Philip Kaufman

Last updated

Philip Kaufman
Philip Kaufman 03.jpg
Kaufman in 1991
Born (1936-10-23) October 23, 1936 (age 88)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Occupations
  • Director
  • screenwriter
  • producer
Years active1964–2012
Spouse
Rose Fisher
​
​
(m. 1959;died 2009)​
Children1
Website PhilipKaufman.com

Philip Kaufman (born October 23, 1936) is an American film director and screenwriter who has directed fifteen films over a career spanning nearly five decades. He has received numerous accolades including a BAFTA Award along with nominations for an Academy Award, and a Primetime Emmy Award. He has been described as a "maverick" and an "iconoclast," [1] notable for his versatility and independence, often directing eclectic and controversial films. He is considered an "auteur" whose films have always expressed his personal vision. [2] : 1  Kaufman's works have included genres such as realism, horror, fantasy, erotica, western, and crime.

Contents

Kaufman earned his breakthrough for the film The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988) which earned him the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay as well as a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He is noted for directing such films as The Wanderers (1979), Rising Sun (1993), the remake of Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978), Henry & June (1990), and Quills (2000). He gained prominence for The Right Stuff (1983), which received eight Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture. He is also known for directing the HBO film Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012), for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special nomination.

Early life and education

Kaufman was born in Chicago in 1936, the only son of Elizabeth (née Brandau), a housewife, and Nathan Kaufman, a produce businessman. He was the grandson of German Jewish immigrants. [3] One of his grammar and high school friends was William Friedkin, who also became a director. [3] He developed an early love of movies, and during his youth he would often go to double features. [2]

He attended the University of Chicago where he received a degree in history, and then enrolled at Harvard Law School where he spent a year. He returned to Chicago for a postgraduate degree, hoping to become a professor of history. [1]

Before graduating Kaufman became involved in the counterculture movement and in 1960 moved to San Francisco. He took various jobs there, including postal worker, and befriended a number of influential people, such as writer Henry Miller. [1] He and his wife then decided to travel and live in Europe for a while where he would teach. [4] After spending time working on a kibbutz in Israel, he taught English and math for two years in Greece and Italy. [4] During his travels he also met author Anaïs Nin, whose relationship with her lover, Henry Miller, later became the inspiration and subject for Kaufman's film Henry & June (1990). [1]

He met Saugus, Massachusetts-born Rose Fisher in 1957, when he was 21 and she was 18, and both were undergraduates at the University of Chicago. A year later, in 1958, they married. They had one son, Peter. [5] Rose Kaufman was also a screenwriter and had bit roles in two of her husband's films. [6] [5] After backpacking in Europe with his wife and their young son, they returned to the United States. His time in Europe heavily influenced Kaufman's decision to become a filmmaker, when he and his wife would wander into small movie theaters showcasing the works of experimental new filmmakers such as John Cassavetes and Shirley Clarke, among others. [1] He recalls the effect of being exposed to those filmmakers as the "start of something new" which would later inspire the European flavor of many of his films: "I could feel the cry of America, the sense of jazz ... So I came back to Chicago in 1962 and set about trying to learn as much as I could, seeing every foreign movie I could." [2]

Career

1964–1977

Goldstein (1964)

Kaufman returned to Chicago, ready to make his first feature film. He went around town looking for funding for his directorial debut, Goldstein (1964), co-written and co-directed with Benjamin Manaster. Kaufman initially conceived of the story in an unfinished novel, but at the urging of Anaïs Nin he then made it into a "mystical comedy" film. [2] : 5  It was inspired by a story from Martin Buber's Tales of the Hasidim , and was filmed on location in Chicago with a cast composed of local actors from The Second City comedy troupe. [2] : 5 

The film won the Prix de la Nouvelle Critique (New Critics Prize) at the 1964 Cannes Film Festival, [3] with French director Jean Renoir calling it the best American film he had seen in 20 years. [3] François Truffaut, another leading French director, was visiting Chicago when the film premiered and he came to the opening. Kaufman recalled that Truffaut "leaped to his feet" in the middle of the screening and began applauding. [2] : 8 

Fearless Frank (1967)

Two years later, Kaufman went on to direct Fearless Frank (1967), a comic book/counterculture fable, which he wrote, produced, and directed. It costarred Jon Voight in his film debut. Kaufman spent four years trying to find a distributor, but the film was a box-office failure when it finally played. While the movie did not gain as much attention as Goldstein, it did help Kaufman land a contract in Universal Studios' Young Directors Program in 1969. [7]

The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid (1972)

In 1972, Kaufman wrote and directed The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid starring Robert Duvall as Jesse James, in what was his first commercial film after the previous two independent ones. He spent a lot of time researching the real life characters when writing the screenplay, although the film took some liberties portraying some of the factual details. [8] The Los Angeles Times wrote that "Kaufman is not an angry revisionist, but seems to be trying to tell it like it must have been, with an amused detachment, which sees the events as something close to an absurd spectacle." [8]

The White Dawn (1974)

Kaufman directed The White Dawn in 1974, a drama based on the novel of the same name by James Houston. Shot in documentary style, a story about whalers, played by Warren Oates, Louis Gossett Jr., and Timothy Bottoms, stranded in the Arctic at the turn of the century. To survive they battle polar bears and take advantage of the Eskimos who had originally saved them. [9]

The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976)

Kaufman wrote and began directing The Outlaw Josey Wales in 1975, but was fired as director after artistic differences with its star Clint Eastwood, who then directed the film himself. [10] The enmity between Kaufman and Eastwood also stemmed from their mutual pursuit of actress Sondra Locke, then 32 and married to Gordon Leigh Anderson. [11]

1978–1983

Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978)

Kaufman directed the science fiction thriller, Invasion of the Body Snatchers in 1978, which became his first box office hit. It was a remake of the 1956 version. In this version, Kaufman moved the setting to San Francisco and recreated the alien threat as more a horror film than science fiction, [12] and in a way that was disturbing, humorous, and believable. [4] Critic Pauline Kael said "It may be the best movie of its kind ever made." [13] Critics from the San Francisco Chronicle stated that unlike other Hollywood depictions of San Francisco, this representation was "geographically correct to the Powell Street line." [14]

The Wanderers (1979)

In 1979, he directed The Wanderers , based on comic novel by Richard Price. The direction of the film illustrated Kaufman's mastery of genre quite different from his previous films. It is the story of a benign Italian gang of teenagers in the Bronx of 1963, with Ken Wahl and Karen Allen. [9] It was Wahl's debut film, and Allen's second role, and the film has become a cult favorite. [15] [16]

Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) co-writer

In 1981, Kaufman became involved with the first Indiana Jones film, Raiders of the Lost Ark , for which he received story credit. The character of Indiana Jones was created by George Lucas and Kaufman came up with the story about the pursuit of the Ark of the Covenant. [4]

The Right Stuff (1983)

In 1983, Kaufman directed and wrote the screenplay for the critically acclaimed film, The Right Stuff , an adaptation of the best-selling book of the same name by Tom Wolfe. The story is based on the events and lives of the original test pilots who were selected to become the first U.S. astronauts. The film helped launch or boost the careers of numerous little-known actors, including Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Fred Ward and Dennis Quaid.[ citation needed ]

Kaufman hired William Goldman to write the screenplay, but after a number of disputes about the focus of the story, Goldman quit and Kaufman wrote the screenplay himself. Goldman wanted the story to portray patriotism and center mostly on the astronauts, whereas Kaufman wanted much of the story to focus on Chuck Yeager (played by Sam Shepard), whom Goldman's script left out completely. Goldman writes in his memoirs, "Phil's heart was with Yeager." [17] And Shepard's biographer, Don Shewey, explains that "though its chief subject is the astronauts, Yeager is the apple of Kaufman's heroic eye." [18] Critic David Thomson agrees:

I think Kaufman picked Shepard for the way he represents the movie star as real man and existentialist ... a man in a leather jacket on a horse meeting a jet plane in the desert. That is an arresting image, and Shepard is all that Kaufman wanted in The Right Stuff. [19] [20]

Historian Michael Barson considers it one of the more ambitious pictures of the 1980s. [9] Roger Ebert said the film was "impressive," noting that the way Kaufman had organized the material into one of the "best recent American movies, is astonishing." [21] The film was nominated for eight Academy Awards (including Best Picture) and won four, yet failed at the box office. [9] Kaufman earned the Writers Guild and Directors Guild nomination for his satiric adaptation of the astronaut program. [4] "It may be the last movie of the heroic 1970s," writes Thomson. [19]

1988–2000

The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988)

The Unbearable Lightness of Being was directed and co-written by Kaufman in 1988. The film is based on the novel by Milan Kundera which takes place during the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Kaufman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. [22]

Henry & June (1990)

In 1990, he wrote and directed Henry & June , a re-creation of the affairs among and between Henry Miller, June Miller, and Anais Nin in 1931 Paris. The film created some controversy when it was released. [9] It was the first film to be given an NC-17 rating by the MPAA.

Rising Sun (1993)

Kaufman directed Rising Sun in 1993, an adaptation of Michael Crichton's thriller which takes place in Los Angeles. The film starred Sean Connery and Wesley Snipes. Crichton angrily withdrew early on as a result of Kaufman softening the book's more anti-Japan posturing. [9]

In 1995, Kaufman narrated China: The Wild East a documentary directed by his son, Peter Kaufman.

Quills (2000)

In 2000, Kaufman directed Quills , a film about the increasingly desperate efforts of the Marquis de Sade's jailers to censor his licentious works, starring Geoffrey Rush, Joaquin Phoenix, Kate Winslet and Michael Caine.

2004–2012

Twisted (2004)

In 2003, he directed Twisted , a thriller about a young policewoman whose casual sex partners are murdered while she herself suffers alcoholic blackouts. It starred Ashley Judd, Samuel L. Jackson and Andy Garcia.

Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012)

In 2012, eight years after his previous film, Kaufman directed an HBO biopic about Ernest Hemingway and his relationship with Martha Gellhorn entitled Hemingway & Gellhorn . It starred Clive Owen and Nicole Kidman. The film had been planned for many years, but languished as a project so he could care for Rose, who was fighting a cancer which would prove terminal. [5] Kidman read the script and told him, "I want to do it ... no matter how long it takes. I'm in." [5] The film was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards, including one for Kaufman for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie, or Dramatic Special.

Unproduced films

Personal life

Kaufman lives in San Francisco, where he also runs his production company, Walrus and Associates. In 1958, Kaufman met Rose Fisher and the couple married the following year. [23] [24] Their only son, Peter, was born in March 1960. [25] Rose, who made appearances in bit roles in Henry & June and Invasion of the Body Snatchers , died in 2009, aged 70, from cancer. [5] She co-wrote the screenplays of The Wanderers and Henry & June. Peter Kaufman was the producer of Henry & June, Rising Sun , Quills , Twisted , and Hemingway & Gellhorn . Peter is married to Christine Pelosi, daughter of Paul and Nancy Pelosi, the former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, and they have a daughter, Isabella, born in 2009. [26] [27] [28]

Filmography

Film

YearFilmDirectorWriterProducerNotes
1964 Goldstein YesYesYesCo-writer and director Benjamin Manaster
1967 Fearless Frank YesYesYes
1972 The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid YesYesNo
1974 The White Dawn YesNoNo
1976 The Outlaw Josey Wales NoYesNoBased on the novel The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales
1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers YesNoNoRemake of the 1956 film
1979 The Wanderers YesYesNoBased on the 1974 novel, adapted with Rose Kaufman
1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark NoStoryNoWith George Lucas
1983 The Right Stuff YesYesNoBased on the 1979 novel
1988 The Unbearable Lightness of Being YesYesNoBased on the 1984 novel, adapted with Jean-Claude Carrière
1990 Henry & June YesYesNoWritten with Rose Kaufman
1993 Rising Sun YesYesNoBased on the 1992 novel, adapted with Michael Backes and Michael Crichton
1994China: The Wild EastNoNoYesDocumentary film
2000 Quills YesNoNoBased on the play of the same name
2004 Twisted YesNoNo

Also credited as "Based on characters created by" for post-Raiders Indiana Jones films and video games.

Television

YearFilmDirectorWriterProducerNotesRef.
2012 Hemingway & Gellhorn YesNoNo HBO Television film

Appearances

YearFilmRoleNotesRef.
1978 Invasion of the Body Snatchers City Official on PhoneVoice cameo
1988 The Unbearable Lightness of Being Man walking on street outside Sabina's flatCameo
2004Lumps of JoyHimselfShort film
2017Adventures in MoviegoingHostEpisode: "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar"

Awards and nominations

YearAssociationCategoryProjectResult
1972 Writers Guild of America Best Drama Written for the Screen The Great Northfield, Minnesota Raid Nominated
1981 Best Comedy Written for the Screen Raiders of the Lost Ark Nominated
1983 Best Adapted Screenplay The Right Stuff Nominated
1983 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Direction of a Motion PictureNominated
1988 Writers Guild of America Best Adapted Screenplay Unbearable Lightness of Being Nominated
Academy Award Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated
BAFTA Award BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay Won
2012 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Directing for TV Movie or a Dramatic Special Hemingway and Gellhorn Nominated
Directors Guild of America Outstanding Direction of a Miniseries or MovieNominated

Legacy

According to film historian Annette Insdorf, "no other living American director has so consistently and successfully made movies for adults, tackling sensuality, artistic creation, and manipulation by authorities." [2] : 1  Other critics note that Kaufman's films are "strong on mood and atmosphere," with powerful cinematography and a "lyrical, poetic style" to portray different historic periods. [1] His later films have a somewhat European style, but the stories always "stress individualism and integrity, and are clearly American." [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Goldman</span> American novelist, screenwriter and playwright (1931–2018)

William Goldman was an American novelist, playwright, and screenwriter. He first came to prominence in the 1950s as a novelist before turning to screenwriting. Among other accolades, Goldman won two Academy Awards in both writing categories: first for Best Original Screenplay for Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) and then for Best Adapted Screenplay for All the President's Men (1976).

<i>The Right Stuff</i> (film) 1983 film directed by Philip Kaufman

The Right Stuff is a 1983 American epic historical drama film written and directed by Philip Kaufman and based on the 1979 book of the same name by Tom Wolfe. The film follows the Navy, Marine, and Air Force test pilots who were involved in aeronautical research at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as well as the Mercury Seven, the seven military pilots who were selected to be the astronauts for Project Mercury, the first human spaceflight by the United States. The film stars Sam Shepard, Ed Harris, Scott Glenn, Fred Ward, Dennis Quaid, and Barbara Hershey; Levon Helm narrates and plays Air Force test pilot Jack Ridley.

<i>Quills</i> (film) 2000 film

Quills is a 2000 period film directed by Philip Kaufman and adapted from the Obie award-winning 1995 play by Doug Wright, who also wrote the original screenplay. Inspired by the life and work of the Marquis de Sade, Quills re-imagines the last years of the Marquis's incarceration in the insane asylum at Charenton. It stars Geoffrey Rush as de Sade, Kate Winslet as laundress Madeleine "Maddie" LeClerc, Joaquin Phoenix as the Abbé de Coulmier, and Michael Caine as Dr. Royer-Collard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barbara Turner (screenwriter)</span> American screenwriter and actress (1936–2016)

Gloria Rose "Barbara" Turner was an American screenwriter and actress. The actress Jennifer Jason Leigh is her daughter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlie Kaufman</span> American filmmaker and novelist

Charles Stuart Kaufman is an American screenwriter, film director, and novelist. He wrote the films Being John Malkovich (1999), Adaptation (2002), and Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004). He both wrote and directed the films Synecdoche, New York (2008), Anomalisa (2015), and I'm Thinking of Ending Things (2020). In 2020, Kaufman released his first novel, Antkind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerry Stahl</span> American writer

Jerry Stahl is an American novelist and screenwriter. His works include the 1995 memoir of addiction Permanent Midnight. A 1998 film adaptation followed with Ben Stiller in the lead role.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clive Owen</span> British actor

Clive Owen is an English actor. He first gained recognition in the United Kingdom for playing the lead role in the ITV series Chancer from 1990 to 1991. He received critical acclaim for his work in the film Close My Eyes (1991) before earning international attention for his performance as a struggling writer in Croupier (1998). In 2005, he won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for his performance in the drama Closer (2004).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Erland Josephson</span> Swedish actor (1923–2012)

Erland Josephson was a Swedish actor and author. He was best known by international audiences for his work in films directed by Ingmar Bergman, Andrei Tarkovsky and Theodoros Angelopoulos.

Douglas Wright is an American playwright, librettist, and screenwriter. Known for his extensive work in the American theatre in both plays and musicals, he has received numerous accolades including the Pulitzer Prize and a Tony Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Molly Parker</span> Canadian actress (born 1972)

Molly Parker is a Canadian actress, writer, and director. She garnered critical attention for her portrayal of a necrophiliac medical student in the controversial drama Kissed (1996). She subsequently starred in the television thriller Intensity (1997) before landing her first major American film role in the drama Waking the Dead (2000). She gained further notice for her role as a Las Vegas escort in the drama The Center of the World (2001), for which she was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean-Claude Carrière</span> French writer (1931–2021)

Jean-Claude Carrière was a French novelist, screenwriter and actor. He received an Academy Award for best short film for co-writing Heureux Anniversaire (1963), and was later conferred an Honorary Oscar in 2014. He was nominated for the Academy Award three other times for his work in The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972), That Obscure Object of Desire (1977), and The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988). He also won a César Award for Best Original Screenplay in The Return of Martin Guerre (1983).

<i>The Wanderers</i> (1979 film) 1979 film directed by Philip Kaufman

The Wanderers is a 1979 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Philip Kaufman and starring Ken Wahl, John Friedrich, Karen Allen, Toni Kalem, Tony Ganios and Jim Youngs. Set in the Bronx in 1963, the film follows a gang of Italian-American teenagers known as the Wanderers and their ongoing power struggles with rival gangs such as the Baldies and the Wongs.

Richard Price is an American novelist and screenwriter, known for the books The Wanderers (1974), Clockers (1992) and Lush Life (2008). Price's novels explore late-20th-century urban America in a gritty, realistic manner that has brought him considerable literary acclaim. Several of his novels are set in a fictional northern New Jersey city called Dempsy.

Steven Ray Wiig is an American film actor, director, producer and musician. He appeared in the films Into the Wild, Metallica: Some Kind of Monster, Milk, and The Master. He is also the drummer in the band Papa Wheelie. Wiig is the primary songwriter in his band The Martichora along with Rich Doucette.

<i>The Unbearable Lightness of Being</i> (film) 1988 American drama film

The Unbearable Lightness of Being is a 1988 American romantic drama film, an adaptation of the 1984 novel by Milan Kundera. It was directed by Philip Kaufman, who co-wrote the screenplay with Jean-Claude Carrière, and stars Daniel Day-Lewis, Juliette Binoche and Lena Olin. The film portrays Czechoslovak artistic and intellectual life during the Prague Spring, and the effect on the main characters of the communist repression that resulted from the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bo Goldman</span> American screenwriter (1932–2023)

Bo Goldman was an American screenwriter and playwright. He received numerous accolades including two Academy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Writers Guild of America Awards as well as the Lifetime Achievement Award in 1998. He also received two BAFTA Award nominations.

<i>The Right Stuff</i> (book) 1979 nonfiction book by Tom Wolfe

The Right Stuff is a 1979 book by Tom Wolfe about the pilots engaged in U.S. postwar research with experimental rocket-powered, high-speed aircraft as well as documenting the stories of the first astronauts selected for the NASA's Project Mercury program. The Right Stuff is based on extensive research by Wolfe, who interviewed test pilots, the astronauts and their wives, among others. The story contrasts the Mercury Seven and their families with other test pilots such as Chuck Yeager, who was never selected as an astronaut.

<i>Hemingway & Gellhorn</i> 2012 television film directed by Philip Kaufman

Hemingway & Gellhorn is a 2012 American biographical drama television film directed by Philip Kaufman and written by Jerry Stahl and Barbara Turner, about the lives of journalist Martha Gellhorn and her husband, writer Ernest Hemingway. The film premiered at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival, and aired on HBO on May 28, 2012.

The 23rd National Society of Film Critics Awards, given on 9 January 1989, honored the best filmmaking of 1988.

Rogier Stoffers, ASC is a Dutch cinematographer known for his extensive work in both film and television, shooting movies like Quills, John Q., School of Rock, and Disturbia. He has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and an ASC Award, and is the recipient of a Golden Frog award from the prestigious Camerimage Film Festival.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Allon, Yoram; Cullen, Del; and Patterson, Hannah, editors. Contemporary North American Film Directors, Wallflower Press (2000) p. 292
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Insdorf, Annette. Philip Kaufman, Univ. of Illinois Press (2012)
  3. 1 2 3 4 Simon, Alex. "Kaufman/Sade", Venice Magazine, December 2000/January 2001
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hillstrom, Laurie, and Welsh, James M., editors. International Dictionary of Films and Filmmakers-2: Directors, 3rd edition, St. James Press (1997) pp. 512-13
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Feinsilber, Pamela (May 22, 2012). "Philip Kaufman fights grief to make "Hemingway"". SFGate. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Rose Kaufman". IMDb. Retrieved November 14, 2021.
  7. ↑ Philip Kaufman, Film Reference; accessed January 20, 2019.
  8. 1 2 Boggs, Johnny D. Jesse James and the Movies, McFarland (2011) p. 200
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barson, Michael. Hollywood Directors, Noonday Press (1995) pp. 222-23
  10. ↑ Cain, Scott (November 9, 1975). "Actors Second in 'Lisztornania'". The Atlanta Constitution.
  11. ↑ "Eastwood Rule". Dictionary.com. July 1, 2019.
  12. ↑ Morrison, Michael A. Trajectories of the Fantastic: Selected Essays, Greenwood Publishing (1997) p. 195
  13. ↑ Menand, Louis. American Studies, Macmillan (2002) p. 189
  14. ↑ Hartlaub, Peter (October 14, 2023). "S.F.'s most realistic depiction is a 1978 horror movie that got mixed reviews". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 14, 2023. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  15. ↑ Maltin, Leonard. Leonard Maltin's 2009 Movie Guide, Penguin (2008) p. 1506
  16. ↑ video: Clip from The Wanderers
  17. ↑ Goldman, William. Adventures in the Screen Trade, Grand Central Publishing (1983) e-bk
  18. ↑ Shewey, Don. Sam Shepard, Da Capo Press (1997) pp. 165-166
  19. 1 2 Thomson, David. The New Biographical Dictionary of Film, Knopf (2002) pp. 454-56.
  20. ↑ video: Scene from The Right Stuff
  21. ↑ Ebert, Roger. Awake in the Dark: The Best of Roger Ebert, Univ. of Chicago Press (2006) p. 160
  22. ↑ video: Scene compilation from The Unbearable Lightness of Being
  23. ↑ Feinsilber, Pamela (December 31, 2013). "Philip Kaufman fights grief to make 'Hemingway'". SFGATE.
  24. ↑ "Kaufman, Philip". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  25. ↑ Seitz, Matt Zoller (November 20, 2023). "'It's Probably the Longest Movie Ever Made Without a Plot'". Vulture. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
  26. ↑ "Christine Pelosi, Peter Kaufman". The New York Times . February 17, 2008. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Speaker Pelosi Welcomes Isabella Pelosi Kaufman". Speaker Nancy Pelosi. March 23, 2009. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020.
  28. ↑ "Isabella Pelosi Kaufman". March 22, 2009.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.