Presidency of Itamar Franco

Main article: Impeachment of Fernando Collor

In 1992, Fernando Collor was indicted for illegal fundraising involving his campaign treasurer, PC Farias. The investigations by the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPMI) revealed that Collor benefited directly from the corruption scheme. During the investigations, vice-president Itamar claimed to be innocent. Afterwards, he left the PRN, Collor's party, and returned to the PMDB, which he left in 1986 to run for governor of Minas Gerais. ^{[4] [5] [6]}

On 29 September 1992, the National Congress approved Collor's temporary removal as president, leaving Itamar as Brazil's interim president. On 29 December 1992, Collor was officially removed from office and Itamar became Brazil's president. ^{[5] [4] [6]}

Plebiscite of 1993

Main article: 1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum

In April 1993, the government held a plebiscite to choose the form and system of government in Brazil, as required by the 1988 Constitution. Almost 30% of the voters did not attend the referendum or canceled their vote. Among those who appeared at the polls, 66% voted in favor of a republic and 10% in favor of a monarchy. Presidentialism received 55% of the votes and parliamentarism (Itamar's preferred system) received 25% of the votes. Based on the results, the republican and presidential regime was maintained. ^{[7] [8]}

Internal policy

Economic policies

Plano Real

Between October 1992 and May 1993, Itamar appointed three people to the Ministry of Finance (Gustavo Krause, Paulo Haddad and Eliseu Resende), but none of them managed to solve the problems of the Brazilian economy. In May 1993, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a Brazilian sociologist, was invited to assume the Ministry of Finance. Along with his team, he developed the Plano Real, which solved Brazil's economic problems and stabilized inflation. ^{[1] [9]}

The Plano Real was implemented in three stages throughout 1993 and 1994, which included: stabilizing public accounts by reducing spending and increasing revenue, launching a virtual currency to prepare for the transition from the cruzeiro real to the real and launching the new currency, the real. Immediately, the project caused inflation in Brazil to fall considerably. In 1993, annual inflation in Brazil was 2477%; in 1994, 916%; in 1995, 22%. ^{[1] [10] [11]}

Some criticisms related to the amount of privatizations made by the government, the increase in unemployment and the reduction in workers' purchasing power were raised. Itamar supported the candidacy of FHC, launched by the PSDB. In the 1994 elections, FHC was elected president in the first round with 54% of the vote. ^{[1] [12] [13]}

His own economic views

Unlike Collo, Franco opposed neoliberal economic reforms and even critized a free market economy, while there were still some privatization under him, he moved towards economic nationalism and developmentalism. While ideological he was considered a populist nationalist, it wasn't clear before his Vice-Presidency what economic views he had. ^{[14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]}

Health

During the Itamar government, the 9th National Health Conference was held and the new Norma Operacional Básica do SUS ("SUS Basic Operational Standard"), the first to break with the logic of Inamps, was published in 1993. Regarding the fight against diseases, the Plano Nacional de Eliminação do Sarampo ("National Plan for the Elimination of Measles") and the Projeto Aids I ("Aids Project I"), based on an agreement with the World Bank, stand out. The Programa de Saúde da Família, PSF ("Family Health Programme"PSF) was launched as part of a strategy to restructure the SUS care model in order to intensify municipalization. ^{[21] [22] [23] [24] [25]}

Education

In 1993, the Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos ("Ten-Year Plan for Education for All") was launched in response to the Jomtien Conference with the goal of guaranteeing minimum learning content for children, young people and adults. In the same year, Brazil participated in the New Delhi Declaration on Education for All, which included a commitment by the world's nine most populous developing countries to achieve the goals set at Jomtien. ^{[26] [27] [28] [29]}

Environmental policy

On November 19, 1992, the Ministry of the Environment was created. The National Congress approved and the Executive ratified Brazil's accession to two of the United Nations Conventions resulting from Earth Summit: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. ^{[30] [31]} In 1993, disputes over the demarcation of the Raposa Serra do Sol territory in Roraima began. During the Itamar government, 16 indigenous lands were approved, covering 5,432,437 hectares. ^{[32] [33]}

See also

• History of Brazil (1985–present)
• Impeachment of Fernando Collor
• Economy of Brazil

References

1. "Governo Itamar Franco". Historia do Mundo. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
2. "Inflação e dívida pública explodiram no Brasil ao final da ditadura". R7. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
3. "GDP growth (annual %) - Brazil". The World Bank. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
4. "Depoimento de motorista leva ao impeachment do presidente". istoÉ. 2 October 1992. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
5. "20 ANOS DO IMPEACHMENT DO COLLOR". Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
6. "Relembre o impeachment e o governo Collor". Folha de S. Paulo. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
7. Westin, Ricardo (5 April 2023). "Há 30 anos, Brasil foi às urnas decidir se teria rei e primeiro-ministro". Agência Senado. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
8. "Plebiscito sobre forma e sistema de governo completa 20 anos". TSE. 22 April 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
9. Mossri, Sônia (8 February 1994). "Itamar já estuda nomes para os eventuais substitutos na Fazenda". Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
10. "Lançado há 20 anos, Plano Real acabou com a hiperinflação". Chamber of Deputies. 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
11. "História da inflação no Brasil: entenda". Politize. 22 May 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
12. "A Privatização no Brasil: o caso dos serviços de utilidade pública" (PDF). BNDES. 2000.
13. "Desemprego dos jovens no Brasil: os efeitos da estabilização da inflação em um mercado de trabalho com escassez de informação". Revista Brasileira de Economia. 61 (4). 2007.
14. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/president-franco.htm
15. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/30/world/man-in-the-news-inheritor-of-tarnished-presidency-itamar-augusto-cantiero-franco.html
16. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/president-franco.htm
17. https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/09/29/Itamar-Franco-A-nationalist-to-Brazils-rescue-UPI-Personality-Spotlight/4342717739200/
18. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X9902600108
19. https://one.oecd.org/document/SG/PRB/D(92)174/en/pdf
20. https://academic.oup.com/grurint/article-abstract/69/7/706/5870877?redirectedFrom=fulltext
21. "Saúde no Brasil: a evolução das políticas e os debates do sistema de saúde nas últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
22. "9ª CONFERÊNCIA NACIONAL DE SAÚDE (1992)". CNS. 11 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
23. Norma Operacional Básica - NOB (PDF). MDS. 2012.
24. "PLANO NACIONAL DE ERRADICAÇÃO DO SARAMPO" (PDF). SES. 1994.
25. "Saúde e Sociedade". UnaSUS. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
26. "Educação no Brasil: as principais políticas públicas das últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
27. Menezes, Ebenezer; Santos, Thais Helena (1 January 2001). "Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos". EducaBrasil. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
28. "Conferência reuniu 157 países na Tailândia em 90". Folha de S. Paulo. 11 June 1999. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
29. "Declaração de Nova Delhi sobre Educação para Todos, Nova Delhi, 6 de dezembro de 1993". UNESCO. 1998. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
30. "Políticas para o meio ambiente: o movimento ambientalista e as principais decisões desde a redemocratização". Fundação FHC. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
31. "Sobre o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)". MMA. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
32. "Povos indígenas: protagonismo na luta por preservação de suas terras e cultura". Fundação FHC. 19 May 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
33. "Raposa Serra do Sol: como está a Terra Indígena após uma década da histórica decisão do STF". CIMI. 22 October 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.

Presidency of Itamar Franco 29 December 1992 –1 January 1995
Vice President	None

v t e Presidents of Brazil
Old Republic (1889–1930)	Deodoro da Fonseca (1889–1891) ¤ Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894) Prudente de Morais (1894–1898) Campos Sales (1898–1902) Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906) Afonso Pena (1906–1909) † Nilo Peçanha (1909–1910) Hermes da Fonseca (1910–1914) Venceslau Brás (1914–1918) Rodrigues Alves (did not take office) Delfim Moreira (1918–1919) ‡ Epitácio Pessoa (1919–1922) Artur Bernardes (1922–1926) Washington Luís (1926–1930) × Júlio Prestes (did not take office)
Second Republic (1930–37)	Military Junta (Tasso Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto) (1930) Getúlio Vargas (1930–1937) ×
Estado Novo (1937–46)	Getúlio Vargas (1937–1945) × José Linhares (1945–1946)
Populist Republic (1946–64)	Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946–1951) Getúlio Vargas (1951–1954) † Café Filho (1954–1955) Carlos Luz (1955) Nereu Ramos (1955–1956) Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961) Jânio Quadros (1961) ¤ Ranieri Mazzilli (1961) João Goulart (1961–1964) ×
Military dictatorship (1964–85)	Ranieri Mazzilli (1964) Castelo Branco (1964–1967) Costa e Silva (1967–1969) † Pedro Aleixo (posthumous) Military Junta (1969) Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969–1974) Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979) João Figueiredo (1979–1985)
New Republic (1985–present)	Tancredo Neves (did not take office) José Sarney (1985–1990) Collor de Mello (1990–1992) ¤ + Itamar Franco (1992–1995) Fernando H. Cardoso (1995–2003) Lula da Silva (2003–2011) Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) + Michel Temer (2016–2019) Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023) Lula da Silva (2023–present)
End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached Category List