Presidency of Collor de Mello

	Presidency of Collor de Mello; 15 March 1990 –29 December 1992
Vice President	Itamar Franco

Last updated January 29, 2025

The year before his administration began, official inflation measured by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics reached the unbelievable amount of 1,972.91%^[9] and, for this reason, Collor elected as his priority the fight against spiraling inflation through the so-called Plano Brasil Novo (New Brazil Plan), popularly known as the Plano Collor ("Collor Plan"). The plan was the fourth attempt undertaken by the federal government to combat hyperinflation, three of which were undertaken during the Sarney Government.^[10] The country's economic situation was so perilous that the discussion did not revolve around the adoption of economic measures, but when and how these measures would be implemented. On the eve of his inauguration, Fernando Collor asked the Sarney government to declare a bank holiday, which only increased speculation about the measures that would be announced.^[11]

The day after his inauguration, Collor presented his economic plan: he announced the return of the cruzeiro as the monetary unit to replace the cruzado novo, which had been in effect since 15 January 1989, when the last economic crisis sponsored by his predecessor took place.^[10] The cruzeiro would return to circulation on 19 March 1990, in its third and last incursion as national currency, since it would be replaced by the cruzeiro real in 1993. In addition, Collor's measures for the economy also included impact actions such as: reduction of the administrative system with the extinction or merger of ministries and public agencies, dismissal of public employees, and the freezing of prices and salaries.^[12]

During his administration, the country opened up to the external market, and efforts were made to eliminate or reduce anti-import barriers, adopting economic liberalization measures in favour of Brazil's insertion in the globalization scenario.^[13]^[14] At the beginning of the government, the Industrial and Foreign Trade Policy (PICE) was launched, with the objective of increasing competitiveness and reducing the national industry's delay, acting internally with privatizations and externally with tax and foreign trade reform.^[15] In a trip to Switzerland in 1990, Collor said that "Brazilian cars are carts". Besides the automobile market, the computer market was also leveraged by the opening of trade.^[16] Another sector impacted was the cultural one, as it became more accessible and less expensive to release records.^[17]

Confiscation of savings

One of the important points of the plan included the confiscation of bank deposits exceeding Cr$50,000.00 (fifty thousand cruzeiros) for a period of eighteen months, aiming to reduce the amount of money in circulation, as well as changes in the calculation of monetary correction and in the operation of financial investments. Even though bank confiscation was a flagrant disrespect to the constitutional right to property, the economic plan led by Minister of Economy Zélia Cardoso de Mello was approved by the National Congress in a matter of days.^[18]^[19]

Minister of Economy, Zélia Cardoso de Melo, announces the confiscation of savings accounts on 16 March 1990

According to an article^[20] by the academic Carlos Eduardo Carvalho, Professor of the Department of Economics at the Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo and coordinator of the Government Program of the PT's candidacy for president in 1989, the policy measure executed by the Collor government, which became known as confiscation, was not originally part of the Collor Plan and was conceived almost on the eve of its implementation. The confiscation was already a topic in debate among the candidates for the presidential election: "The genesis of the Collor Plan, in other words, how and when the program itself was formatted, was developed in Collor's advisory office from the end of December 1989, after his victory in the second round. The final version was probably greatly influenced by a document (written by Luiz G. Belluzzo and Júlio S. Almeida) discussed in the advisory office of the PMDB candidate, Ulysses Guimarães, and later in the advisory office of the PT candidate, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, between the first and second rounds of voting. Despite the differences in general economic strategies, the candidacies that faced each other amidst the sharp acceleration of price hikes, exposed to the risks of open hyperinflation in the second half of 1989, had no stabilization policies of their own. The proposal for a blockade originated in the academic debate and was imposed on the main presidential candidacies [...] When it became clear that the Ulysses campaign was running out of steam, the proposal was taken to the candidacy of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, of the PT, where it received great support from his economic advisors, and reached Zélia's team after the second round on 17 December".^[20]

Political articulation

Logo of the Collor government

The new president Fernando Collor, originally from a state with little political influence and affiliated to a party with little political tradition, felt the need to build a base of support capable of allowing the implementation of his government's program, even though Collor himself was not inclined to connive with parliamentarians in their political contacts in order to approve projects of his interest.^[21] This aversion caused a gap between the head of the executive and most of the congressmen who supported him, but, as a rule, his government was supported by politicians from the PFL, PDS, PTB, PL, smaller conservative parties and occasional dissidents.^[22]

In the 1989 elections, his allies won in the Federal District and in most of the states, especially the PFL, which elected nine governors, six of them in the Northeast Region. This performance compensated for the defeats suffered in large electoral centers such as São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Rio Grande do Sul, for example. The curious thing is that, although Fernando Collor's party, the National Reconstruction Party (PRN), elected two senators and forty federal deputies, it did not elect a single governor. In the legislative branch, the PMDB maintained the largest number of seats in both the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate, and as a result, kept the command of congress for the next two years, a situation that had been in place since the return of the civilians to power in 1985. Throughout 1991, he invested most of his political capital in a negotiation to bring the Brazilian Social Democracy Party into the ranks of the situationist lines, a negotiation that failed, especially after the refusal of Mário Covas and Franco Montoro, the national president of the PSDB at the time.^[22]

As for his team, changes would occur within two weeks of his inauguration, when Joaquim Roriz left the Ministry of Agriculture,^[23] and in October 1990, when Bernardo Cabral was replaced in the Ministry of Justice and Public Security by the experienced senator Jarbas Passarinho. However, the most significant change would come in May 1991, when Ambassador Marcílio Marques Moreira took over the Ministry of Economy,^[24] confirming Collor's appreciation for individuals with a technical and academic profile to the detriment of "career politicians", a trend that would only be reversed in 1992 when he carried out two reforms in his team: one in April and another on the eve of his removal when he made room for conservative political officials. When Collor took office, the number of ministers nominated by him was the lowest in the thirty years prior to 1990, and among those who were awarded a top-level position was former soccer player Artur Antunes Coimbra, also known as Zico, who would leave the post after a year.^[25] Over time, the failure of his economic policy and the frequent accusations involving his direct aides (including first lady Rosane Malta, president of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance) resulted in a progressive wearing down of his government.^[26]^[27]

Education

In 1991, the Integrated Centers for Child Care (CIACs) were established, part of the Minha Gente Project, inspired by the Integrated Centers for Public Education (CIEPs), created during Leonel Brizola's administration as governor of Rio de Janeiro. In 1992, they were renamed Comprehensive Care Centers for Children and Adolescents (CAICs).^[28]

Health

CIACs were active in vaccination services, and community health agent posts and educational campaigns were expanded. According to Liz Batista, for Estadão (2021): "The campaigns that immunized against polio, measles, pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus, counted on the active participation of Collor. Presidential trips and public events - mainly in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil - began to include vaccination acts". In a meeting of Ibero-American countries, the president offered help for immunization campaigns to more than 21 countries. Health Minister Alceni Guerra was awarded by UNICEF for the CIACs, a project that became a reference for other countries in their efforts to vaccinate children.^[29]

International Policy

On 26 March 1991, Collor signed the Treaty of Asunción, the document that established the Mercosur.^[30]

Indigenist Policy

He signed a decree on 25 May1992,^[31] which ratified the demarcation of the Yanomami Indigenous Territory (9.4 million ha).^[32] The demarcation had been published in a decree signed by his Minister of Justice, Jarbas Passarinho, in 1991.^[33] That same year, Collor also authorized the demarcation of the Menkragnoti Indigenous Territory (4.9 million ha).^[34]^[35]

Social Security

He sanctioned Law 8,123, of 1991, which provides for the Social Security Benefit Plans, determining, among other provisions, the "uniformity and equivalence of benefits and services to urban and rural populations".^[36] Rural pensioners now receive a minimum wage as a basic benefit instead of the half wage that was in effect until then. The regulation of the benefits was made by Decree no. 611, of 21 July 1992, which was revoked and replaced in 1997.^[37] Decree no. 99,350, of 27 June 1990, merged the Institute of Financial Administration of Social Security and Social Assistance (IAPAS) with the National Institute of Social Security (INPS), creating the federal autarchy National Social Security Institute (INSS).^[38]

Environment

He commanded the work of the Earth Summit at Rio-92, the first United Nations Conference on Environment and Development.^[39] Due to the event, he transferred the federal capital to Rio de Janeiro from 3–14 July 1992, and called on the Armed Forces to provide security.^[40] According to Celso Lafer (2012), who was his foreign minister: "President Collor's political will in this field is also very representative of his commitment to reformulate Brazil's domestic and international agenda in the post-Cold War world, which is an identifying mark of his government".^[41] By decree of 25 April 1990, he created the Interministerial Commission for the Preparation of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Cima).^[42]

Impeachment

In mid-1991, accusations of irregularities began to appear in the press, involving people in Fernando Collor's close circle, such as ministers, friends of the president, and even the first lady Rosane Collor.^[43] In an interview for Veja magazine in May 1992, Pedro Collor de Mello, the president's brother, exposed the corruption scheme that involved the former campaign treasurer Paulo César Farias, among other compromising facts for the president.^[27] In the midst of the strong popular commotion, a Parliamentary Inquiry Commission was installed to investigate the president's responsibility over the publicized facts. On 2 October, the impeachment process was opened in the Chamber of Deputies, driven by the massive presence of the people in the streets, such as the Caras-pintadas movement.^[44]

On 29 September, by 441 to 38 votes, the Chamber of Deputies authorizes the opening of impeachment proceedings against the president, which implies his temporary removal from office until a final decision is made by the Federal Senate. Collor resigns before being convicted. The presidency is assumed by then vice-president Itamar Franco.^[45]^[46]^[47]

Related Research Articles

Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello is a Brazilian politician who served as the 32nd president of Brazil from 1990 to 1992, when he resigned in a failed attempt to stop his impeachment trial by the Brazilian Senate. Collor was the first president democratically elected after the end of the Brazilian military dictatorship. He became the youngest president in Brazilian history, taking office at the age of 40. After he resigned from the presidency, the impeachment trial on charges of corruption continued. Collor was found guilty by the Senate and disqualified from holding elected office for eight years (1992–2000). He was later acquitted of ordinary criminal charges in his judicial trial before Brazil's Supreme Federal Court, for lack of valid evidence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Itamar Franco</span> President of Brazil from 1992 to 1995

Itamar Augusto Cautiero Franco was a Brazilian politician who served as the 33rd president of Brazil from 29 December 1992 to 1 January 1995. Previously, he was the 21st vice president of Brazil from 1990 until the resignation of President Fernando Collor de Mello. During his long political career Franco also served as Senator, Mayor, Ambassador and Governor. At the time of his death he was a senator from Minas Gerais, having won the seat in the 2010 election.

Brazilian history from 1985 to the present, also known as the Sixth Brazilian Republic or New Republic, is the contemporary epoch in the history of Brazil, beginning when civilian government was restored after a 21-year-long military dictatorship established after the 1964 coup d'état. The negotiated transition to democracy reached its climax with the indirect election of Tancredo Neves by Congress. Neves belonged to the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (MDB), the former controlled opposition to the military regime. He was the first civilian president to be elected since 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plano Collor</span>

The Collor Plan, is the name given to a collection of economic reforms and inflation-stabilization plans carried out in Brazil during the presidency of Fernando Collor de Mello, between 1990 and 1992. The plan was officially called New Brazil Plan, but it became closely associated with Collor himself, and "Plano Collor" became its de facto name.

Agir is a political party in Brazil, established in 1985. It was founded as the Youth Party, and was renamed the National Reconstruction Party in 1989, and the Christian Labor Party in 2000. The party was renamed Agir in 2021, a change ratified by the Superior Electoral Court the following year.

General elections were held in Brazil on October 3, 1994, the second to take place under the provisions of the 1988 constitution and the second direct presidential election since 1960.

Maílson Ferreira da Nóbrega is a Brazilian economist. He was Finance minister in José Sarney's administration during a period of hyperinflation in the late 1980s. He is married and has five children.

Corruption in Brazil exists on all levels of society from the top echelons of political power to the smallest municipalities. Operation Car Wash showed central government members using the prerogatives of their public office for rent-seeking activities, ranging from political support to siphoning funds from state-owned corporation for personal gain. The Mensalão scandal for example used taxpayer funds to pay monthly allowances to members of congress from other political parties in return for their support and votes in congress. Politicians also used the state-owned and state-run oil company Petrobras to raise hundreds of millions of reais for political campaigns and personal enrichment.

Luiz Lindbergh Farias Filho, commonly known only as Lindbergh Farias, is a Brazilian former student union leader and politician.

Events in the year 1992 in Brazil.

The impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, the president of Brazil, began on 2 December 2015 with a petition for her impeachment being accepted by Eduardo Cunha, then president of the Chamber of Deputies, and continued into late 2016. Rousseff, then more than 12 months into her second four-year term, was charged with criminal administrative misconduct and disregard for the federal budget in violation of article 85, items V and VI, of the Constitution of Brazil and the Fiscal Responsibility Law, Article 36. The petition also accused Rousseff of criminal responsibility for failing to act on the scandal at the Brazilian national petroleum company, Petrobras, on account of allegations uncovered by the Operation Car Wash investigation, and for failing to distance herself from the suspects in that investigation.

VASP Flight 375 was a hijacked flight on September 29, 1988, by Raimundo Nonato Alves da Conceição, who aimed to crash the plane with 98 passengers and 7 crew aboard against the Planalto Palace in Brasília. The flight, operated by a Boeing 737-300 aircraft, left Porto Velho to Rio de Janeiro, making stops in Brasília, Goiânia and Belo Horizonte. In the final phase of the flight, between Belo Horizonte and Rio de Janeiro, the plane was hijacked and diverted to Brasília. The hijacking was unsuccessful, and the aircraft landed safely in Goiânia. The only fatality as a result of the hijacking was the First Officer, Salvador Evangelista.

Sérgio Paulo Rouanet was a Brazilian diplomat, philosopher, essayist, and scholar. He was the national Secretary of Culture between 1991 and 1992, and in his tenure he created the Lei de Incentivo à Cultura, a tax credit law for companies and citizens that sponsor cultural activities, which became known as Rouanet Law.

The homicide at the Brazilian Federal Senate was an event that happened in December 4, 1963 inside the Brazilian Federal Senate, at Brasília. The event is characterized by a murder carried out by senator Arnon de Melo (PDC-AL), who tried to shoot senator Silvestre Péricles (PSD-AL) and ended up hitting and killing the substitute Senator José Kairala (PSD-AC).

Veneziano Vital do Rêgo Segundo Neto is a lawyer and a federal senator of Brazil representing the state of Paraíba. Since February 2021, he has served as the first vice president of the Federal Senate. Vital do Rêgo is a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement (MDB).

Luiz Gonzaga de Mello Belluzzo, better known as Luiz Gonzaga Belluzzo or just Belluzzo, is a Brazilian economist and professor, and former president of Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.

Kairala José Kairala was a Brazilian politician who briefly served as a senator from the state of Acre in 1963. He served as a substitute for senator José Guiomard. He was killed at his last session as senator by fellow senator Arnon de Melo, who intended to shoot another senator, Silvestre Péricles, purportedly in self-defense as Péricles was allegedly drawing his own gun.

The presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso began on 1 January 1995, with the inauguration of Fernando Henrique, also known as FHC, and ended on 1 January 2003, when Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva took over the presidency.

The impeachment of Fernando Collor, the 32th president of Brazil, began on 29 September 1992, when the Chamber of Deputies approved the opening of impeachment procedures with 441 votes in favour. On 29 December 1992, when the trial began in the Federal Senate, Collor resigned in a letter read out by lawyer José Moura Rocha to avoid impeachment. However, the following day, Collor was sentenced to be disqualified from holding public office for eight years by 76 votes in favour and 2 against. It was Brazil's third impeachment trial; in 1955, Presidents Carlos Luz and Café Filho were also impeached.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Presidency of Itamar Franco</span> Brazilian presidential administration from 1992 to 1995

The presidency of Itamar Franco began on 29 December 1992, with the resignation of Fernando Collor de Mello, and ended on 1 January 1995, when Fernando Henrique Cardoso took office.

References

↑ "Primeiro presidente eleito após regime militar, Collor adota plano para matar inflação 'com um só tiro'". Agência Senado. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
↑ "Impeachment de Collor faz 20 anos; relembre fatos que levaram à queda". 28 September 2012.
↑ "Biblioteca da Presidência da República - Fernando Collor". Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
↑ "Relembre o impeachment do presidente Fernando Collor, o 'caçador de marajás'". 28 July 2013.
↑ Motta, Ricardo (29 September 2012). "Há 20 anos ruiu a República das Alagoas". Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
↑ "GDP growth (annual %) - Brazil". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
↑ "Collor ressalta importância de leis que sancionou como presidente da República". Agência Senado. 24 June 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
↑ "Implantado por Collor, SUS faz 32 anos com mais de 91 bi de atendimentos". 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
↑ Carvalho, Sandra (13 September 2022). "Perdas econômicas, ganhos democráticos" . Retrieved 31 January 2023.
1 2 Moraes, Roberto Campos de (1989). "O Plano Verão: Prelúdio ao Plano Inverno (Outono?)" . Retrieved 30 January 2023.
↑ "Há 30 anos, brasileiro recebia o anúncio de confisco da poupança". 15 March 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ Welch, John; Birch, Melissa; Smith, Russell. "Economics: Brazil" . Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "Plano Collor, abertura de mercados e impeachment marcaram primeiro governo eleito após o Regime Militar". Agência Senado. 15 March 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ Hidalgo, Maria Theresa Campos (2006). "A abertura comercial do Brasil nos anos 90 e sua relação com a terceirização de atividades". Federal University of Paraná . Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ Moreti, Fernando Piloto (2011). "Abertura comercial brasileira: contrapondo opiniões". São Paulo State University.
↑ Mendonça, Jacy de Souza (29 August 2020). "Collor tinha razão; o carro brasileiro era uma carroça" . Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ Schott, Ricardo (31 October 2016). "Raimundos: A corrida do ouro". Super Interessante.
↑ "A perplexidade do brasileiro diante do confisco das contas bancárias e poupanças (05' 44")". 23 July 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "Entre infartos, falências e suicídios: os 30 anos do confisco da poupança". Uol. 17 March 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
1 2 Carvalho, Carlos Eduardo (1 April 2006). "As origens e a gênese do Plano Collor" . Retrieved 3 May 2011.
↑ "Impeachment de Collor completa 15 anos". G1. 29 December 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
1 2 "COLLOR, Fernando". Atlas Histórico do Brasil. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "Joaquim Domingos Roriz". 7 December 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "Ministros de Estado da Fazenda - República" . Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ Lima, Marcos Paulo (3 March 2023). "A vida discreta de Zico em Brasília quando foi ministro do Esporte". Correio Braziliense. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
↑ Mendes, Priscilla (6 May 2013). "Relembre casos do governo Collor que envolveram PC Farias". G1. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
1 2 Bertoni, Estevão; Varella, Juca (13 July 2018). "O crime que abalou o país". Uol. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "CIACs (Centros Integrados de Atendimento à Criança)". EducaBrasil. 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
↑ Batista, Liz (29 April 2021). "Presidentes e vacinas: saiba como governantes atuaram em campanhas de imunização no Brasil". Estadão. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
↑ Westin, Ricardo (5 March 2021). "Criação do Mercosul pôs fim às tensões históricas entre Brasil e Argentina". Agência Senado. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ "Em meio à crise, ex-presidente relembra demarcação da TI Yanomami". Folha de Boa Vista. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ "Decreto de 25 de maio de 1992" . Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ Passarinho, Jarbas (1991). "Portaria nº 580 de 15 de novembro de 1991".
↑ "Collor demarca área indígena com 4,9 milhões de hectares". Jornal do Brasil. 29 November 1991. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ "Índios ganham mais 4,9 milhões de hectares". Correio Braziliense. 28 November 1991. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
↑ "Lei nº 8.213 de 24 de julho de 1991".
↑ "Decreto nº 611 de 21 de julho de 1992".
↑ "Decreto nº 99.350 de 27 de junho de 1990".
↑ Cardim, George (15 June 2011). "Collor é homenageado na celebração dos 20 anos da Rio-92". Rádio Senado. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
↑ "Rio-92: mundo desperta para o meio ambiente". 10 December 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
↑ Lafer, Celso (4 April 2012). "O significado da Rio-92 e os desafios da Rio+20" (PDF).
↑ "Decreto nº 99.221 de 25 de abril de 1990".
↑ Rodrigues, Natália. "Governo de Fernando Collor". InfoEscola. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
↑ "Relembre o impeachment e o governo Collor". Folha de São Paulo. 2 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
↑ Ziegler, Maria Fernanda (1 December 2007). "O impeachment de Collor". Archived from the original on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2011.
↑ "20 ANOS DO IMPEACHMENT DO COLLOR" . Retrieved 31 January 2023.
↑ "Arquivo Gaúcha relembra cobertura do impeachment de Fernando Collor". 2 July 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2023.

v t e Presidents of Brazil
Old Republic (1889–1930)	Deodoro da Fonseca (1889–1891) ¤ Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894) Prudente de Morais (1894–1898) Campos Sales (1898–1902) Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906) Afonso Pena (1906–1909) † Nilo Peçanha (1909–1910) Hermes da Fonseca (1910–1914) Venceslau Brás (1914–1918) Rodrigues Alves (never took office) Delfim Moreira (1918–1919) ‡ Epitácio Pessoa (1919–1922) Artur Bernardes (1922–1926) Washington Luís (1926–1930) × Júlio Prestes (never took office)
Second Republic (1930–37)	Military Junta (Tasso Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto) (1930) Getúlio Vargas (1930–1937) ×
Estado Novo (1937–46)	Getúlio Vargas (1937–1945) × José Linhares (1945–1946)
Populist Republic (1946–64)	Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946–1951) Getúlio Vargas (1951–1954) † Café Filho (1954–1955) Carlos Luz (1955) Nereu Ramos (1955–1956) Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961) Jânio Quadros (1961) ¤ Ranieri Mazzilli (1961) João Goulart (1961–1964) ×
Military dictatorship (1964–85)	Ranieri Mazzilli (1964) Castelo Branco (1964–1967) Costa e Silva (1967–1969) † Pedro Aleixo (posthumous) Military Junta (1969) Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969–1974) Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979) João Figueiredo (1979–1985)
New Republic (1985–present)	Tancredo Neves (never took office) José Sarney (1985–1990) Collor de Mello (1990–1992) ¤ + Itamar Franco (1992–1995) Fernando H. Cardoso (1995–2003) Lula da Silva (2003–2011) Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) + Michel Temer (2016–2019) Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023) Lula da Silva (2023–present)
End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached Category List