Poranthereae

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Poranthereae
Scientific classification Red Pencil Icon.png
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Phyllanthaceae
Subfamily: Phyllanthoideae
Tribe: Poranthereae
Gruning
Genera

Andrachne
Meineckia
Notoleptopus
Pseudophyllanthus
Poranthera
Phyllanthopsis
Actephila
Leptopus

Contents

Poranthereae is a tribe in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. It is one of ten tribes in the family, and one of four tribes in the subfamily Phyllanthoideae. [1] Poranthereae comprises about 111 species, distributed into eight genera. [2] The largest genera and the number of species in each are Actephila (31), Meineckia (30), and Andrachne (22).

The tribe consists of herbs, shrubs, and small to medium trees. They have a cosmopolitan distribution, occurring on all continents, except Antarctica. The circumscription and classification of Poranthereae were substantially revised following phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from members of the family Phyllanthaceae. [2]

Within Poranthereae, groups of related genera are strongly correlated with habitat and geographical distribution. For example, Notoleptopus, Pseudophyllanthus, and Poranthera are restricted to the Old World Southern Hemisphere.

Description

Monoecious, sometimes dioecious herbs, shrubs, or trees to 6m tall. Thorns or other armature absent. Stipules present, sometimes leaf-like is some Meineckia. Petioles present or absent, not pulvinate. leaves simple, arrangement alternate, subopposite, or in some Poranthera, opposite. margins entire. Inflorescences axillary, or rarely, apparently terminal. Flowers solitary to fasciculate. Sepals free, greenish, persistent. Petals present or absent, often partly adnate to the nectary disk, equal to the sepals or shorter, white or greenish, usually larger in staminate than in pistillate flowers. Disk present, extrastaminal; annular or divided into alternisepalous segments or glands. Stamens opposite the sepals, free or fused for up to 9/10 of their length. Anthers latrorse, at least in bud, opening by longitudinal slits, or in Poranthera, by pores. Ovary usually divided into three locules. Two ovules in each locule. Styles free to almost completely fused. Fruit explosively dehiscent. Seeds usually two per locule; sometimes one in Actephila and Meineckia.

Taxonomy

The presence and size of petals is an important character in the taxonomy of Poranthereae. In most species, the petals of staminate flowers are almost as large as the sepals, and the petals of pistillate flowers are much smaller.

Petal loss or reduction has occurred at least four times in the evolution of Poranthereae. It has been observed in Poranthera, Actephila, Andrachne, and Meineckia. In one species of Poranthera and in several of Actephila, the petal size is variable, and sometimes the petals are completely absent. In some species of Actephila, petal number as well as size is variable. In Andrachne subgenus Phyllanthidea, staminate petals are lost in some species, and pistillate petals are lost in others. Petals are entirely absent in Meineckia subgenus Meineckia. [2]

History

The name "Poranthereae" was first used by G.R. Grüning in 1913. [3] The type genus for the tribe is Poranthera, which was so named because the anthers open poricidally rather than by longitudinal slits. [4]

Two similar treatments of Poranthereae were presented by Grady Webster and Alan Radcliffe-Smith, in 1994 and 2001, respectively. [5] [6] These authors considered Poranthereae to be part of Euphorbiaceae sensu lato, a taxon that is now known to be paraphyletic. [7] [8] Their circumscription of the tribe was different from that which is now generally accepted.

Poranthaceae, as currently understood, was first recognized in phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of selected genes. [9] The existence of this clade was not entirely unanticipated and had been at least partially suggested in several studies based on morphology. [10] The tribe was formally established in its present form in a revision of Phyllanthaceae in 2006. [1] In 2007, a phylogeny of Poranthereae was presented by Vorontsova et alii, based on DNA sequences of matK and ITS. [10] This paper included much on the taxonomic history of the tribe.

In 2008, based on molecular phylogenetic studies, Vorontsova and Hoffmann published a revised classification of the tribe. [2] A description of each genus and a key to the genera were included. Four of the genera recognized by Radcliffe-Smith (Zimmermannia, Zimmermanniopsis, Archileptopus, and Oreoporanthera) were sunk into other genera and three new genera were established. Notoleptopus was "carved" out of Leptopus, while Pseudophyllanthus and Phyllanthopsis were removed from Andrachne.

Some of the genera in Poranthereae are still in need of revision. This is especially true of Actephila, the most variable and least understood genus in the tribe. [2]

Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree is based on the one by Vorontsova and Hoffmann (2008). [2] All branches have at least 75% bootstrap support. Branches with less statistical support are collapsed to form the tetratomy in the tree below.

Poranthereae
 
 

Andrachne  subgenus Phyllanthidea

 
 

Andrachne subgenus Andrachne

 
 
 
 

Meineckia  subgenus Petaliferae

 
 

Meineckia subgenus Meineckia

 
 
 
 

Notoleptopus

 
 
 

Pseudophyllanthus

 
 

Poranthera

 
 
 
 
 

Phyllanthopsis

 
 
 

Actephila

 
 

Leptopus

 
 
 
 

Related Research Articles

<i>Phyllanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Phyllanthus is the largest genus in the plant family Phyllanthaceae. Estimates of the number of species in this genus vary widely, from 750 to 1200. Phyllanthus has a remarkable diversity of growth forms including annual and perennial herbs, shrubs, climbers, floating aquatics, and pachycaulous succulents. Some have flattened leaflike stems called cladodes. It has a wide variety of floral morphologies and chromosome numbers and has one of the widest range of pollen types of any seed plant genus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phyllanthaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Phyllanthaceae is a family of flowering plants in the eudicot order Malpighiales. It is most closely related to the family Picrodendraceae.

<i>Leptopus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Leptopus, the maidenbushes, are a group of plants in the flowering plant family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1836. As presently constituted, is native to southern Asia from the Caucasus east to China and Maluku.

<i>Bischofia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Bischofia is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1827. It is native to southern China, the Indian Subcontinent, Queensland, New Guinea, and various islands of the Pacific. It is the only member of the tribe Bischofieae. They are dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, but may rarely be monoecious.

Martretia is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1907. It contains only one known species, Martretia quadricornis, native to western and central Africa from Sierra Leone to Zaire. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Leptonema is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described in 1824. The entire genus is endemic to Madagascar. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

  1. Leptonema glabrum(Leandri) Leandri
  2. Leptonema venosum(Poir.) A.Juss.

Thecacoris is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1821. It is native to tropical Africa and Madagascar. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants, although it may rarely be monoecious.

<i>Poranthera</i> Genus of flowering plants

Poranthera is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1811.

Ashtonia is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1968. It is native to the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

  1. Ashtonia excelsa Airy Shaw - Borneo
  2. Ashtonia praeterita Airy Shaw - S Thailand, W Malaysia
<i>Baccaurea</i> Genus of flowering plants

Baccaurea is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. The genus comprises over 100 species, distributed from Malesia to the West Pacific. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants. Many species contain edible fruits.

<i>Uapaca</i> Genus of flowering plants

Uapaca is a genus of plant, in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1858. It is the only genus comprised in the tribe Uapaceae. The genus is native to Africa and Madagascar. Uapaca is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

Didymocistus is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1940. It contains only one known species, Didymocistus chrysadenius, native to the Loreto region of northeastern Peru, the Amazonas Department of southeastern Colombia, and the State of Amazonas in northwestern Brazil. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

<i>Hymenocardia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Hymenocardia is a genus of trees in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1836. Most of the species are native to Africa, with one in Southeast Asia.

<i>Securinega</i> Genus of flowering plants

Securinega is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1789. As presently conceived, the genus is native to Madagascar and the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean. In the past, it was considered to be much more widespread, thus explaining the long list of species formerly included. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

  1. Securinega antsingyensisLeandri - W Madagascar
  2. Securinega capuroniiLeandri - W Madagascar
  3. Securinega durissimaJ.F.Gmel. - Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues Island
  4. Securinega perrieriLeandri - W Madagascar
  5. Securinega seyrigiiLeandri - W Madagascar
<i>Actephila</i> Genus of flowering plants

Actephila is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae, first described as a genus in 1826. It is one of 8 genera in the tribe Poranthereae, and is most closely related to Leptopus. The name of the genus is derived from two Greek words, akte, "the seashore", and philos, "loving". It refers to a coastal habitat.

Gonatogyne is a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1873. It contains only one known species, Gonatogyne brasiliensis, endemic to southeastern Brazil. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

<i>Lachnostylis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Lachnostylis is a genus of the family Phyllanthaceae first described as a genus in 1846. It is native to the Eastern Cape and the Western Cape Provinces of South Africa. It is often included in Savia. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate plants.

  1. Lachnostylis bilocularisR.A.Dyer
  2. Lachnostylis hirta(L.f.) Müll.Arg.
<i>Phyllanthopsis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Phyllanthopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Phyllanthaceae. It is one of the eight genera in the tribe Poranthereae. It has two species. The type species is Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides.

Pseudophyllanthus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Phyllanthaceae. It is one of the eight genera in the tribe Poranthereae. Its closest relative is Poranthera. Its sole species is Pseudophyllanthus ovalis.

<i>Notoleptopus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Notoleptopus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Phyllanthaceae. It is one of eight genera in the tribe Poranthereae. The sole species is Notoleptopus decaisnei. It is a monoecious shrub, native to Australia, New Guinea, and Indonesia.

References

  1. 1 2 Hoffmann, Petra; Kathriarachchi, Hashendra S.; Wurdack, Kenneth J. (2006). "A Phylogenetic Classification of Phyllanthaceae". Kew Bulletin. 61 (1): 37–53.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vorontsova, Maria S.; Hoffmann, Petra (2008). "A phylogenetic classification of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)". Kew Bulletin. 63 (1): 41–59. doi:10.1007/s12225-007-9012-8. S2CID   21278789.
  3. ↑ G.R. Grüning. 1913. "Euphorbiaceae - Porantheroideae and Ricinocarpoideae" In: H.G. Adolf Engler (editor). Das Pflanzenreich Heft 58, page 13. (see External links below).
  4. ↑ Umberto Quattrocchi. 2000. CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. volume III, page 2010. CRC Press: Baton Rouge, New York, London, Washington DC. ISBN   978-0-8493-2673-8.
  5. ↑ Webster, Grady L. (1994). "Classification of the Euphorbiaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 81 (1): 3–32. doi:10.2307/2399908. JSTOR   2399908.
  6. ↑ Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
  7. ↑ Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Davis, Charles C. (2009). "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life". American Journal of Botany. 96 (8): 1551–1570. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207. PMID   21628300.
  8. ↑ Tokuoka, Toru (2007). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Euphorbiaceae sensu stricto based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences and ovule and seed character evolution". Journal of Plant Research. 120 (4): 511–522. doi:10.1007/s10265-007-0090-3. PMID   17530165. S2CID   19614584.
  9. ↑ Hashendra S. Kathriarachchi; Petra Hoffmann; Rosabelle Samuel; Kenneth J. Wurdack & Mark W. Chase (2005). "Molecular phylogenetics of Phyllanthaceae inferred from five genes (plastid atpB, matK, 3'ndhF, rbcL, and nuclear PHYC)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (1): 112–134. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.12.002. PMID   15904861.
  10. 1 2 Vorontsova, Maria S.; Hoffmann, Petra; Maurin, Olivier; Chase, Mark W. (2007). "Phylogenetics of tribe Poranthereae (Phyllanthaceae)". American Journal of Botany. 94 (12): 2026–2040. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.12.2026. PMID   21636396.
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