Guepinia

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Guepinia
Guepinia helvelloides 47030.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Auriculariales
Family:
incertae sedis or
Exidiaceae [1]
Genus:
Guepinia

Fr.
Species:
G. helvelloides
Binomial name
Guepinia helvelloides
(DC.) Fr.
Synonyms [2]

Guepinia rufa(Jacq.) Beck
Gyrocephalus helvelloides(DC.) Keissl.
Gyrocephalus rufus(Jacq.) Bref.
Phlogiotis helvelloides(DC.) G.W. Martin
Phlogiotis rufa(Jacq.) Quél.
Tremella helvelloidesDC.
Tremella rufaJacq.
Tremiscus helvelloides(DC.) Donk

Contents

Guepinia is a genus of fungus in the Auriculariales order. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Guepinia helvelloides, commonly known as the apricot jelly. The fungus produces salmon-pink, ear-shaped, gelatinous fruit bodies that grow solitarily or in small tufted groups on soil, usually associated with buried rotting wood. The fruit bodies are 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and up to 17 cm (6.7 in) wide; the stalks are not well-differentiated from the cap. The fungus, although rubbery, is edible, and may be eaten raw with salads, pickled, or candied. It has a white spore deposit, and the oblong to ellipsoid spores measure 9–11 by 5–6 micrometers. The fungus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and has also been collected from South America.

Taxonomy

The species was first described and illustrated as Tremella rufa by Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1778. Elias Magnus Fries later (1828) called it Guepinia helvelloides in his Elenchus Fungorum, [3] based on Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Tremella helvelloides, [4] both being names he sanctioned. [5] This has made Tremella rufa and all names based on it unavailable for use, as they are conserved. Later, Lucien Quélet erected a separate monotypic genus Phlogiotis for Jacquin's species, whereas Julius Oscar Brefeld placed it (as Gyrocephalus rufa) in Persoon's small genus Gyrocephalus (rejected name for Gyromitra ). The proper name for the fungus was debated for some time, as the name Guepinia is a homonym (pointed out by Fries in 1828), because it had been used by Toussaint Bastard in 1812 for a genus of flowering plants in the Cruciferae family. [6] To further complicate matters, the generic name Teesdalia, originally considered to have priority over the name Guepinia for the plant genus, was later determined to have been validly published after Guepinia, rendering Teesdalia an illegitimate name. [7] In 1982, changes in the International Code for Botanical Nomenclature gave protected status to all names adopted by Fries in the Elenchus Fungorum, and established Guepinia as the correct genus name. [8]

Guepinia is variously classified in the Auriculariales order, with uncertain familial position ( incertae sedis ), [9] or as part of the Exidiaceae family. [1] [10]

The genus is named after French mycologist Jean-Pierre Guépin (1779–1858). [11] The mushroom is commonly known as the "red jelly fungus", or "apricot jelly". [12]

Description

In Germany Rotliche Gallerttrichter Tremiscus helvelloides.jpg
In Germany

The fruit bodies of Guepinia helvelloides grow singly or in small clumps. Although they can appear to be growing in the soil, their mycelium lives in buried wood. They are 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) tall and 3–17 cm (1.2–6.7 in) wide, spoon- or tongue-shaped, and twisted like a cornet or horn so that they look like a slender funnel, cut out on one side and often with a wavy margin. The fruit bodies are flexible, 2–3.5 mm (0.08–0.14 in) thick, and smooth on the outer side which they are usually attenuated on the underside into a cylindrical or depressed stem that is up to 5 cm (2.0 in) high and about 1.5 cm (0.6 in) thick. The stem is normally covered with a white tomentum at the base. The upper side (inside) of the fruit body is usually quite sterile or with a few isolated basidia and is slightly verrucose as a result of the densely crowded protruding ends of the hyphae. The sterile and fertile surfaces of the fruit body are almost the same color, transparent reddish-orange to flesh pink or flesh orange, at other times more purplish-red. The fruit bodies usually develop a slightly brownish tinge when they are old. The underside is usually slightly more vividly colored than the upper side. The flesh is gelatinous, softly so in the upper part of the fruit body and with a more cartilage-like consistency in the stem. It has a nondescript odor, and a watery, insignificant taste. [13]

The hymenium is developed on the under (outer) side of the fruit body. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) consist of a globular part (the hypobasidia) to which inflated or elongated epibasidia are attached. In Guepinia, the hypobasidia are egg-shaped to ellipsoid, measuring 12–16 by 9–12 μm, and attached to fibril-like epibasidia that are 20–45 by 3–4 μm. The spore deposit is white, while the spores are 9–11 by 5–6 μm, hyaline (translucent), cylindrical to elongated ellipsoid in shape, and have a large oil drop. [13]

Edibility

Guepinia helvelloides is an edible, but bland, fungus. [12] Older specimens are usually tough and indigestible. [14] It can be used raw in salads, for pickling in vinegar and also for preserving in sugar like candied fruit. [15] One source reports using it to prepare a wine by fermenting with wine yeast. [13]

Similar species

The red chanterelle (Cantharellus cinnabarinus) has gills on the undersurface. Cantharellus cinnabarinus 93293.jpg
The red chanterelle (Cantharellus cinnabarinus) has gills on the undersurface.

Guepinia helvelloides has a rather unusual appearance, and is not likely to be mistaken for other fungi. However, the red chanterelle species Cantharellus cinnabarinus is superficially similar; unlike G. helvelloides, however, it does not have a rubbery and gelatinous texture, and its undersurface is wrinkled, not smooth. [14]

Habitat and distribution

Guepinia helvelloides is saprobic, [16] deriving nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies of G. helveloides typically grow solitarily or in small tufts on soil, usually in association with buried rotting wood. Although the fruit bodies sometimes appear in the spring, they are more commonly found in the summer and autumn months. [17] In North America, it is associated with coniferous forests. [18] It is also found throughout temperate North America, [14] from Canada to Mexico. Europe, [19] Iran, [20] and Turkey. [21] It is also known from Brazil and Puerto Rico. [22] The fungus has also been collected from the Qinling region of China. [23]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Tremella mesenterica</i> Species of jelly fungus

Tremella mesenterica is a common jelly fungus in the family Tremellaceae of the Agaricomycotina. It is most frequently found on both dead but attached and recently fallen branches, especially of angiosperms, as a parasite of wood decay fungi in the genus Peniophora. The gelatinous, orange-yellow fruit body of the fungus, which can grow up to 7.5 cm (3.0 in) diameter, has a convoluted or lobed surface that is greasy or slimy when damp. It grows in crevices in bark, appearing during rainy weather. Within a few days after rain it dries into a thin film or shriveled mass capable of reviving after subsequent rain. This fungus occurs widely in deciduous and mixed forests and is widely distributed in temperate and tropical regions that include Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North and South America. Although considered bland and flavorless, the fungus is edible. Tremella mesenterica produces carbohydrates that are attracting research interest because of their various biological activities.

<i>Spathularia flavida</i> Species of fungus

Spathularia flavida, commonly known as the yellow earth tongue, the yellow fan, or the fairy fan, is an ascomycete fungus found in coniferous forests of Asia, Europe and North America. It produces a small, fan- or spoon-shaped fruit body with a flat, wavy or lobed cream to yellow colored "head" raised on a white to cream stalk. The height is usually approximately 2–5 cm, and up to 8 cm. The fungus fruits on the ground in mosses, forest duff or humus, and fruit bodies may occur singly, in large groups, or in fairy rings. The spores produced by the fungus are needle-like, and up to 95 micrometres long. Several varieties have been described that differ largely in their microscopic characteristics. S. flavida has been described by authorities variously as inedible, of unknown edibility, or edible but tough.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariales</span> Order of fungi

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<i>Lysurus mokusin</i> Species of fungus

Lysurus mokusin, commonly known as the lantern stinkhorn, the small lizard's claw, or the ribbed lizard claw, is a saprobic species of fungus in the family Phallaceae. The fruit body consists of a reddish, cylindrical fluted stipe that is capped with several "arms". The arms can approach or even close in on each other to form a spire. The gleba—an olive-green slimy spore mass—is carried on the outer surface of the arms. The fruit body, which has an odor comparable to "fresh dog feces", "rotting flesh", or "sewage" when mature, is edible in its immature "egg" stage. The fungus is native to Asia, and is also found in Australia, Europe and North America, where it is probably an introduced species. It has been used medicinally in China as an ulcer remedy.

<i>Exidia</i> Genus of fungi

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<i>Urnula craterium</i> Species of fungus

Urnula craterium is a species of cup fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. It is parasitic on oak and various other hardwood species; it is also saprobic, as the fruit bodies develop on dead wood after it has fallen to the ground. Appearing in early spring, its distinctive goblet-shaped and dark-colored fruit bodies have earned it the common names devil's urn and the gray urn. The distribution of U. craterium includes eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. It produces bioactive compounds that can inhibit the growth of other fungi. The asexual (imperfect), or conidial stage of U. craterium is a plant pathogen known as Conoplea globosa, which causes a canker disease of oak and several other hardwood tree species.

<i>Mycena acicula</i> Species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae

Mycena acicula, commonly known as the orange bonnet, or the coral spring Mycena, is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae. It is found in Asia, the Caribbean, North America and Europe. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors, especially along streams and other wet places. They have small orange-red caps, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) in diameter, held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge. Several other Mycena species look similar, but may be distinguished by differences in size and/or microscopic characteristics. M. acicula is considered inedible because of its small size.

<i>Pholiota flammans</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Exidia nigricans</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Psilocybe pelliculosa</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Resupinatus applicatus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Galiella rufa</i> Species of fungus

Galiella rufa, commonly known as the rubber cup, the rufous rubber cup, or the hairy rubber cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fungus produces cup-shaped fruit bodies that typically grow in clusters on branches and exposed portions of buried wood throughout eastern and Midwest North America and in Malaysia. The fruit bodies have the texture of tough, gelatinous rubber, and have a rough, blackish-brown, felt-like outer surface and a smooth reddish-brown inner surface. Although generally considered inedible by North American mushroom field guides, it is commonly consumed in Malaysia. The fungus produces several interesting natural products.

<i>Exidia recisa</i> Species of fungus

Exidia recisa is a jelly fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. It is a common, wood-rotting species throughout the northern hemisphere, typically growing on dead attached twigs and branches of willow and other broadleaf trees.

<i>Exidia thuretiana</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Myxarium nucleatum</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Guepiniopsis alpina</i> Species of fungus

Guepiniopsis alpina, commonly known as the jelly cup, alpine jelly cone, or poor man's gumdrop, is a species of fungus in the family Dacrymycetaceae. The small, gelatinous Fruit bodies are orange and cone or cup shaped. Found in western North America and Iran, the fungus grows on decaying conifer wood.

<i>Phaeotremella frondosa</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella frondosa is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae producing brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions, and is parasitic on other species of fungi that grow on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

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<i>Naematelia encephala</i> Species of fungus

Naematelia encephala is a species of fungus producing pink, brain-like, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. In the UK, its recommended English name is conifer brain.

References

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  2. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Species synonymy". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1828). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin). Vol. 2. Mauritius. p. 31. Retrieved 2010-10-06.
  4. ↑ Lamarck J-B, de Candolle AP (1815). Flore française, ou, Descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France: disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse, et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Desray. p. 93. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  5. ↑ "Tremella helvelloides DC. 1805". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  6. ↑ Martin GW. (1936). "The application of the generic name Guepinia". American Journal of Botany. 23 (9): 627–29. doi:10.2307/2436152. JSTOR   2436152.
  7. ↑ Greuter W, Raus T (1985). "Med-Checklist Notulae, 11". Willdenowia. 15 (1): 61–84. JSTOR   3996542.
  8. ↑ Demoulin V, Hawksworth DL, Korf RP, Pouzar Z (1981). "A solution to the starting point problem in the nomenclature of fungi". Taxon. 30 (1): 52–63. doi:10.2307/1219390. JSTOR   1219390.
  9. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p.  295. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  10. ↑ "Guepinia Fr. 1825". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  11. ↑ Donk MA (1958). "The generic names proposed for Hymenomycetes VIII: Auriculariaceae, Septobasidiaceae, Tremellaceae, Dacrymycetaceae (continued)". Taxon. 7 (7): 193–207. doi:10.2307/1216401. JSTOR   1216401.
  12. 1 2 Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. p. 432. ISBN   978-0-8156-0388-7 . Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  13. 1 2 3 Pilat Á, Ušák O (1961). Mushrooms and other Fungi . London: Peter Nevill. p. 158b.
  14. 1 2 3 McKnight VB, McKnight KH (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. p. 66. ISBN   0-395-91090-0 . Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  15. ↑ Orr TS, Orr DB (1968). Mushrooms and other common fungi of the San Francisco Bay Region. University of California Press. p. 59. Retrieved 2010-06-30.
  16. ↑ Kuo M. "Phlogiotis helvelloides". Mushroom Expert.com. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  17. ↑ Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. p.  672. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  18. ↑ Guzmán G (1973). "Some distributional relationships between Mexican and United States mycofloras". Mycologia. 65 (6): 1319–30. doi:10.2307/3758146. JSTOR   3758146. PMID   4773309.
  19. ↑ Jordan M. (2004). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 372. ISBN   0-7112-2378-5 . Retrieved 2010-09-27.
  20. ↑ Saber M. "Tremiscus helvelloides, a new record for Iran". Bīmārīhā-yi Giyāhī (Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology). 33 (3–4): 74–75. ISSN   0006-2774.
  21. ↑ Turkoglu A, Kask G, Ozturk C, Dogan HH (2007). "New records for the macrofungi of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Botany. 31 (5): 471–75.
  22. ↑ Lowy B. (1871). "Tremellales". Flora Neotropica. 6: 1–153. JSTOR   4393669.
  23. ↑ Shen Q, Chen W, Yan Z, Xie Z (2009). "Potential pharmaceutical resources of the Qinling Mountain in central China: medicinal fungi". Frontiers of Biology in China. 4 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1007/s11515-008-0089-8. S2CID   20702525.
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