Presidency of Itamar Franco

Last updated

In 1992, Fernando Collor was indicted for illegal fundraising involving his campaign treasurer, PC Farias. The investigations by the Parliamentary Inquiry Commission (CPMI) revealed that Collor benefited directly from the corruption scheme. During the investigations, Vice-president Itamar Franco claimed to be innocent. Afterwards, he left the PRN, Collor's party, and returned to the PMDB, which he left in 1986 to run for governor of Minas Gerais. [4] [5] [6]

On September 29, 1992, the National Congress approved Collor's temporary removal as president, leaving Itamar Franco as Brazil's interim president. On December 29, 1992, Collor was officially removed from office and Itamar Franco became Brazil's president. [5] [4] [6]

Plebiscite of 1993

In April 1993, the government held a plebiscite to choose the form and system of government in Brazil, as required by the 1988 Constitution. Almost 30% of the voters did not attend the referendum or canceled their vote. Among those who appeared at the polls, 66% voted in favor of a republic and 10% in favor of a monarchy. Presidentialism received 55% of the votes and parliamentarism (Itamar Franco's preferred system) received 25% of the votes. Based on the results, the republican and presidential regime was maintained. [7] [8]

Internal policy

Plano Real

Between October 1992 and May 1993, Itamar Franco appointed three people to the Ministry of Finance (Gustavo Krause, Paulo Haddad and Eliseu Resende), but none of them managed to solve the problems of the Brazilian economy. In May 1993, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, a Brazilian sociologist, was invited to assume the Ministry of Finance. Along with his team, he developed the Plano Real, which solved Brazil's economic problems and stabilized inflation. [1] [9]

The Plano Real was implemented in three stages throughout 1993 and 1994, which included: stabilizing public accounts by reducing spending and increasing revenue, launching a virtual currency to prepare for the transition from the cruzeiro real to the real and launching the new currency, the real. Immediately, the project caused inflation in Brazil to fall considerably. In 1993, annual inflation in Brazil was 2477%; in 1994, 916%; in 1995, 22%. [1] [10] [11]

Some criticisms related to the amount of privatizations made by the government, the increase in unemployment and the reduction in workers' purchasing power were raised. President Itamar Franco supported the candidacy of FHC, launched by the PSDB. In the 1994 elections, FHC was elected president in the first round with 54% of the vote. [1] [12] [13]

Health

During the Itamar Franco government, the 9th National Health Conference was held and the new Norma Operacional Básica do SUS (SUS Basic Operational Standard), the first to break with the logic of Inamps, was published in 1993. Regarding the fight against diseases, the Plano Nacional de Eliminação do Sarampo (National Plan for the Elimination of Measles) and the Projeto Aids I (Aids Project I), based on an agreement with the World Bank, stand out. The Programa de Saúde da Família (Family Health Program - PSF) was launched as part of a strategy to restructure the SUS care model in order to intensify municipalization. [14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

Education

In 1993, the Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos (Ten-Year Plan for Education for All) was launched in response to the Jomtien Conference with the goal of guaranteeing minimum learning content for children, young people and adults. In the same year, Brazil participated in the New Delhi Declaration on Education for All, which included a commitment by the world's nine most populous developing countries to achieve the goals set at Jomtien. [19] [20] [21] [22]

Environmental policy

On November 19, 1992, the Ministry of the Environment was created. The National Congress approved and the Executive ratified Brazil's accession to two of the United Nations Conventions resulting from Earth Summit: the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. [23] [24] In 1993, disputes over the demarcation of the Raposa Serra do Sol territory in Roraima began. During the Itamar Franco government, 16 indigenous lands were approved, covering 5,432,437 hectares. [25] [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fernando Collor de Mello</span> President of Brazil from 1990 to 1992

Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first president democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itamar Franco</span> President of Brazil from 1992 to 1995

Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician who served as the 33rd president of Brazil from 29 December 1992 to 1 January 1995. Previously, he was the 21st vice president of Brazil from 1990 until the resignation of President Fernando Collor de Mello. During his long political career Franco also served as Senator, Mayor, Ambassador and Governor. At the time of his death he was a senator from Minas Gerais, having won the seat in the 2010 election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Brazil (1985–present)</span> Contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil

Brazilian history from 1985 to the present, also known as the Sixth Brazilian Republic or New Republic, is the contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil, beginning when civilian government was restored after a 21-year-long military dictatorship established after the 1964 coup d'état. The negotiated transition to democracy reached its climax with the indirect election of Tancredo Neves by Congress. Neves belonged to the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (MDB), the former controlled opposition to the military regime. He was the first civilian president to be elected since 1964.

The following is a timeline of the Brazilian economic stabilization plans in the "new Republic" era, a period characterized by intense inflation of the local currency, exceeding 2,700% in the period of 1989 to 1990.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plano Collor</span>

The Collor Plan, is the name given to a collection of economic reforms and inflation-stabilization plans carried out in Brazil during the presidency of Fernando Collor de Mello, between 1990 and 1992. The plan was officially called New Brazil Plan, but it became closely associated with Collor himself, and "Plano Collor" became its de facto name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darcy Ribeiro</span> Brazilian anthropologist, historian, sociologist, author and politician

Darcy Ribeiro was a Brazilian anthropologist, historian, sociologist, author and politician. His ideas have influenced several scholars of Brazilian and Latin American studies. As Minister of Education of Brazil he carried out profound reforms which led him to be invited to participate in university reforms in Chile, Peru, Venezuela, Mexico and Uruguay after leaving Brazil due to the 1964 coup d'état.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vice President of Brazil</span> Second-highest constitutional office in the Brazilian government

The vice president of Brazil, officially the vice president of the Federative Republic of Brazil, or simply the vice president of the republic is the second-highest ranking government official in the executive branch of the Government of Brazil, preceded only by the president. The vice president's primary role is to replace the president in the event of their death, resignation, or impeachment, and to temporarily take over the presidential powers and duties while the president is abroad, or otherwise temporarily unable to carry out their duties. The vice president is elected jointly with the president as their running mate.

Agir is a political party in Brazil, established in 1985. It was founded as the Youth Party, and was renamed the National Reconstruction Party in 1989, and the Christian Labor Party in 2000. The party was renamed Agir in 2021, a change ratified by the Superior Electoral Court the following year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ministry of Education (Brazil)</span> Brazilian state ministry

The Ministry of Education, commonly known as MEC, originates from its previous name, the Ministry of Education and Culture, is a cabinet-level federal ministry of Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1998 Brazilian general election</span>

General elections were held in Brazil on 4 October 1998 to elect the President, National Congress and state governorships. If no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round, a second-round runoff would have been held on 25 October. The election saw voting machines used for the first time in Brazilian history.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 Brazilian general election</span>

General elections were held in Brazil on October 3, 1994, the second to take place under the provisions of the 1988 constitution and the second direct presidential election since 1960.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maílson da Nóbrega</span> Brazilian economist (born 1942)

Maílson Ferreira da Nóbrega is a Brazilian economist. He was Finance minister in José Sarney's administration during a period of hyperinflation in the late 1980s. He is married and has five children.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1994 in Brazil</span>

Events in the year 1994 in Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Collor de Mello</span> Brazilian presidential administration from 1990 to 1992

The Collor government, also referred to as the Collor Era, was a period in Brazilian political history that began with the inauguration of President Fernando Collor de Mello on March 15, 1990, and ended with his resignation from the presidency on December 29, 1992. Fernando Collor was the first president elected by the people since 1960, when Jânio Quadros won the last direct election for president before the beginning of the Military Dictatorship. His removal from office on October 2, 1992, was a consequence of his impeachment proceedings the day before, followed by cassation.

After the 1994 election, Fernando Henrique Cardoso became 35th President of Brazil and the second president elected by direct popular vote after the redemocratization. His government was marked by economic stabilization after the consolidation of Plano Real, which he was part of. A second cabinet was formed after the 1998 election, the first when an incumbent president could run for a second consecutive term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cruzado Plan</span> Brazilian economic plan

The Cruzado Plan was a set of economic measures launched by the Brazilian government on February 28, 1986, based on Decree-Law No. 2883 of February 27, 1986, with José Sarney as president and Dilson Funaro as Minister of Finance. The plan was approved in the Chamber of Deputies with 344 votes in favor and 13 against, while in the Federal Senate only 1 of the 49 parliamentarians voted against.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso</span> Brazilian presidential administration from 1995 to 2003

The presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso began on January 1, 1995, with the inauguration of Fernando Henrique, also known as FHC, and ended on January 1, 2003, when Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took over the presidency.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment of Fernando Collor</span> 1992 impeachment of then-President of Brazil Fernando Collor

The impeachment of Fernando Collor, the 32th president of Brazil, began on September 29, 1992, when the Chamber of Deputies approved the opening of impeachment procedures with 441 votes in favor. On December 29, 1992, when the trial began in the Federal Senate, Collor resigned in a letter read out by lawyer José Moura Rocha to avoid impeachment. However, the following day, Collor was sentenced to be disqualified from holding public office for eight years by 76 votes in favor and 2 against. It was Brazil's third impeachment trial; in 1955, Presidents Carlos Luz and Café Filho were also impeached.

Third Way politics have been used to describe many types of Brazilian political groups, vaugely ranging the political center. Stemming from the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, the Third Way movement in Brazil saw its hight during the presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso. In modern Brazilian politics, the term is more commonly used for politics in opposition or unaligned with the dominant forces of the left-wing Workers' Party and those of Jair Bolsonaro..

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Governo Itamar Franco". Historia do Mundo. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  2. ↑ "Inflação e dívida pública explodiram no Brasil ao final da ditadura". R7. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  3. ↑ "GDP growth (annual %) - Brazil". The World Bank. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  4. 1 2 "Depoimento de motorista leva ao impeachment do presidente". istoÉ. 1992-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  5. 1 2 "20 ANOS DO IMPEACHMENT DO COLLOR". Chamber of Deputies. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  6. 1 2 "Relembre o impeachment e o governo Collor". Folha de S. Paulo. 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  7. ↑ Westin, Ricardo (2023-04-05). "Há 30 anos, Brasil foi às urnas decidir se teria rei e primeiro-ministro". Agência Senado. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  8. ↑ "Plebiscito sobre forma e sistema de governo completa 20 anos". TSE. 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  9. ↑ Mossri, Sônia (1994-02-08). "Itamar já estuda nomes para os eventuais substitutos na Fazenda". Folha de S. Paulo. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  10. ↑ "Lançado há 20 anos, Plano Real acabou com a hiperinflação". Chamber of Deputies. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  11. ↑ "História da inflação no Brasil: entenda". Politize. 2020-05-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  12. ↑ "A Privatização no Brasil: o caso dos serviços de utilidade pública" (PDF). BNDES. 2000.
  13. ↑ "Desemprego dos jovens no Brasil: os efeitos da estabilização da inflação em um mercado de trabalho com escassez de informação". Revista Brasileira de Economia. 61 (4). 2007.
  14. ↑ "Saúde no Brasil: a evolução das políticas e os debates do sistema de saúde nas últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  15. ↑ "9ª CONFERÊNCIA NACIONAL DE SAÚDE (1992)". CNS. 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  16. ↑ Norma Operacional Básica - NOB (PDF). MDS. 2012.
  17. ↑ "PLANO NACIONAL DE ERRADICAÇÃO DO SARAMPO" (PDF). SES. 1994.
  18. ↑ "Saúde e Sociedade". UnaSUS. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  19. ↑ "Educação no Brasil: as principais políticas públicas das últimas três décadas". Fundação FHC. 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  20. ↑ Menezes, Ebenezer; Santos, Thais Helena (2001-01-01). "Plano Decenal de Educação para Todos". EducaBrasil. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  21. ↑ "Conferência reuniu 157 países na Tailândia em 90". Folha de S. Paulo. 1999-06-11. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  22. ↑ "Declaração de Nova Delhi sobre Educação para Todos, Nova Delhi, 6 de dezembro de 1993". UNESCO. 1998. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  23. ↑ "Políticas para o meio ambiente: o movimento ambientalista e as principais decisões desde a redemocratização". Fundação FHC. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  24. ↑ "Sobre o Ministério do Meio Ambiente (MMA)". MMA. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  25. ↑ "Povos indígenas: protagonismo na luta por preservação de suas terras e cultura". Fundação FHC. 2020-05-19. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  26. ↑ "Raposa Serra do Sol: como está a Terra Indígena após uma década da histórica decisão do STF". CIMI. 2019-10-22. Retrieved 2024-02-06.
Itamar Franco Faixa Presidencial.jpg
Presidency of Itamar Franco
29 December 1992 –1 January 1995
Vice President
None
Old Republic
(1889–1930)
Second Republic
(1930–37)
Estado Novo
(1937–46)
Populist Republic
(1946–64)
Military dictatorship
(1964–85)
New Republic
(1985–present)
End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.