on decaying pine needles. It was originally described from Scotland.

References

  1. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. I. Lund: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. lv. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  2. ↑ Fries EM. (1822). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. II. Lund: Ex Officina Berlingiana. pp. 207–210. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  3. ↑ "Genus Record Details-Agyrium". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  4. ↑ "Genus Record Details-Hymenella". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  5. ↑ Patouillard NT. (1900). Essai Taxonomique sur les Familles et les Genres des Hyménomycètes (in French). Lons-le-Saunier: Lucien Declure. pp. 17–20. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
  6. ↑ Bandoni RJ. (1984). "The Tremellales and Auriculariales: an alternative classification". Transactions of the Mycological Society of Japan. 25: 489–530.
  7. ↑ Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin AV, Lumbsch HT, Millanes AM, Wedin M, Yurkov AM, Boekhout T, Bai FY (2015). "Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes". Studies in Mycology. 81: 85–147. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001 . PMC   4777781 .
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