Psyllaephagus

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Psyllaephagus
Psyllaephagus cornwallensis female.jpg
Female P. cornwallensis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Encyrtidae
Subfamily: Encyrtinae
Genus: Psyllaephagus
Ashmead, 1900 [1]
Type species
Encyrtus pachypsllae
Howard, 1885
Synonyms [2] [3]
  • Anagyropsis Girault, 1917 [4]
  • Anisodromus Riek, 1962 [5]
  • CalluniphilusErdős, 1961 [6]
  • CalocerineloidesGirault, 1913 [7]
  • EpanagyrusGirault, 1915 [8]
  • Kaszabicyrtus Szelènyi  [ hu ], 1971
  • MercetiaBakkendorf, 1965
  • Metaprionomitus Mercet, 1921 [9]
  • MirocerusAshmead, 1904 [10]
  • NeanagyrusGirault, 1915 [8]
  • Ooencyrtus (Ooencyrtoides)Hoffer, 1963
  • PropsyllaephagusEv. Blanchard in De Santis, 1964
  • PsyllencyrtusTachikawa, 1955
  • ShakespeariaGirault, 1928 [11]

Psyllaephagus is a genus of chalcid wasps. [3] It was named and circumscribed by William Harris Ashmead in 1900. [1] As of 2019, Psyllaephagus contains approximately 245 species. [3] . They are found worldwide: Australia has 100 described species; the Palaearctic region has about 57 species, India has about 20, and Africa about 30. [3]

Contents

Description

Female

Body length 0.8–3.0 mm, usually between 1.2 and 2.0 mm; usually metallic green or blue-green in colour; mandible usually with two teeth and a large straight dorsal truncation; Antenna 11-segmented; funicle 6-segmented; clava often 3-segmented; fore-wing fully developed, often hyaline, rarely with a smoky spot under marginal vein and stigmal vein; marginal vein usually punctiform (submarginal vein only meeting margin at the point where stigmal vein branches) or slightly longer than wide; marginal and postmarginal veins are both usually shorter than stigmal vein; mesopleuron in side view clearly separated from base of metasoma by propodeum; mid-tibia spur usually shorter than basitarsus; hypopygium very rarely reaching apex of metasoma; ovipositor usually hidden, but may be slightly to strongly exserted at gastral apex. [12] [13]

Male

Similar to female except for antennae and genitalia: the funicle varies from whiplike with long setae to flattened with short setae; clava entire. [12]

Biology and biological control

Most of the Psyllaephagus species are primary parasitoids of psylloids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Three species from Australia have been successfully utilized for biological control of psylloids: Psyllaephagus pilosus was introduced and released in California and European countries for the purpose of controlling Ctenarytaina eucalypti ; Psyllaephagus bliteus was introduced and released in California to regulate Glycaspis brimblecombei ; and Psyllaephagus yaseeni was introduced into Hawaii and south-east Asia in order to manage Heteropsylla cubana . [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalcid wasp</span> Superfamily of wasps

Chalcid wasps are insects within the superfamily Chalcidoidea, part of the order Hymenoptera. The superfamily contains some 22,500 known species, and an estimated total diversity of more than 500,000 species, meaning the vast majority have yet to be discovered and described. The name "chalcid" is often confused with the name "chalcidid", though the latter refers strictly to one constituent family, the Chalcididae, rather than the superfamily as a whole; accordingly, most recent publications (e.g.,) use the name "chalcidoid" when referring to members of the superfamily.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fairyfly</span> Family of wasps

The Mymaridae, commonly known as fairyflies or fairy wasps, are a family of chalcidoid wasps found in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. The family contains around 100 genera with 1,400 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucharitidae</span> Family of wasps

The Eucharitidae are a family of parasitic wasps. Eucharitid wasps are members of the superfamily Chalcidoidea and consist of three subfamilies: Oraseminae, Eucharitinae, and Gollumiellinae. Most of the 55 genera and 417 species of Eucharitidae are members of the subfamilies Oraseminae and Eucharitinae, and are found in tropical regions of the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichogrammatidae</span> Family of wasps

The Trichogrammatidae are a family of small endoparasitoid wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea that include some of the smallest of all insects, with most species having adults less than 1 mm in length, with species of Megaphragma having an adult body length less than 300 μm. Over 840 species are placed in about 80 genera; their distribution is worldwide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Encyrtidae</span> Family of wasps

Encyrtidae is a large family of parasitic wasps, with some 3710 described species in about 455 genera. The larvae of the majority are primary parasitoids on Hemiptera, though other hosts are attacked, and details of the life history can be variable. They are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats, and are extremely important as biological control agents. They may also present as an ecological threat to the population of some species. For example, the endangered Papilio homerus butterfly is parasitized at a rate of 77%, making them the main contributor to egg mortality in this butterfly species.

Signiphoridae is a small family of parasitic wasps in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. The roughly 80 species are placed in four genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alexandre Arsène Girault</span> American entomologist

Alexandre Arsène Girault was an American entomologist specializing in the study of chalcid wasps. An eccentric and controversial figure, Girault was also a prolific and dedicated entomologist. He published more than 325 papers and described over 3000 new taxa from Australia.

<i>Tamarixia</i> Genus of wasps

Tamarixia is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae, they are parasitoids of Jumping plant lice or psyllids of the superfamily Psylloidea, although some species will parasitise aphids. Most species appear to be ectoparasitoids but at least one species has been recorded as an endoparasitoid.

<i>Anagyrus</i> Genus of wasps

Anagyrus is a large genus of parasitic wasps from the family Encyrtidae. Anagyrus is distributed throughout the world. A subgenus of Anagyrus is known as Nesoanagyrus

<i>Myanmymar</i> Extinct genus of wasps

Myanmymar is an extinct genus of fairyfly preserved in Burmese amber from Myanmar. It has only one species, Myanmymar aresconoides. It is dated to the earliest part of the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, around 99 million years old. As of 2011, it is the oldest known fossil mymarid.

Gordon Gordh is an American entomologist.

<i>Megaphragma</i> Genus of wasps

Megaphragma is a genus of wasp in the family Trichogrammatidae. It contains some of the smallest known insects, Megaphragma caribea and Megaphragma mymaripenne, which are roughly the same size as some unicellular protozoans.

Archencyrtus is an extinct genus of wasp in the Chalcidoidea family Encyrtidae. The genus contains a single described species, Archencyrtus rasnitsyni known from a Middle Eocene fossil that was found in Eastern Asia.

John Stuart Noyes is a Welsh entomologist.

Austroencyrtus is a genus of parasitic wasps.

<i>Ooencyrtus</i> Genus of wasps

Ooencyrtus is a genus of chalcid wasp. William Harris Ashmead named and circumscribed the genus in 1900.

Parachalcerinys is a genus of wasp. As of 2018, three species are recognized, which are all found in Australia.

Plutarchia is a genus of chalcid wasp in the subfamily Eurytominae. Alexandre Arsène Girault first circumscribed the genus in 1925; its name honors Plutarch. The genus initially only comprised its type species, P. bicarinativentris, found in Australia. Subsequent species from South Asia and Nigeria have been described and transferred to Plutarchia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chalcedectidae</span> Family of wasps

Chalcedectidae is a small family of chalcid wasps, previously classified as part of the subfamily Cleonyminae, in the polyphyletic family Pteromalidae. Most species are parasitoids of wood-boring beetles.

<i>Mesopeltita</i> Species of wasp

Mesopeltita is a genus of chalcid wasps. The only species, Mesopeltita truncatipennis, is a parasitoid of coccid scale insects ; it has been found on pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan. The species has been found in many countries.

References

  1. 1 2 Ashmead, William H. (1900). "On the Genera of Chalcid-flies belonging to the Subfamily Encyrtina" (PDF). Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 22 (1202): 382–383. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.22-1202.323. BHL page 32021125.
  2. Trjapitzin, V. A. (2012). "Characteristics of the genus Psyllaephagus Ashmead, 1900 with description of a new species from Moscow Province (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae)". Entomological Review. 92 (8): 907–912. doi:10.1134/S001387381208009X. S2CID   255270030.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Noyes, J. S. (2019). "Psyllaephagus". Universal Chalcidoidea Database: Synonymic list. The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
  4. Girault, A. A. (1917). "New Australian Chalcid-flies (Hymenoptera Chalcididae)". Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus. 5: 136.
  5. Riek, E. F. (1962). "A new encyrtid (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) genus of parasites of lerp-forming psyllids on Eucalyptus". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 87 (3): 283.
  6. Erdős, J. (1961). "Symbola ad cognitionen faunae encyrtidarum et aphelindarum Hungariae". Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 7: 413–416. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 November 2017.
  7. Girault, A. A. (1913). "New Genera and Species of Chalcidoid Hymenoptera in the South Australia Museum". Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. 37: 111.
  8. 1 2 Girault, A. A. (1915). "Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea—VII. The family Encyrtidae with Descriptions of New Genera and Species". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 4: 160, 174.
  9. Mercet, Ricardo García (1921). Fauna Ibérica: Himenópteros Fam. Encírtidos. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencas Naturales. pp.  260–269.
  10. Ashmead, William Harris (1904). "Classification of the Chalcid Flies of the Superfamily Chalcidoidea, with Descriptions of New Species in the Carnegie Museum, Collected in South America by Herbert H. Smith". Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum. 1 (4): 309.
  11. Girault, A. A. (1928). Some new hexapods stolen from authority (PDF). Brisbane.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  12. 1 2 3 Zou, Boyu; Hu, Hongying; Zhang, Lanwei; Zhang, Yanzhou (2023). "A taxonomic study of Psyllaephagus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) from China". ZooKeys (1184): 327–359. Bibcode:2023ZooK.1184..327Z. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1184.109476 . ISSN   1313-2989. PMC   10690798 . PMID   38045106. Creative Commons by small.svg  This article incorporates textfrom this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  13. Prinsloo, G. L. (1981). On the encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) associated with psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 44(2), 199-244.