Planet of the Apes (1968 film)

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Planet of the Apes
PlanetoftheapesPoster.jpg
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner
Screenplay by
Based on Planet of the Apes
by Pierre Boulle
Produced by Arthur P. Jacobs
Starring
Cinematography Leon Shamroy
Edited by Hugh S. Fowler
Music by Jerry Goldsmith
Color process Eastmancolor
Production
company
APJAC Productions
Distributed by 20th Century-Fox
Release dates
  • February 8, 1968 (1968-02-08)(Capitol Theatre)
  • April 3, 1968 (1968-04-03)(United States)
Running time
112 minutes [1]
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5.8 million [2]
Box office$33.3 million [2]

Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner from a screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling, loosely based on the 1963 novel by Pierre Boulle. The film stars Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, and Linda Harrison. In the film, an astronaut crew crash-lands on a strange planet in the distant future. Although the planet appears desolate at first, the surviving crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence and speech. The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins.

Contents

The outline Planet of the Apes script, originally written by Serling, underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began. [3] Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached, but the film's producer Arthur P. Jacobs, upon the recommendation of Heston, chose Franklin J. Schaffner to direct the film. Schaffner's changes included an ape society less advanced—and therefore less expensive to depict—than that of the original novel. [4] Filming took place between May 21 and August 10, 1967, in California, Utah, and Arizona, with desert sequences shot in and around Lake Powell, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. The film's final "closed" cost was $5.8 million.

Planet of the Apes premiered on February 8, 1968, at the Capitol Theatre in New York City, and was released in the United States on April 3, by 20th Century-Fox. The film was a box-office hit, earning a lifetime domestic gross of $33.3 million. [2] It was groundbreaking for its prosthetic makeup techniques by artist John Chambers [5] and was well received by audiences and critics, being nominated for Best Costume Design and Best Original Score at the 41st Academy Awards, and winning an honorary Academy Award for Chambers. In 2001, Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". [6] [7]

Planet of the Apes' success launched a franchise, [8] including four sequels, as well as a television series, animated series, comic books, and various merchandising. In particular, Roddy McDowall had a long-running relationship with the franchise, appearing in four of the original five films (he was absent from the second film, Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in which he was replaced by David Watson in the role of Cornelius) and also in the television series. The original film series was followed by Tim Burton's remake of the same name in 2001 and a reboot series, which began with Rise of the Planet of the Apes in 2011. [9]

Plot

Teaser of the film

Astronauts Taylor, Landon, and Dodge awaken from deep hibernation after a near-light-speed space voyage. Their spacecraft crashes into a lake on an unknown planet; Taylor's estimate places them in Orion's Bellatrix System, 300 light-years from their home Solar System. Before they abandon their sinking vessel, the three survivors read the ship's chronometer as November 25, 3978 – two thousand and six years after their departure in 1972. However, due to time dilation, the astronauts themselves have aged slightly less than one year.

The men travel through desolate wasteland, coming across eerie scarecrow-like figures and a freshwater lake with lush vegetation. While the men are swimming, their clothes are stolen and shredded by primitive mute humans. Soon after, armed gorillas raid a cornfield where the humans are gathering food. Taylor is shot in the throat as he and the others are captured. Dodge is killed and Landon is rendered unconscious in the chaos. Taylor is taken to Ape City. Two chimpanzees, animal psychologist Zira and surgeon Galen, save Taylor's life, though his throat injury renders him temporarily mute.

Taylor is placed with a captive female, whom he later names Nova. He observes an advanced society of talking apes with a strict caste system: gorillas are the military force and laborers; orangutans oversee government and religion; and intellectual chimpanzees are mostly scientists and doctors. The ape society is a theocracy, while the apes consider the primitive humans as vermin to be hunted and either killed outright, enslaved, or used in scientific experiments. Taylor convinces Zira and her fiancé, Cornelius, that he is as intelligent as they are by making a paper airplane. Dr. Zaius, their orangutan superior, arranges for Taylor to be castrated against Zira's protests. Taylor escapes and finds Dodge's stuffed corpse on display in a museum. He is soon recaptured, in the process revealing that he can speak, which alarms the apes.

Cornelius (McDowall), Zira (Hunter), and Taylor (Heston) Cornelius Zira Taylor.jpg
Cornelius (McDowall), Zira (Hunter), and Taylor (Heston)

A hearing to determine Taylor's origins is convened. Taylor mentions his two comrades, learning that Landon was lobotomized and rendered catatonic. Believing Taylor either is from an unknown human tribe beyond their borders or was the subject of a mad scientist who gave him the power of speech, Zaius privately threatens to castrate and lobotomize Taylor for refusing to reveal his origins. With help from Zira's nephew Lucius, Zira and Cornelius free Taylor and Nova and take them to the Forbidden Zone, a taboo region outside Ape City where Taylor's ship crashed. Ape law has ruled the area out of bounds for centuries. Cornelius and Zira are intent to gather proof of an earlier non-simian civilization – which Cornelius discovered a year earlier – to be cleared of heresy; Taylor focuses on proving he comes from a different planet.

When the group arrives at the cave, Cornelius is intercepted by Zaius and his soldiers. Taylor holds them off by threatening to shoot Zaius, who agrees to enter the cave to disprove their theories. Inside, Cornelius displays remnants of a technologically advanced human society pre-dating simian history. Taylor identifies artifacts such as dentures, eyeglasses, a heart valve, and, to the apes' astonishment, a talking human doll. Zaius admits he has always known about the ancient human civilization. Taylor wants to search for answers. Zaius warns Taylor against finding an answer which he does not like, adding that the now-desolate Forbidden Zone was once a lush paradise. After Taylor and Nova are allowed to leave, Zaius has the cave sealed off to destroy the evidence, while charging Zira, Cornelius, and Lucius with heresy.

Taylor, Nova (Harrison), and the Statue of Liberty Potaending.jpg
Taylor, Nova (Harrison), and the Statue of Liberty

Taylor and Nova follow the shoreline on horseback. Eventually, they discover the remnants of the Statue of Liberty, revealing that this supposedly alien planet is actually Earth, long after an apocalyptic nuclear war. Understanding Zaius' earlier warning while Nova looks on in shock, Taylor falls to his knees in despair, cursing humanity for destroying the world.

Cast

Production

Origins

Producer Arthur P. Jacobs bought the rights for the Pierre Boulle novel before its publication in 1963. Jacobs pitched the production to many studios, and in late 1964, the project was announced as a Warner Bros. production, with Blake Edwards attached to direct. [10] After Jacobs made a successful debut as a producer doing What a Way to Go! (1964) for 20th Century-Fox and begun pre-production of another film for the studio, Doctor Dolittle , he managed to convince Fox vice-president Richard D. Zanuck to greenlight Planet of the Apes. [11]

One script that came close to being made was written by The Twilight Zone creator Rod Serling, though it was finally rejected for a number of reasons. A prime concern was cost, as the technologically advanced ape society portrayed by Serling's script would have involved expensive sets, props, and special effects. The previously blacklisted screenwriter Michael Wilson was brought in to rewrite Serling's script and, as suggested by director Franklin J. Schaffner, the ape society was made more primitive as a way of reducing costs. Serling's stylized twist ending was retained, and became one of the most famous movie endings of all time. The exact location and state of decay of the Statue of Liberty changed over several storyboards. One version depicted the statue buried up to its nose in the middle of a jungle while another depicted the statue in pieces. [11]

To convince the Fox Studio that a Planet of the Apes film could be made, the producers shot a brief test scene from a Rod Serling draft of the script, using early versions of the ape makeup, on March 8, 1966. Charlton Heston appeared as an early version of Taylor (named Thomas, as he was in the Serling-penned drafts), Edward G. Robinson appeared as Zaius, while two then-unknown Fox contract actors, James Brolin and Linda Harrison, played Cornelius and Zira. Harrison, who was at the time the girlfriend of studio chief Richard D. Zanuck, went on to be cast as Nova. Jacobs had at first considered Ursula Andress, then screen tested Angelique Pettyjohn, and even considered doing an international talent search for the role before Harrison's casting. [12] [13] Robinson wound up not joining the cast due to his declining health.

Michael Wilson's rewrite kept the basic structure of Serling's screenplay but rewrote all the dialogue and set the script in a more primitive society. According to associate producer Mort Abrahams an additional uncredited writer (his only recollection was that the writer's last name was Kelly) polished the script, rewrote some of the dialogue and included some of the more heavy-handed tongue-in-cheek dialogue ("I never met an ape I didn't like") which wasn't in either Serling or Wilson's drafts. According to Abrahams, some scenes, such as the one where the judges imitate the "see no evil, speak no evil and hear no evil" monkeys, were improvised on the set by director Franklin J. Schaffner and kept in the final film because of the audience reaction during test screenings prior to release. [14] [ page needed ] During filming John Chambers, who designed prosthetic make-up in the film, [5] held training sessions at 20th Century-Fox studios, where he mentored other make-up artists of the film. [15]

Filming

The astronauts' journey from their downed ship was filmed along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon. Glen Canyon 305947975.jpg
The astronauts' journey from their downed ship was filmed along the Colorado River in Glen Canyon.

Filming began on May 21, 1967, and wrapped on August 10. Most of the early scenes of a desert-like terrain were shot in northern Arizona near the Grand Canyon, the Colorado River, Lake Powell, [14] : 61  Glen Canyon [14] : 61  and other locations near Page, Arizona [14] : 59  Most scenes of the ape village, interiors and exteriors, were filmed on the Fox Ranch [14] : 68  in Malibu Creek State Park, northwest of Los Angeles, essentially the backlot of 20th Century-Fox. The concluding beach scenes were filmed on a stretch of California seacoast between Malibu and Oxnard with cliffs that towered 130 feet (40 m) above the shore. Reaching the beach on foot was virtually impossible, so cast, crew, film equipment, and even horses had to be lowered in by helicopter. [14] : 79 

The remains of the Statue of Liberty were shot in a secluded cove on the far eastern end of Westward Beach, between Zuma Beach and Point Dume in Malibu. [16] As noted in the documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes, [11] the special effect shot of the half-buried statue was achieved by seamlessly blending a matte painting with existing cliffs. The shot looking down at Taylor was done from a 70-foot (21 m) scaffold, angled over a 1⁄2-scale papier-mache model of the Statue. The actors in Planet of the Apes were so affected by their roles and wardrobe that, when not shooting, they automatically segregated themselves with the species they were portraying. [17] Lou Wanger said that the makeup was particularly heavy in the area of the mouth and made it difficult to drink anything. [18]

At one point, it was decided that Nova was pregnant, and scenes were filmed around the Page locations revealing Nova's pregnancy. In the penultimate drafts of Planet of the Apes, Taylor was killed by the bullet of an ape sniper while Nova, pregnant with Taylor's child, escaped and vanished into the Forbidden Zone. Although Harrison believed it was Heston who rejected the idea of Nova's pregnancy, those scenes were deleted, according to screenwriter Michael Wilson, "at the insistence of a high-echelon Fox executive who found it distasteful. Why? I suppose that, if one defines the mute Nova as merely "humanoid" and not actually human, it would mean that Taylor had committed sodomy." [19] It was also decided that Nova's pregnancy would detract from the film's ending. In any case, all Harrison's scenes with Heston and Hunter in the sequence of Nova's pregnancy were cut. "There's probably a great deal of footage of it somewhere." [20]

Reception

Critical response

Planet of the Apes was met with critical acclaim and is widely regarded as a classic. It was rated one of the best films of 1968, applauded for its imagination and its commentary on a possible world turned upside down. [21] [22] Pauline Kael called it "one of the most entertaining science-fiction fantasies ever to come out of Hollywood". [23] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four and called it "much better than I expected it to be. It is quickly paced, completely entertaining, and its philosophical pretensions don't get in the way". [24] Renata Adler of The New York Times wrote, "It is no good at all, but fun, at moments, to watch." [25] Arthur D. Murphy of Variety called it "an amazing film." He thought the script "at times digresses into low comedy", but "the totality of the film works very well". [26] Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "A triumph of artistry and imagination, it is at once a timely parable and a grand adventure on an epic scale." [27] Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post called it an "amusing and unusually engrossing picture." [28]

As of November 2022, the film has an 87% rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 60 reviews with an average rating of 7.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Planet of the Apes raises thought-provoking questions about our culture without letting social commentary get in the way of the drama and action." [29] On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 79 out of 100 based on 14 reviews. [30] In 2008, the film was selected by Empire magazine as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. [31]

Box office

According to Fox records the film required $12,850,000 in theater rentals to break even and made $20,825,000—a large profit for the studio. [32]

Accolades

Kim Hunter Kim Hunter in makeup Planet of the Apes.jpg
Kim Hunter

The film won an honorary Academy Award for John Chambers for his outstanding make-up achievement. The film was nominated for Best Costume Design (Morton Haack) and Best Original Score for a Motion Picture (not a Musical) (Jerry Goldsmith). [33] The score is known for its avant-garde compositional techniques, as well as the use of unusual percussion instruments and extended performance techniques, as well as his 12-tone music (the violin part using all 12 chromatic notes) to give an eerie, unsettled feel to the planet, mirroring the sense of placelessness.

American Film Institute Lists

National Film Registry

Among the 25 Films inducted into the Library of Congress for the year 2001. [41]

Legacy

Original series sequels

Writer Rod Serling was brought back to work on an outline for a sequel. Serling's outline was ultimately discarded in favor of a story by associate producer Mort Abrahams and writer Paul Dehn, which became the basis for Beneath the Planet of the Apes . [14] [ page needed ] The original film series had four sequels:

Television series

Remake

Reboot series

Documentaries

Comics

A parody of the film series titled "The Milking of the Planet That Went Ape" was published in Mad Magazine . It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Arnie Kogen in regular issue #157, March 1973. [52]

The cartoon The Fairly OddParents "Abra-Catastrophe!" special has Timmy Turner and his archenemy Crocker ending up in a future Earth where apes are the masters and humans are slaves.

The Simpsons episode "A Fish Called Selma" includes a theatrical production of a musical version of the film.

TV Globo, Brazil's largest television network, aired from 1976 to 1982 a sketch called Planeta dos Homens (Planet of the Men) where three apes from a highly evolved ape planet tried to comprehend the illogical human civilization.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franklin J. Schaffner</span> American director

Franklin James Schaffner was an American film, television, and stage director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for Patton (1970), and is known for the films Planet of the Apes (1968), Nicholas and Alexandra (1971), Papillon (1973), and The Boys from Brazil (1978). He served as president of the Directors Guild of America between 1987 and 1989.

<i>Beneath the Planet of the Apes</i> 1970 American science fiction film

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<i>Conquest of the Planet of the Apes</i> 1972 science fiction film directed by J. Lee Thompson

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<i>Return to the Planet of the Apes</i> 1975–1976 animated series

Return to the Planet of the Apes is a 1975 American animated television series based on the 1968 film Planet of the Apes and its sequels, which were, in turn, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Pierre Boulle. Unlike the film, its sequels, and the 1974 live-action television series, which involved a primitive ape civilization, Return to the Planet of the Apes depicted a technologically advanced society, complete with automobiles, film, and television; as such it more closely resembled both Boulle's original novel and early concepts for the first Apes film which were changed due to budgetary limitations in the late 1960s.

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References

  1. ↑ "Planet of the Apes". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 "The Planet of the Apes (1968) – Financial Information". The Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 21, 2014.
  3. ↑ Webb, Gordon C. (July 1998). "30 Years Later: Rod Serling's Settling the Debate over Who Wrote What, and When". www.rodserling.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2007.
  4. ↑ Leong, Anthony. "Those Damned Dirty Apes!". www.mediacircus.net. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2011.
  5. 1 2 Brian Pendreigh (September 7, 2001). "Obituary: John Chambers: Make-up master responsible for Hollywood's finest space-age creatures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
  6. ↑ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
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  10. ↑ Motion Picture Exhibitor, December 30, 1964, page 60
  11. 1 2 3 American Movie Classics (1998). Behind the Planet of the Apes. Planet of the Apes Blu-Ray: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
  12. ↑ Hofstede, David (2001). Planet Of The Apes: An Unofficial Companion. ECW Press. p. 8. ISBN   1550224468.
  13. ↑ Pulver, Andrew (June 24, 2005). "Monkey business". The Guardian . Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Russo, Joe; Landsman, Larry; Gross, Edward (2001). Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-The Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga (1st ed.). New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN   0312252390.
  15. ↑ Tom Weaver (2010). Sci-Fi Swarm and Horror Horde: Interviews with 62 Filmmakers. McFarland. p. 314. ISBN   978-0786458318. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
  16. ↑ "Film locations for Planet of the Apes (1968)". Movie-locations.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  17. ↑ "Apes Trivia". Theforbidden-zone.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  18. ↑ "Dr. Zaius Dishes on 'Planet of the Apes'". July 11, 2016.
  19. ↑ Winogura, Dale (Summer 1972). "Planet of the Apes Issue" (PDF). Cinefantastique. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  20. ↑ Russo, Joe; Landsman, Larry; Gross, Edward (2001). Planet of the Apes Revisited: The Behind-the-Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN   0-312-25239-0. pp 26–27, 28, 30, 31, 58–59, 68, 78, 124, 129
  21. ↑ "The Greatest Films of 1968". AMC Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on April 14, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  22. ↑ "The Best Movies of 1968 by Rank". Films101.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  23. ↑ Kael, Pauline (2011) [1991]. 5001 Nights at the Movies. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 586. ISBN   978-1-250-03357-4. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2019.
  24. ↑ Ebert, Roger (April 15, 1968). "Planet of the Apes". RogerEbert.com . Archived from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2018.
  25. ↑ Adler, Renata (February 9, 1968). "She Reads Playboy, He Reads Cosmopolitan:Ritual Roles Reversed in 'Sweet November' ' Planet of the Apes' and 'Winter' Also Open (Published 1968)". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  26. ↑ Murphy, Arthur D. (February 7, 1968). "Film Reviews: Planet of the Apes". Variety . 6.
  27. ↑ Thomas, Kevin (March 24, 1968). "'Planet of Apes' Out of This World" Archived September 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine . Los Angeles Times . Calendar, p. 18.
  28. ↑ Coe, Richard L. (April 12, 1968). "The Simians Take a Planet". The Washington Post . B6.
  29. ↑ "Planet of the Apes (1968)". Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved August 14, 2021.
  30. ↑ "Planet of the Apes critic reviews". www.metacritic.com. Retrieved December 13, 2023.
  31. ↑ Empire's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time. Empire magazine via Internet Archive. Accessed May 21, 2010.
  32. ↑ Silverman, Stephen M (1988). The Fox that got away : the last days of the Zanuck dynasty at Twentieth Century-Fox . L. Stuart. p.  327. ISBN   9780818404856.
  33. ↑ Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1986). MacColl, Gail (ed.). Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 768.
  34. ↑ "America's Greatest Movies" (PDF). AFI. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  35. ↑ "AFI's 100 YEARS…100 THRILLS". American Film Institute. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  36. ↑ "AFI'S 100 Years 100 Heroes & Villains" (PDF). AFI. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 13, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  37. ↑ "AFI's 100 YEARS…100 MOVIE QUOTES". American Film Institute. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  38. ↑ "AFI's 100 YEARS OF FILM SCORES". American Film Institute. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
  39. ↑ "AFI 100 Years 100 Movies" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  40. ↑ "AFI Ballot" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 11, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  42. ↑ Lussier, Germain (October 1, 2012). "Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes'". /Film. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  43. ↑ Douglas, Edward (December 10, 2013). "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes Moves Up One Week". ComingSoon.net. Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2013.
  44. ↑ McNary, Dave (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016". Variety . Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  45. ↑ Sneider, Jeff (January 5, 2015). "Channing Tatum's 'Gambit' Gets 2016 Release Date, 'Fantastic Four' Sequel Moves Up". Archived from the original on January 6, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  46. ↑ Goldberg, Matt (May 14, 2015). "New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed". Collider . Archived from the original on May 16, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  47. ↑ Couch, Aaron (October 11, 2022). "Marvel Shifts Dates for 'Avengers: Secret Wars,' 'Deadpool 3', 'Fantastic Four' and 'Blade'". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  48. ↑ Planet of the Apes Archived October 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the Grand Comics Database
  49. ↑ Adventures on the Planet of the Apes Archived June 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine at the Grand Comics Database
  50. ↑ McMillan, Graeme (February 1, 2018). "Rod Serling's 'Planet of the Apes' Script Inspires Graphic Novel (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  51. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Insha (September 3, 2018). "Planet of the Apes: Visionaries is Unpredictable, Stunning and Wild". Archived from the original on September 6, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  52. ↑ "Doug Gilford's Mad Cover Site – Mad #157". Madcoversite.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved August 18, 2016.
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